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Water Vapor Emissions
Water Vapor Emissions
Figure 1 Estimates for radiative forcing from global aviation in 2005. The induced cloudiness (AIC) estimate
includes linear contrails. Error bars represent the 90% likelihood range for each estimate. The level of scientific
understanding (LOSU) is shown on the right. Source: CCC (2009), reproduced from Lee et al. (2009)
Figure 2 Schmidt-Appleman criterion for contrail formation. The red line represents the state of the exhaust air
as it mixes with environmental air. Where this line crosses the saturation vapour pressure curve for water, a
contrail will form. If ambient air is saturated with respect to ice, contrails will persist.
References
https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-challenge-tackling-aviations-non-co2-emissions
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schmidt-Appleman-criterion-for-contrail-formation-Th
e-red-line-represents-the-state-of_fig3_244478376
https://agupubs-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.tudelft.idm.oclc.org/doi/full/10.1029/2002JD00262
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