54 / varjk

lq/k vjksM+k lqèkk vjksMk+ dk tUe ykgkSj (ikfdLrku) esa gqvkA mPp f'k{kk
dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; ls gqbAZ blh fo'ofo|ky; osQ nks
dkWyt s ksa esa mUgksua s lu~~ 1969 ls 1971 rd vè;kiu dk;Z
fd;kA dFkk lkfgR; esa lq/k vjksMk+ ,d pfpZr uke gSA muosQ
dbZ dgkuh laxgz izdkf'kr gSa µ cxSj rjk'ks gq,] ;q¼&fojke]
egkuxj dh HkkSfrdh] dkyk 'kqØokj] dk¡ls dk fxykl
rFkk vkSjr dh dgkuh (laikfnr) vkfnA mudh dgkfu;k¡
yxHkx lHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ vfrfjDr dbZ fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa
esa vuwfnr gSAa mUgksua s Hkkjrh; efgyk dykdkjksa osQ vkRedF;kas

d
(lu~ 1948) osQ nks ladyu ngyh”k dks yk¡?krs gq, vkSj ia[kksa dh mM+ku

he
rS;kj fd, gSaA
pu T
is
re ER
ys[ku osQ Lrj ij i=k&if=kdkvksa esa Hkh cjkcj mudh lfØ;rk
bl
cuh gqbZ gSA ikf{kd lkfjdk esa vke vkneh ¯”knk loky vkSj
be NC

jk"Vªh; nSfud tulÙkk esa efgykvksa ls tqM+s eqíksa ij mudk

lkIrkfgd LraHk okek cgqpfpZr jgkA efgyk laxBuksa osQ lkekftd
©

dk;ks± osQ izfr mudh lfØ;rk ,oa leFkZu tkjh gSA efgykvksa ij
gh osaQfnzr vkSjr dh nqfu;k cuke nqfu;k dh vkSjr ys[kksa dk
laxgz gSA ^mÙkj izn's k ¯gnh laLFkku* }kjk mUgsa fo'sk"k iqjLdkj ls
o
tt

lEekfur fd;k x;kA

no

lq/k vjksMk+ ewyr% dFkkdkj gSaA muosQ ;gk¡ L=kh foe'kZ dk

:i vkØked u gksdj lgt vkSj la;r gSA lkekftd vkSj
ekuoh; ljksdkjksa dks os jkspd <ax ls fo'ysf"kr djrh gSAa
ikB~;iqLrd esa ladfyr T;ksfrck iqQys dh thouh esa
ysf[kdk us T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj mudh iRuh }kjk lekt esa
fd, x, f'k{kk vkSj lekt lqèkkj lacaèkh dk;ks± dk egÙo
crk;k gSA lkekftd vkSj èkkfeZd :f<+;ksa dk fojksèk dj

2020-21
 lq/k vjksM+k / 55

mUgksaus nfyrksa] 'kksf"krksa vkSj fL=k;ksa dh lekurk osQ gd dh yM+kbZ yM+hA blosQ
dkj.k lekt dk O;kid fojksèk Hkh mUgsa >syuk iM+kA ml nkSj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks è;ku eas j[krs gq, mudk la?k"kZ fu.kkZ;d egÙo j[krk gSA

d
he
pu T
is
re ER
bl
be NC
©
o
tt
no

2020-21
 56 / varjk

T;ksfrck iqQys

d
he
pu T
;g vizR;kf'kr ugha gS fd Hkkjr osQ lkekftd fodkl vkSj cnyko osQ vkanksyu

is
re ER
esa ftu ik¡p lekt&lqèkkjdksa osQ uke fy, tkrs gSa] muesa egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys osQ
bl
be NC

uke dk 'kqekj ugha gSA bl lwph dks cukusokys mPpo.khZ; lekt osQ izfrfufèk gSaA
T;ksfrck iqQys czkã.k opZLo vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa dks dk;e j[kusokyh f'k{kk vkSj
lqèkkj osQ leFkZd ugha FksA mUgksaus iw¡thoknh vkSj iqjksfgroknh ekufldrk ij gYyk
©

cksy fn;kA muosQ }kjk LFkkfir ^lR;'kksèkd lekt* vkSj mudk Økafrdkjh lkfgR;
bldk izek.k gSA tc czkã.kksa us dgk µ ^fo|k 'kwnzksa osQ ?kj pyh xbZ* rks iqQys us
o

rRdky mÙkj fn;k µ ^lp dk lcsjk gksrs gh osn Mwc x,] fo|k 'kwnzksa osQ ?kj pyh
tt

xbZ] Hkw&nso (czkã.k) 'kjek x,A*

no

egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys us o.kZ] tkfr vkSj oxZ&O;oLFkk esa fufgr 'kks"k.k&izfØ;k
dks ,d&nwljs dk iwjd crk;kA mudk dguk Fkk fd jktlÙkk vkSj czkã.k vkfèkiR;
osQ rgr èkeZoknh lÙkk vkil esa lk¡B&xk¡B dj bl lkekftd O;oLFkk vkSj e'khujh
dk mi;ksx djrh gSA mudk dguk Fkk fd bl 'kks"k.k&O;oLFkk osQ f[kykI+kQ nfyrksa
osQ vykok fL=k;ksa dks Hkh vkanksyu djuk pkfg,A
egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys osQ ekSfyd fopkj ^xqykefxjh*] ^'ksrdj~;kapk vklwM*
(fdlkuksa dk izfr'kksèk) ^lkoZtfud lR;èkeZ* vkfn iqLrdksa esa lax`ghr gSaA muosQ

2020-21
 lq/k vjksM+k / 57

fopkj vius le; ls cgqr vkxs FksA vkn'kZ ifjokj osQ ckjs esa mudh voèkkj.kk
gS µ ^ftl ifjokj esa firk ckS¼] ekrk bZlkbZ] csVh eqlyeku vkSj csVk lR;èkehZ
gks] og ifjokj ,d vkn'kZ ifjokj gSA*
vkèkqfud f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa iqQys dgrs gSa µ ^;fn vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk ykHk
flI+kZQ mPp oxZ dks gh feyrk gS] rks mlesa 'kwnzksa dk D;k LFkku jgsxk\ xjhcksa ls dj
tek djuk vkSj mls mPpoxhZ; yksxksa osQ cPpksa dh f'k{kk ij [kpZ djuk µ fdls
pkfg, ,slh f'k{kk\*
LokHkkfod gS fd fodflr oxZ dk izfrfufèkRo djusokys vkSj lok±xh.k

d
lekt&lqèkkj u pkgusokys rFkkdfFkr laHkzkUr leh{kdksa us egkRek iqQys dks

he
lekt&lqèkkjdksa dh lwph esa dksbZ LFkku ugha fn;k µ ;g czkã.kh ekufldrk dh
pu T
is
re ER
vlfy;r dk Hkh inkZI+kQk'k djrk gSA 1883 esa T;ksfrck iqQys vius cgqpfPZkr xzaFk
bl
^'ksrdj~;kapk vklwM* osQ miksn~?kkr esa fy[krs gSa µ
be NC

^fo|k fcuk efr xbZ

efr fcuk uhfr xbZ
©

uhfr fcuk xfr xbZ

xfr fcuk foÙk x;k
foÙk fcuk 'kwnz x,
o
tt

brus vuFkZ ,d vfo|k us fd,A*

no

egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys us fy[kk gS µ ^L=kh&f'k{kk osQ njok”ks iqjQ"kksa us blfy,

can dj j[ks gSa fd og ekuoh; vfèkdkjksa dks le> u ik,] tSlh Lora=krk iqjQ"k
ysrk gS] oSlh gh Lora=krk L=kh ys rks\ iqjQ"kksa osQ fy, vyx fu;e vkSj fL=k;ksa osQ
fy, vyx fu;e µ ;g i{kikr gSA* T;ksfrck us L=kh&lekurk dks izfrf"Br
djusokyh u;h fookg&fofèk dh jpuk dhA iwjh fookg&fofèk ls mUgksaus czkã.k dk
LFkku gh gVk fn;kA mUgksaus u, eaxyk"Vd (fookg osQ volj ij i<+s tkusokys ea=k)
rS;kj fd,A os pkgrs Fks fd fookg&fofèk esa iqjQ"k izèkku laLÑfr osQ leFkZd vkSj
L=kh dh xqykefxjh fl¼ djusokys ftrus ea=k gSa] os lkjs fudky fn, tk,¡A muosQ

2020-21
 58 / varjk

LFkku ij ,sls ea=k gksa] ftUgsa oj&oèkw vklkuh ls le> losaQA T;ksfrck us ftu
eaxyk"Vdksa dh jpuk dh] muesa oèkw oj ls dgrh gS µ ^Lora=krk dk vuqHko ge
fL=k;ksa dks gS gh ughaA bl ckr dh vkt 'kiFk yks fd L=kh dks mldk vfèkdkj
nksxs vkSj mls viuh Lora=krk dk vuqHko djus nksxsA* ;g vkdka{kk flI+kZQ oèkw dh
gh ugha] xqykeh ls eqfDr pkgusokyh gj L=kh dh FkhA L=kh osQ vfèkdkjksa vkSj
Lora=krk osQ fy, T;ksfrck iqQys us gj laHko iz;Ru fd,A
1888 esa tc T;ksfrck iqQys dks ^egkRek* dh mikfèk ls lEekfur fd;k x;k rks
mUgksua s dgk µ ¶eq>s ^egkRek* dgdj esjs la?k"kZ dks iw.kZfojke er nhft,A tc O;fDr

d
eBkèkh'k cu tkrk gS rc og la?k"kZ ugha dj ldrkA blfy, vki lc lkèkkj.k tu gh

he
jgus ns]a eq>s vius chp ls vyx u djsAa ¸ egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk
pu T
is
re ER
;g Fkh fd os tks dgrs Fks] mls vius vkpj.k vkSj O;ogkj esa mrkjdj fn[kkrs FksA bl
bl
fn'kk esa vxzlj mudk igyk dne Fkk µ viuh iRuh lkfo=kh ckbZ dks f'kf{kr djukA
be NC

T;ksfrck us mUgsa ejkBh Hkk"kk gh ugha] vax”sz kh fy[kuk&i<+uk vkSj cksyuk Hkh fl[kk;kA
lkfo=kh ckbZ dh Hkh cpiu ls f'k{kk esa #fp Fkh vkSj mudh xzká&'kfDr rs”k FkhA muosQ
©

cpiu dh ,d ?kVuk cgqr izfl¼ gS] Ng&lkr lky dh mez esa og gkV&ck”kkj vosQyh
gh pyh tkrh FkhA ,d ckj lkfo=kh f'k[ky xk¡o osQ gkV esa xbZA ogk¡ oqQN [kjhndj
[kkrs&[kkrs mlus ns[kk fd ,d isM+ osQ uhps oqQN fe'kujh fL=k;k¡ vkSj iqjQ"k xk jgs gSAa
o
tt

,d ykV lkgc us mls [kkrs gq, vkSj jQddj xkuk lqurs ns[kk rks dgk] ¶bl rjg jkLrs
no

esa [kkrs&[kkrs ?kweuk vPNh ckr ugha gSA¸ lqurs gh lkfo=kh us gkFk dk [kkuk isaQd fn;kA
ykV lkgc us dgk µ ¶cM+h vPNh yM+dh gks rqeA ;g iqLrd ys tkvksA rqEgsa i<+uk
u vk, rks Hkh blosQ fp=k rqEgsa vPNs yxsxa As ¸ ?kj vkdj lkfo=kh us og iqLrd vius
firk dks fn[kkbZA vkxccwyk gksdj firk us mls owQM+s esa isaQd fn;k] ¶bZlkb;ksa ls ,slh ph”ksa
ysdj rw Hkz"V gks tk,xh vkSj lkjs oqQy dks Hkz"V djsxhA rsjh 'kknh dj nsuh pkfg,A¸
lkfo=kh us og iqLrd mBkdj ,d dksus esa Nqik nhA lu~~ 1840 esa T;ksfrck iqQys ls fookg
gksus ij og vius lkeku osQ lkFk ml fdrkc dks lgstdj llqjky ys vkbZ vkSj f'kf{kr
gksus osQ ckn og iqLrd i<+hA

2020-21
 lq/k vjksM+k / 59

14 tuojh 1848 dks iq.ks osQ cqèkokj isB fuoklh fHkM+s osQ ckM+s esa igyh
dU;k'kkyk dh LFkkiuk gqbZA iwjs Hkkjr esa yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dh ;g igyh
ikB'kkyk FkhA Hkkjr esa 3000 lkyksa osQ bfrgkl esa bl rjg dk dke ugha gqvk FkkA
'kwnz vkSj 'kwnzkfr'kwnz yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, ,d osQ ckn ,d ikB'kkyk,¡ [kksyus esa
T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj lkfo=kh ckbZ dks yxkrkj O;oèkkuksa] vM+puksa] ykaNuksa vkSj
cfg"dkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA T;ksfrck osQ èkeZHkh: firk us iqjksfgrksa vkSj
fj'rsnkjksa osQ ncko esa vius csVs vkSj cgw dks ?kj NksM+ nsus ij etcwj fd;kA lkfo=kh
tc i<+kus osQ fy, ?kj ls ikB'kkyk rd tkrh rks jkLrs esa [kM+s yksx mls xkfy;k¡

d
nsrs] Fkwdrs] iRFkj ekjrs vkSj xkscj mNkyrsA nksuksa ifr&iRuh lkjh ckèkkvksa ls tw>rs

he
pu T
gq, vius dke esa MVs jgsA 1840&1890 rd ipkl o"kks± rd] T;ksfrck vkSj lkfo=kh

is
re ER
ckbZ us ,d izk.k gksdj vius fe'ku dks iwjk fd;kA dgrs gSa µ ,d vkSj ,d
bl
feydj X;kjg gksrs gSaA T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj lkfo=kh ckbZ iqQys us gj eqdke ij
be NC

oaQèks&ls&oaQèkk feykdj dke fd;k µ fe'kujh efgykvksa dh rjg fdlkuksa vkSj

vNwrksa dh >qXxh&>ksiM+h esa tkdj yM+fd;ksa dks ikB'kkyk Hkstus dk vkxzg djuk
©

;k ckygR;k izfrcaèkd x`g esa vukFk cPpksa vkSj foèkokvksa osQ fy, njok”ks [kksy
nsuk vkSj muosQ uotkr cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djuk ;k egkj] pekj vkSj ekax tkfr
o

osQ yksxksa dh ,d ?k¡wV ikuh ihdj I;kl cq>kus dh rdyhI+kQ ns[kdj vius ?kj osQ
tt

ikuh dk gkSn lHkh tkfr;ksa osQ fy, [kksy nsuk µ gj dke ifr&iRuh us MaosQ dh
no

pksV ij fd;k vkSj oqQjhfr;ksa] vaèk&J¼k vkSj ikjaifjd vuhfriw.kZ :f<+;ksa dks èoLr
dj nfyrksa&'kksf"krksa osQ gd eas [kM+s gq,A vkt osQ izfrLi¼kZRed le; esa] tc
izcq¼ oxZ osQ izfrf"Br tkus&ekus nairh lkFk jgus osQ dbZ cjlksa osQ ckn vyx gksrs
gh ,d&nwljs dks laiw.kZr% u"V&Hkz"V djus vkSj ,d&nwljs dh tM+sa [kksnus ij
vkeknk gks tkrs gSa] egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj lkfo=kh ckbZ iqQys dk ,d&nwljs osQ
izfr vkSj ,d y{; osQ izfr lefiZRk thou ,d vkn'kZ nkaiR; dh felky cudj
pedrk gSA

2020-21
 60 / varjk

iz'u&vH;kl

1- T;ksfrck iqQys dk uke lekt lqèkkjdksa dh lwph esa 'kqekj D;ksa ugha fd;k x;k\ roZQ lfgr
mÙkj fyf[k,A
2- 'kks"k.k&O;oLFkk us D;k&D;k "kM~;a=k jps vkSj D;ksa\
3- T;ksfrck iqQys }kjk izfrikfnr vkn'kZ ifjokj D;k vkiosQ fopkjksa osQ vkn'kZ ifjokj ls esy
[kkrk gS\ i{k&foi{k esa vius mÙkj nhft,A
4- L=kh&lekurk dks izfrf"Br djus osQ fy, T;ksfrck iqQys osQ vuqlkj D;k&D;k gksuk pkfg,\

d
he
5- lkfo=kh ckbZ osQ thou esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu fdl izdkj vk,\ Øec¼ :i esa fyf[k,A
pu T
6- T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj lkfo=kh ckbZ osQ thou ls izsfjr gksdj vki lekt esa D;k ifjorZu

is
re ER
djuk pkgsaxs\
bl
7- mudk nkaiR; thou fdl izdkj vkèkqfud naifr;ksa dks izsj.kk iznku djrk gS\
be NC

8- iqQys naifr us L=kh leL;k osQ fy, tks dne mBk;k Fkk] D;k mlh dk vxyk pj.k ^csVh
cpkvksa] csVh i<+kvks* dk;ZØe gS\
©

9- fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft, µ

(d) lp dk lcsjk gksrs gh osn Mwc x,] fo|k 'kwnzksa osQ ?kj pyh xbZ] Hkw&nso (czkã.k)
o

'kjek x,A
tt

([k) bl 'kks"k.k&O;oLFkk osQ f[kykI+kQ nfyrksa osQ vykok fL=k;ksa dks Hkh vkanksyu djuk
no

pkfg,A
10- fuEufyf[kr x|ka'kksa dh lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k dhft, µ
(d) Lora=krk dk vuqHko ------------- gj L=kh dh FkhA
([k) eq>s ^egkRek* dgdj ------------- vyx u djsaA

;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- vius vklikl osQ oqQN lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa ls ckrphr dj mlosQ vk/kj ij ,d
fjiksVZ rS;kj dhft,A

2020-21
 lq/k vjksM+k / 61

2- D;k vkt Hkh lekt esa L=kh&iqjQ"k osQ chp HksnHkko fd;k tkrk gS\ d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A
3- lkfo=kh ckbZ vkSj egkRek iqQys us lekt&fgr osQ tks dke fd, mudh lwph cukb,A

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIi.kh

'kqekj µ fxurh] 'kkfey

d
mPpoxhZ; µ mQ¡ph tkfr osQ

he
opZLo µ ncnck] izèkkurk
dk;e j[kuk µpu T cuk, j[kuk] fLFkj j[kuk

is
re ER
iw¡thoknh µ bl tks iw¡th dks lokZf/d egÙo iznku djrk gS
be NC

inkZI+kQk'k µ HkaMkiQksM+] rF; mtkxj djuk

xqykefxjh µ yksxksa ls xqykeh djkuk] yksxksa osQ lkFk nklksa
tSlk O;ogkj djuk
©

iw.kZfojke µ fdlh ckr dks [kRe djuk

eBkèkh'k µ tks èkeZ rFkk oxZ osQ uke ij lewg cukrs gSa
o

vkSj viuk fu.kZ; nwljksa ij Fkksirs gSa

tt

vkeknk gksuk µ fdlh dk;Z dks djus osQ fy, n`<+ gksuk
no

felky µ mnkgj.k] vkn'kZ

2020-21