Chemistry I

(EGS 11304)

Emtinan Diab

Ref: Chemistry by Raymond

Chang
 Course content
• Atomic Laws and atomic model
• Mass spectrometry
• Periodic table
• Waves and electromagnetic spectrum and application
in chemical analysis.
• Quantum numbers and electron configuration.
• Lewis structure and chemical bonding.
• Chemistry of solutions.
• Gas laws.
• Colligative properties (i.e. bp,fp,vp )and osmosis
• Tutorials.
Lecture 1
 Fifth Century B.C.
Greek philosopher Democritus expressed the belief that all
matter consists of very small, indivisible particles named
atomos (meaning uncuttable or indivisible)
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Elements are composed of extremely small particles called
atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the
same size, mass, and chemical properties. The atoms of one
element are different from the atoms of all other elements.

• Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element.

In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two
of the elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction.
(Different compounds made up of the same elements differ in
the number of atoms of each kind that combine e.g. CO CO2)

• A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination,

or rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or
destruction (law of conservation of mass).
 The Atom

The definition of an Atom:

The atom is the basic unit of an element that can
enter into chemical combination.

Internal structure of an Atom:

the atom is made of even smaller particles
(subatomic particles)
• electrons,
• protons,
•neutrons.
 Electrons

Is the lightest stable subatomic particle known, it is

responsible of carrying the negative charge in all atoms
and for the electricity running in solids.

Electrons spin in orbitals surrounding the nucleus of the

atom. The valance electrons (electrons in the outer most
orbital) are the electrons that participate in a chemical
reaction and their number is equivalent to the group
number of the element in the periodic table.
 Protons

•Positively charged particles in the nucleus.

•A proton has a mass of 1.67252 x 10-24 g, about

1840 times the mass of the oppositely (yet
equivalently charged) electron.

Neutrons

•Initially proposed to explain the mass ratio of 4:1

of He:H.
Rutherford, Geiger, and Marsden experiment
The atom 1 pm = 1 x 10-12 m

5 x 10-3 pm

100 pm
Atomic number and mass number
Atomic number (Z): is the number of protons in the nucleus of each
atom of an element.

Mass number (A): the total number of neutrons and protons present in
the nucleus of an atom of an element.
Example:
Give the number of protons, electrons, and
neutrons in the arsenic atom.
Solution:
Number of protons = atomic number of
element = 33 protons
Number of electrons =number of
protons = 33 electrons
Number of neutrons = mass number -
number of protons= 75-33 = 42
neutrons
 Isotopes

Atoms that have the same atomic number but different

mass numbers.

Different isotopes of an element have the same chemical

properties (the number of protons and electrons is still
the same).
 Mass spectrometry
A technique developed to determine the atomic or molecular
mass of samples constituents.

Elemental analysis Molecular analysis

e.g. ICP-MS e.g. ESI-MS
Mass spectrometry/ ICP-MS

(Quadrupole)

Under vacuum Atmospheric pressure

 Periodic Table
Groups
Periods

Metals Non-metals
 Periodic Table (Cont.)

•Elements of the same group have the same number of

electron in their valance shell.

•Elements of the same group have similar chemical

properties (with few exceptions) group 1 gives alkaline
metals, group 2 gives earth alkaline metals, group 17
gives the halogens, and group 18 gives the noble gases.

•Of all elements of the periodic table, only noble gases

occur naturally in their atomic form (monatomic)
Lecture 2
 Waves
There are many kinds of waves such as water, sound, and
electromagnetic waves.
Definitions

Wavelength (λ-lambda) is the distance between

identical points on successive waves.

Frequency (υ-nu) is the number of waves that pass

through a particular point in a unit of time (Hz).
Hz = cycle/second (s)

Amplitude is the vertical distance from the midline of

a wave to the peak or trough.

Wave speed (u) = λ*υ

Electromagnetic radiation: the emission and transmission of
energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic wave: has an electric field component and a

magnetic field component. These two components have the
same wavelength and frequency, and hence the same speed,
but they travel in mutually perpendicular planes
Example 1:
The wavelength of the green light from a traffic signal is
cantered at 522 nm. What is the frequency of this
radiation?
The electromagnetic spectrum
 Planck’s Quantum Theory

atoms and molecules could emit (or absorb) energy

only in discrete quantities named quantum

E=hυ
Where:
H = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x10-34 J s.
υ= wave frequency
According to Planck’s theory, energy is always
emitted in multiples of hυ; for example, 2 hυ, 3hυ
but never, for example, 1.6 hυ.
 The photoelectric effect
•The phenomena in which electrons are ejected
from the surface of certain metals when it is
exposed to light of certain minimum frequency
(threshold frequency)
•Einstein proposed that a beam of light is really
a stream of particles, each photon has the
energy E=hυ
•The only way to explain the behaviour of light
is to accept its dual (wavelike and particle like)
properties.
E=hυ=K.E+B.E
 Elements fingerprinting-emission spectra
Continuous or line spectra of radiation emitted by substance as a
result of energizing a sample of the material.
 Emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom- Bohr’s Theory

Electrons spin around the nucleus in orbits of fixed energies

and hence of the associated electrons

where RH, the Rydberg constant, has the value 2.18 x 10-18 J.
The number n is an integer called the principal quantum
number; it has the values n=1, 2, 3, . . . .
 Excitation of the electron in the hydrogen atom

Energy absorption
(e.g. heat)

n=1
n=2
*n=1 ground state n=3
n>1 excited states state
 Relaxation of the electron in the hydrogen atom

Energy release in a
the form of a
photon

Photon

n=1
n=2
n=3
Electron transition fro the hydrogen atom

Infrared

Visible light
and ultraviolet

Ultraviolet
• When photon is emitted, ni>nf . Consequently the term in
parentheses is negative and △E is negative (energy is lost to the
surroundings).
• When energy is absorbed, ni<nf and the term in parentheses is
positive, so △E is positive.
Example 2:
What is the wavelength of a photon emitted during
a transition from the ni=5 state to the nf=2 state in
the hydrogen atom?
Solution :
Solution cont. :
Application of atomic emission spectra in chemical analysis
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS):