Lecture 1: = ∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥

The Antiderivative and = 6∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥

Indefinite Integral =
6𝑥 2+1 4𝑥 1+1
− +𝑥+𝐶
2+1 1+1

6𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
= − +𝑥+𝐶
The inverse of differentiation and its 3 2
various application is called Integration.
Integration is the process of finding the function = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝑪
given its derivative. In some books, they use the
term antidifferentiation instead of integration.
2. ∫ (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙
In general, the indefinite integral of the
function f(x) is denoted by ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 and defined Solution:
symbolically as follows:
= ∫ (6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝒄, 𝒊𝒇 𝒅𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
= ∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
We call the symbol ∫ the integral sign,
f(x) the integrand, c the constant of the integration = 6∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
and 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐 is the value of the indefinite integral
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥. The differential dx indicates that x is the 6𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
variable of integration. = + − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2+1 1+1

6𝑥 3 𝑥 2
= + − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
Basic Rules of Integration 3 2

𝒙𝟐
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝑐 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐

2. ∫ (𝑢 ± 𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟏
3. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
3. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝟐

Solution:
𝑛 𝑢𝑛+1
4. ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1 𝑥 2 3𝑥 1
=∫ ( + − ) ⅆ𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢
5. ∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑢 3 1
= ∫ (1 + − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2
Examples: 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 3∫ − ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1. 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆: ∫ (𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
𝑥 −1
Solution: | |
= 𝑥 + 3 ln 𝑥 − [ ] +𝑐
−1
 𝟏 2√𝑥 5 2√𝑥 3
= 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + +𝒄 = − +𝑐
𝒙 5 3

𝟐𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 𝟐𝒙√𝒙
𝒙𝟑 −𝟖 = − +𝒄
4. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟓 𝟑
𝒙−𝟐

Solution:
𝒙+𝟒
6. ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2 Solution:

= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+4
= ∫( 1 ) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

1 1
𝑥 3 2𝑥 2 = ∫ (𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 −2 + 4 ⋅ 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
= + + 4𝑥 + 𝑐
3 2
1 1
𝒙𝟑 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
= + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟑
1 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ (𝒙 − 𝟏)√𝒙 𝒅𝒙 1 1
𝑥 2+1 4𝑥 −2+1
Solution: = + +𝑐
1 1
+1 − +1
2 2
1
= ∫ (𝑥 − 1)𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3 1
𝑥 2 4𝑥 2
= + +𝐶
1 1 3 1
= ∫ (𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 2

3
3 1 2𝑥 2 1
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = + 8𝑥 2 + 𝑐
3
3 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 3
= + 8√𝑥 + 𝑐
3
3 1
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 2+1
= − +𝑐 𝟐𝒙√𝒙
3 1 = + 𝟖√𝒙 + 𝒄
+1 +1 𝟑
2 2

5 3
𝑥2 𝑥2
= − +𝑐
5 3
2 2

5 3
2𝑥 2 2𝑥 2
= − +𝑐
5 3