Jack the Ripper

Jack the Ripper was an unidentified serial killer active in the largely impoverished areas in and
around the Whitechapel district of London in 1888. In both the criminal case files and contemporary
journalistic accounts, the killer was called the Whitechapel Murderer and Leather Apron.

Jack the Ripper

"With the Vigilance Committee in the East End: A Suspicious Character" from The Illustrated London News,
13 October 1888

Born Unknown

Other names "The Whitechapel Murderer"

"Leather Apron"

Details

Victims Unknown (5 canonical)

Date 1888–1891(?)
(1888: 5 canonical)

Location(s) Whitechapel and Spitalfields, London, England (5

canonical)

Attacks ascribed to Jack the Ripper typically involved female prostitutes who lived and worked in
the slums of the East End of London. Their throats were cut prior to abdominal mutilations. The
removal of internal organs from at least three of the victims led to proposals that their killer had
some anatomical or surgical knowledge. Rumours that the murders were connected intensified in
September and October 1888, and numerous letters were received by media outlets and Scotland
Yard from individuals purporting to be the murderer. The name "Jack the Ripper" originated in a
letter written by an individual claiming to be the murderer that was disseminated in the media. The
letter is widely believed to have been a hoax and may have been written by journalists in an attempt
to heighten interest in the story and increase their newspapers' circulation. The "From Hell" letter
received by George Lusk of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee came with half of a preserved
human kidney, purportedly taken from one of the victims. The public came increasingly to believe in
a single serial killer known as "Jack the Ripper", mainly because of both the extraordinarily brutal
nature of the murders and media coverage of the crimes.

Extensive newspaper coverage bestowed widespread and enduring international notoriety on the
Ripper, and the legend solidified. A police investigation into a series of eleven brutal murders
committed in Whitechapel and Spitalfields between 1888 and 1891 was unable to connect all the
killings conclusively to the murders of 1888. Five victims—Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman,
Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly—are known as the "canonical five" and
their murders between 31 August and 9 November 1888 are often considered the most likely to be
linked. The murders were never solved, and the legends surrounding these crimes became a
combination of historical research, folklore, and pseudohistory, capturing public imagination to the
present day.

Background

Women and children

congregate in front of one of
the Whitechapel common
lodging-houses close to where
Jack the Ripper murdered two
of his victims[1]

In the mid-19th century, Britain experienced an influx of Irish immigrants who swelled the
populations of the major cities, including the East End of London. From 1882, Jewish refugees
fleeing pogroms in Tsarist Russia and other areas of Eastern Europe emigrated into the same
area.[2] The parish of Whitechapel in London's East End became increasingly overcrowded, with the
population increasing to approximately 80,000 inhabitants by 1888.[3] Work and housing conditions
worsened, and a significant economic underclass developed.[4] Fifty-five percent of children born in
the East End died before they were five years old.[5] Robbery, violence, and alcohol dependency were
commonplace,[3] and the endemic poverty drove many women to prostitution to survive on a daily
basis.[6]

In October 1888, London's Metropolitan Police Service estimated that there were 62 brothels and
1,200 women working as prostitutes in Whitechapel,[7] with approximately 8,500 people residing in
the 233 common lodging-houses within Whitechapel every night,[3] with the nightly price for a single
bed being fourpence[8] and the cost of sleeping upon a "lean-to" ("Hang-over") rope stretched across
the dormitory being two pence per person.[9]

The economic problems in Whitechapel were accompanied by a steady rise in social tensions.
Between 1886 and 1889, frequent demonstrations led to police intervention and public unrest, such
as Bloody Sunday (1887).[10] Anti-semitism, crime, nativism, racism, social disturbance, and severe
deprivation influenced public perceptions that Whitechapel was a notorious den of immorality.[11]
Such perceptions were strengthened in the autumn of 1888 when the series of vicious and
grotesque murders attributed to "Jack the Ripper" received unprecedented coverage in the
media.[12]

Murders

The sites of the first seven

Whitechapel murders – Osborn Street
(centre right), George Yard (centre
left), Hanbury Street (top), Buck's Row
(far right), Berner Street (bottom right),
Mitre Square (bottom left), and Dorset
Street (middle left)

The large number of attacks against women in the East End during this time adds uncertainty to
how many victims were murdered by the same individual.[13] Eleven separate murders, stretching
from 3 April 1888 to 13 February 1891, were included in a London Metropolitan Police Service
investigation and were known collectively in the police docket as the "Whitechapel murders".[14][15]
Opinions vary as to whether these murders should be linked to the same culprit, but five of the
eleven Whitechapel murders, known as the "canonical five", are widely believed to be the work of the
Ripper.[16] Most experts point to deep slash wounds to the throat, followed by extensive abdominal
and genital-area mutilation, the removal of internal organs, and progressive facial mutilations as the
distinctive features of the Ripper's modus operandi.[17] The first two cases in the Whitechapel
murders file, those of Emma Elizabeth Smith and Martha Tabram, are not included in the canonical
five.[18]

Smith was robbed and sexually assaulted in Osborn Street, Whitechapel, at approximately 1:30 a.m.
on 3 April 1888. She had been bludgeoned about the face and received a cut to her ear.[19] A blunt
object was also inserted into her vagina, rupturing her peritoneum. She developed peritonitis and
died the following day at London Hospital.[20] Smith stated that she had been attacked by two or
three men, one of whom she described as a teenager.[21] This attack was linked to the later murders
by the press,[22] but most authors attribute Smith's murder to general East End gang violence
unrelated to the Ripper case.[14][23][24]

Tabram was murdered on a staircase landing in George Yard, Whitechapel, on 7 August 1888;[25] she
had suffered 39 stab wounds to her throat, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, and abdomen, with
additional knife wounds inflicted to her breasts and vagina.[26] All but one of Tabram's wounds had
been inflicted with a bladed instrument such as a penknife, and with one possible exception, all the
wounds had been inflicted by a right-handed individual.[25] Tabram had not been raped.[27]

The savagery of this murder, the lack of an obvious motive, and the closeness of the location and
date to the later canonical Ripper murders led police to link this murder to those later committed by
Jack the Ripper.[28] However, this murder differs from the later canonical murders because although
Tabram had been repeatedly stabbed, she had not suffered any slash wounds to her throat or
abdomen. Many experts do not connect Tabram's murder with the later murders because of this
difference in the wound pattern.[29]

Canonical five

The canonical five Ripper victims are Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine
Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly.[30]

The body of Mary Ann Nichols was discovered at about 3:40 a.m. on Friday 31 August 1888 in
Buck's Row (now Durward Street), Whitechapel. Nichols had last been seen alive approximately one
hour before the discovery of her body by a Mrs Emily Holland, with whom she had previously shared
a bed at a common lodging-house in Thrawl Street, Spitalfields, walking in the direction of
Whitechapel Road.[31] Her throat was severed by two deep cuts, one of which completely severed all
the tissue down to the vertebrae.[32] Her vagina had been stabbed twice,[33] and the lower part of her
abdomen was partly ripped open by a deep, jagged wound, causing her bowels to protrude.[34]
Several other incisions inflicted to both sides of her abdomen had also been caused by the same
knife; each of these wounds had been inflicted in a downward thrusting manner.[35]

29 Hanbury Street. The door through

which Annie Chapman and her
murderer walked to the yard where her
body was discovered is beneath the
numerals of the property sign

One week later, on Saturday 8 September 1888, the body of Annie Chapman was discovered at
approximately 6 a.m. near the steps to the doorway of the back yard of 29 Hanbury Street,
Spitalfields. As in the case of Mary Ann Nichols, the throat was severed by two deep cuts.[36] Her
abdomen had been cut entirely open, with a section of the flesh from her stomach being placed
upon her left shoulder and another section of skin and flesh—plus her small intestines—being
removed and placed above her right shoulder.[37] Chapman's autopsy also revealed that her uterus
and sections of her bladder and vagina[38] had been removed.[39]

At the inquest into Chapman's murder, Elizabeth Long described having seen Chapman standing
outside 29 Hanbury Street at about 5:30 a.m.[40] in the company of a dark-haired man wearing a
brown deer-stalker hat and dark overcoat, and of a "shabby-genteel" appearance.[41] According to
this eyewitness, the man had asked Chapman the question, "Will you?" to which Chapman had
replied, "Yes."[42]

Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes were both killed in the early morning hours of Sunday
30 September 1888. Stride's body was discovered at approximately 1 a.m. in Dutfield's Yard, off
Berner Street (now Henriques Street) in Whitechapel.[43] The cause of death was a single clear-cut
incision, measuring six inches across her neck which had severed her left carotid artery and her
trachea before terminating beneath her right jaw.[44] The absence of any further mutilations to her
body has led to uncertainty as to whether Stride's murder was committed by the Ripper, or whether
he was interrupted during the attack.[45] Several witnesses later informed police they had seen
Stride in the company of a man in or close to Berner Street on the evening of 29 September and in
the early hours of 30 September,[46] but each gave differing descriptions: some said that her
companion was fair, others dark; some said that he was shabbily dressed, others well-dressed.[47]

Contemporary police drawing

of the body of Catherine
Eddowes, as discovered in
Mitre Square

Eddowes's body was found in Mitre Square in the City of London, three-quarters of an hour after the
discovery of the body of Elizabeth Stride. Her throat was severed and her abdomen ripped open by a
long, deep and jagged wound before her intestines had been placed over her right shoulder. The left
kidney and the major part of the uterus had been removed, and her face had been disfigured, with
her nose severed, her cheek slashed, and cuts measuring a quarter of an inch and a half an inch
respectively vertically incised through each of her eyelids.[48] A triangular incision—the apex of
which pointed towards Eddowes's eye—had also been carved upon each of her cheeks,[49] and a
section of the auricle and lobe of her right ear was later recovered from her clothing.[50] The police
surgeon who conducted the post mortem upon Eddowes's body stated his opinion these
mutilations would have taken "at least five minutes" to complete.[51]

A local cigarette salesman named Joseph Lawende had passed through the square with two friends
shortly before the murder, and he described seeing a fair-haired man of shabby appearance with a
woman who may have been Eddowes.[52] Lawende's companions were unable to confirm his
description.[52] The murders of Stride and Eddowes ultimately became known as the "double
event".[53][54]
A section of Eddowes's bloodied apron was found at the entrance to a tenement in Goulston Street,
Whitechapel, at 2:55 a.m.[55] A chalk inscription upon the wall directly above this piece of apron
read: "The Juwes are The men That Will not be Blamed for nothing."[56] This graffito became known
as the Goulston Street graffito. The message appeared to imply that a Jew or Jews in general were
responsible for the series of murders, but it is unclear whether the graffito was written by the
murderer on dropping the section of apron, or was merely incidental and nothing to do with the
case.[57] Such graffiti were commonplace in Whitechapel. Police Commissioner Charles Warren
feared that the graffito might spark anti-semitic riots and ordered the writing washed away before
dawn.[58]

The extensively mutilated and disembowelled body of Mary Jane Kelly was discovered lying on the
bed in the single room where she lived at 13 Miller's Court, off Dorset Street, Spitalfields, at
10:45 a.m. on Friday 9 November 1888. Her face had been "hacked beyond all recognition",[59] with
her throat severed down to the spine, and the abdomen almost emptied of its organs.[60] Her uterus,
kidneys and one breast had been placed beneath her head, and other viscera from her body placed
beside her foot,[61] about the bed and sections of her abdomen and thighs upon a bedside table.
The heart was missing from the crime scene.[62]

Multiple ashes found within the fireplace at 13 Miller's Court suggested Kelly's murderer had burned
several combustible items to illuminate the single room as he mutilated her body. A recent fire had
been severe enough to melt the solder between a kettle and its spout, which had fallen into the
grate of the fireplace.[63]

Official police photograph of the body

of Mary Jane Kelly as discovered in 13
Miller's Court, Spitalfields, 9 November
1888
Each of the canonical five murders was perpetrated at night, on or close to a weekend, either at the
end of a month or a week (or so) after.[64] The mutilations became increasingly severe as the series
of murders proceeded, except for that of Stride, whose attacker may have been interrupted.[65]
Nichols was not missing any organs; Chapman's uterus and sections of her bladder and vagina were
taken; Eddowes had her uterus and left kidney removed and her face mutilated; and Kelly's body
was extensively eviscerated, with her face "gashed in all directions" and the tissue of her neck being
severed to the bone, although the heart was the sole body organ missing from this crime scene.[66]

Historically, the belief these five canonical murders were committed by the same perpetrator is
derived from contemporary documents which link them together to the exclusion of others.[67] In
1894, Sir Melville Macnaghten, Assistant Chief Constable of the Metropolitan Police Service and
Head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), wrote a report that stated: "the Whitechapel
murderer had 5 victims—& 5 victims only".[68] Similarly, the canonical five victims were linked
together in a letter written by police surgeon Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, head of the London
CID, on 10 November 1888.[69]

Some researchers have posited that some of the murders were undoubtedly the work of a single
killer, but an unknown larger number of killers acting independently were responsible for the other
crimes.[70] Authors Stewart P. Evans and Donald Rumbelow argue that the canonical five is a "Ripper
myth" and that three cases (Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes) can be definitely linked to the same
perpetrator, but that less certainty exists as to whether Stride and Kelly were also murdered by the
same individual.[71] Conversely, others suppose that the six murders between Tabram and Kelly
were the work of a single killer.[17] Dr Percy Clark, assistant to the examining pathologist George
Bagster Phillips, linked only three of the murders and thought that the others were perpetrated by
"weak-minded individual[s] ... induced to emulate the crime".[72] Macnaghten did not join the police
force until the year after the murders, and his memorandum contains serious factual errors about
possible suspects.[73]

Later Whitechapel murders

Mary Jane Kelly is generally considered to be the Ripper's final victim, and it is assumed that the
crimes ended because of the culprit's death, imprisonment, institutionalisation, or emigration.[23]
The Whitechapel murders file details another four murders that occurred after the canonical five:
those of Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, the Pinchin Street torso, and Frances Coles.[25][74]

The strangled body of 26-year-old Rose Mylett[75] was found in Clarke's Yard, High Street, Poplar on
20 December 1888.[76] There was no sign of a struggle, and the police believed that she had either
accidentally hanged herself with her collar while in a drunken stupor or committed suicide.[77]
However, faint markings left by a cord on one side of her neck suggested Mylett had been
strangled.[78][79] At the inquest into Mylett's death, the jury returned a verdict of murder.[77]

Alice McKenzie was murdered shortly after midnight on 17 July 1889 in Castle Alley, Whitechapel.
She had suffered two stab wounds to her neck, and her left carotid artery had been severed. Several
minor bruises and cuts were found on her body, which also bore a seven-inch long superficial
wound extending from her left breast to her navel.[80] One of the examining pathologists, Thomas
Bond, believed this to be a Ripper murder, though his colleague George Bagster Phillips, who had
examined the bodies of three previous victims, disagreed.[81] Opinions among writers are also
divided between those who suspect McKenzie's murderer copied the modus operandi of Jack the
Ripper to deflect suspicion from himself,[82] and those who ascribe this murder to Jack the
Ripper.[83]

"The Pinchin Street torso" was a decomposing headless and legless torso of an unidentified woman
aged between 30 and 40 discovered beneath a railway arch in Pinchin Street, Whitechapel, on
10 September 1889.[84] Bruising about the victim's back, hip, and arm indicated the decedent had
been extensively beaten shortly before her death. The victim's abdomen was also extensively
mutilated, although her genitals had not been wounded.[85] She appeared to have been killed
approximately one day prior to the discovery of her torso.[86] The dismembered sections of the body
are believed to have been transported to the railway arch, hidden under an old chemise.[87]

Frances Coles was found with

her throat cut under a railway
arch in Whitechapel on 13
February 1891.[88]

At 2:15 a.m. on 13 February 1891, PC Ernest Thompson discovered a 25-year-old prostitute named
Frances Coles lying beneath a railway arch at Swallow Gardens, Whitechapel. Her throat had been
deeply cut but her body was not mutilated, leading some to believe Thompson had disturbed her
assailant. Coles was still alive, although she died before medical help could arrive.[89] A 53-year-old
stoker, James Thomas Sadler, had earlier been seen drinking with Coles, and the two are known to
have argued approximately three hours before her death. Sadler was arrested by the police and
charged with her murder. He was briefly thought to be the Ripper,[90] but was later discharged from
court for lack of evidence on 3 March 1891.[90]

Other alleged victims

In addition to the eleven Whitechapel murders, commentators have linked other attacks to the
Ripper. In the case of "Fairy Fay", it is unclear whether this attack was real or fabricated as a part of
Ripper lore.[91] "Fairy Fay" was a nickname given to an unidentified[92] woman whose body was
allegedly found in a doorway close to Commercial Road on 26 December 1887[93] "after a stake had
been thrust through her abdomen",[94][95] but there were no recorded murders in Whitechapel at or
around Christmas 1887.[96] "Fairy Fay" seems to have been created through a confused press report
of the murder of Emma Elizabeth Smith, who had a stick or other blunt object shoved into her
vagina.[97] Most authors agree that the victim "Fairy Fay" never existed.[91][92]

A 38-year-old widow named Annie Millwood was admitted to the Whitechapel Workhouse Infirmary
with numerous stab wounds to her legs and lower torso on 25 February 1888,[98] informing staff she
had been attacked with a clasp knife by an unknown man.[99] She was later discharged, but died
from apparently natural causes on 31 March.[92] Millwood was later postulated to be the Ripper's
first victim, although this attack cannot be definitively linked to the perpetrator.[100]

Another suspected precanonical victim was a young dressmaker named Ada Wilson,[101] who
reportedly survived being stabbed twice in the neck with a clasp knife[102] upon the doorstep of her
home in Bow on 28 March 1888.[103] A further possible victim, 40-year-old Annie Farmer, resided at
the same lodging house as Martha Tabram[104] and reported an attack on 21 November 1888. She
had received a superficial cut to her throat. Although an unknown man with blood on his mouth and
hands had run out of this lodging house, shouting, "Look at what she has done!" before two
eyewitnesses heard Farmer scream,[105] her wound was light, and possibly self-inflicted.[106][107]

"The Whitehall Mystery" was a term coined for the discovery of a headless torso of a woman on
2 October 1888 in the basement of the new Metropolitan Police headquarters being built in
Whitehall. An arm and shoulder belonging to the body were previously discovered floating in the
River Thames near Pimlico on 11 September, and the left leg was subsequently discovered buried
near where the torso was found on 17 October.[108] The other limbs and head were never recovered
and the body was never identified. The mutilations were similar to those in the Pinchin Street torso
case, where the legs and head were severed but not the arms.[109]
 "The Whitehall Mystery" of October
1888

Both the Whitehall Mystery and the Pinchin Street case may have been part of a series of murders
known as the "Thames Mysteries", committed by a single serial killer dubbed the "Torso killer".[110] It
is debatable whether Jack the Ripper and the "Torso killer" were the same person or separate serial
killers active in the same area.[110] The modus operandi of the Torso killer differed from that of the
Ripper, and police at the time discounted any connection between the two.[111] Only one of the four
victims linked to the Torso killer was identified, Elizabeth Jackson. She was a 24-year-old prostitute
from Chelsea whose various body parts were collected from the River Thames over a three-week
period between 31 May and 25 June 1889.[112][113]

On 29 December 1888, the body of a seven-year-old boy named John Gill was found in a stable
block in Manningham, Bradford.[114] Gill had been missing since 27 December. His legs had been
severed, his abdomen opened, his intestines partly drawn out, and his heart and one ear removed.
Similarities with the Ripper murders led to press speculation that the Ripper had killed him.[115] The
boy's employer, 23-year-old milkman William Barrett, was twice arrested for the murder but was
released due to insufficient evidence.[115] No-one was ever prosecuted.[115]

Carrie Brown (nicknamed "Shakespeare", reportedly for her habit of quoting Shakespeare's sonnets)
was strangled with clothing and then mutilated with a knife on 24 April 1891 in New York City.[116]
Her body was found with a large tear through her groin area and superficial cuts on her legs and
back. No organs were removed from the scene, though an ovary was found upon the bed, either
purposely removed or unintentionally dislodged.[116] At the time, the murder was compared to those
in Whitechapel, though the Metropolitan Police eventually ruled out any connection.[116]

Investigation
 Inspector Frederick Abberline

The vast majority of the City of London Police files relating to their investigation into the
Whitechapel murders were destroyed in the Blitz.[117] The surviving Metropolitan Police files allow a
detailed view of investigative procedures in the Victorian era.[118] A large team of policemen
conducted house-to-house inquiries throughout Whitechapel. Forensic material was collected and
examined. Suspects were identified, traced, and either examined more closely or eliminated from
the inquiry. Modern police work follows the same pattern.[118] More than 2,000 people were
interviewed, "upwards of 300" people were investigated, and 80 people were detained.[119] Following
the murders of Stride and Eddowes, the Commissioner of the City Police, Sir James Fraser, offered
a reward of £500 for the arrest of the Ripper.[120]

The investigation was initially conducted by the Metropolitan Police Whitechapel (H) Division
Criminal Investigation Department (CID) headed by Detective Inspector Edmund Reid. After the
murder of Nichols, Detective Inspectors Frederick Abberline, Henry Moore, and Walter Andrews were
sent from Central Office at Scotland Yard to assist. The City of London Police were involved under
Detective Inspector James McWilliam after the Eddowes murder, which occurred within the City of
London.[121] The overall direction of the murder enquiries was hampered by the fact that the newly
appointed head of the CID Robert Anderson was on leave in Switzerland between 7 September and
6 October, during the time when Chapman, Stride, and Eddowes were killed.[122] This prompted
Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Charles Warren to appoint Chief Inspector Donald Swanson
to coordinate the enquiry from Scotland Yard.[123]

Butchers, slaughterers, surgeons, and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the
mutilations. A surviving note from Major Henry Smith, Acting Commissioner of the City Police,
indicates that the alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that
they were eliminated from the inquiry.[124] A report from Inspector Swanson to the Home Office
confirms that 76 butchers and slaughterers were visited, and that the inquiry encompassed all their
employees for the previous six months.[125] Some contemporary figures, including Queen Victoria,
thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of
the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. Whitechapel was close to the
London Docks,[126] and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday
or Sunday.[127] The cattle boats were examined but the dates of the murders did not coincide with a
single boat's movements and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out.[128]

"Blind man's buff": Punch cartoon by

John Tenniel (22 September 1888)
criticising the police's alleged
incompetence. The failure of the
police to capture the killer reinforced
the attitude held by radicals that the
police were inept and
mismanaged.[129]

Whitechapel Vigilance Committee

In September 1888, a group of volunteer citizens in London's East End formed the Whitechapel
Vigilance Committee. They patrolled the streets looking for suspicious characters, partly because of
dissatisfaction with the failure of police to apprehend the perpetrator, and also because some
members were concerned that the murders were affecting businesses in the area.[130] The
Committee petitioned the government to raise a reward for information leading to the arrest of the
killer, offered their own reward of £50 for information leading to his capture,[131] and hired private
detectives to question witnesses independently.[132]

Criminal profiling

At the end of October, Robert Anderson asked police surgeon Thomas Bond to give his opinion on
the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge.[133] The opinion offered by Bond on the
character of the "Whitechapel murderer" is the earliest surviving offender profile.[134] Bond's
assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the
post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders.[69] He wrote:

All five murders no doubt were committed by the same hand. In the first
four the throats appear to have been cut from left to right, in the last case
owing to the extensive mutilation it is impossible to say in what direction
the fatal cut was made, but arterial blood was found on the wall in
splashes close to where the woman's head must have been lying.

All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the

opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered and
in every case the throat was first cut.[69]

Bond was strongly opposed to the idea that the murderer possessed any kind of scientific or
anatomical knowledge, or even "the technical knowledge of a butcher or horse slaughterer".[69] In
his opinion, the killer must have been a man of solitary habits, subject to "periodical attacks of
homicidal and erotic mania", with the character of the mutilations possibly indicating "satyriasis".[69]
Bond also stated that "the homicidal impulse may have developed from a revengeful or brooding
condition of the mind, or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think
either hypothesis is likely".[69]

There is no evidence the perpetrator engaged in sexual activity with any of the victims,[17][135] yet
psychologists suppose that the penetration of the victims with a knife and "leaving them on display
in sexually degrading positions with the wounds exposed" indicates that the perpetrator derived
sexual pleasure from the attacks.[17][136] This view is challenged by others, who dismiss such
hypotheses as insupportable supposition.[137]

In addition to the contradictions and unreliability of contemporary accounts, attempts to identify the
murderer are hampered by the lack of any surviving forensic evidence.[138] DNA analysis on extant
letters is inconclusive;[139] the available material has been handled many times and is too
contaminated to provide meaningful results.[140] There have been mutually incompatible claims that
DNA evidence points conclusively to two different suspects, and the methodology of both has also
been criticised.[141]

Suspects
 Speculation as to the identity
of Jack the Ripper: cover of
the 21 September 1889 issue
of Puck magazine, by
cartoonist Tom Merry

The concentration of the killings around weekends and public holidays and within a short distance
of each other has indicated to many that the Ripper was in regular employment and lived locally.[142]
Others have thought that the killer was an educated upper-class man, possibly a doctor or an
aristocrat who ventured into Whitechapel from a more well-to-do area.[143] Such theories draw on
cultural perceptions such as fear of the medical profession, mistrust of modern science, or the
exploitation of the poor by the rich.[144] Suspects proposed years after the murders include virtually
anyone remotely connected to the case by contemporary documents, as well as many famous
names who were never considered in the police investigation, including a member of the British
royal family,[145] an artist, and a physician.[146] Everyone alive at the time is now long dead, and
modern authors are free to accuse anyone "without any need for any supporting historical
evidence".[147] Suspects named in contemporary police documents include three in Sir Melville
Macnaghten's 1894 memorandum, but the evidence against these individuals is, at best,
circumstantial.[148]

There are many, varied theories about the identity and profession of Jack the Ripper, but authorities
are not agreed upon any of them, and the number of named suspects reaches over one
hundred.[149][150] Despite continued interest in the case, the Ripper's identity remains unknown.[151]
The term "ripperology" was coined to describe the study and analysis of the Ripper cases, and the
murders have inspired numerous works of fiction.

Letters
Over the course of the Whitechapel murders, the police, newspapers, and other individuals received
hundreds of letters regarding the case.[152] Some letters were well-intentioned offers of advice as to
how to catch the killer, but the vast majority were either hoaxes or generally useless.[153][154]

Hundreds of letters claimed to have been written by the killer himself,[155] and three of these in
particular are prominent: the "Dear Boss" letter, the "Saucy Jacky" postcard and the "From Hell"
letter.[156]

The "Dear Boss" letter, dated 25 September and postmarked 27 September 1888, was received that
day by the Central News Agency, and was forwarded to Scotland Yard on 29 September.[157] Initially,
it was considered a hoax, but when Eddowes was found three days after the letter's postmark with a
section of one ear obliquely cut from her body, the promise of the author to "clip the ladys (sic) ears
off" gained attention.[158] Eddowes's ear appears to have been nicked by the killer incidentally during
his attack, and the letter writer's threat to send the ears to the police was never carried out.[159] The
name "Jack the Ripper" was first used in this letter by the signatory and gained worldwide notoriety
after its publication.[160] Most of the letters that followed copied this letter's tone.[161] Some sources
claim that another letter dated 17 September 1888 was the first to use the name "Jack the
Ripper",[162] but most experts believe that this was a fake inserted into police records in the 20th
century.[163]

The "From Hell" letter

The "Saucy Jacky" postcard was postmarked 1 October 1888 and was received the same day by the
Central News Agency. The handwriting was similar to the "Dear Boss" letter,[164] and mentioned the
canonical murders committed on 30 September, which the author refers to by writing "double event
this time".[165] It has been argued that the postcard was posted before the murders were publicised,
making it unlikely that a crank would hold such knowledge of the crime.[166] However, it was
postmarked more than 24 hours after the killings occurred, long after details of the murders were
known and publicised by journalists, and had become general community gossip by the residents of
Whitechapel.[165][167]
The "From Hell" letter was received by George Lusk, leader of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee,
on 16 October 1888. The handwriting and style is unlike that of the "Dear Boss" letter and "Saucy
Jacky" postcard.[168] The letter came with a small box in which Lusk discovered half of a human
kidney, preserved in "spirits of wine" (ethanol).[168] Eddowes's left kidney had been removed by the
killer. The writer claimed that he "fried and ate" the missing kidney half. There is disagreement over
the kidney; some contend that it belonged to Eddowes, while others argue that it was a macabre
practical joke.[169][170] The kidney was examined by Dr Thomas Openshaw of the London Hospital,
who determined that it was human and from the left side, but (contrary to false newspaper reports)
he could not determine any other biological characteristics.[171] Openshaw subsequently also
received a letter signed "Jack the Ripper".[172]

Scotland Yard published facsimiles of the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard on 3 October, in the
ultimately vain hope that a member of the public would recognise the handwriting.[173] Charles
Warren explained in a letter to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the
Home Department: "I think the whole thing a hoax but of course we are bound to try & ascertain the
writer in any case."[174] On 7 October 1888, George R. Sims in the Sunday newspaper Referee implied
scathingly that the letter was written by a journalist "to hurl the circulation of a newspaper sky
high".[175] Police officials later claimed to have identified a specific journalist as the author of both
the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard.[176] The journalist was identified as Tom Bullen in a letter
from Chief Inspector John Littlechild to George R. Sims dated 23 September 1913.[177] A journalist
named Fred Best reportedly confessed in 1931 that he and a colleague at The Star had written the
letters signed "Jack the Ripper" to heighten interest in the murders and "keep the business
alive".[178]

Media

8 September 1888 edition of

 the Penny Illustrated Paper
depicting the discovery of the
body of the first canonical
Ripper victim, Mary Ann
Nichols

The Ripper murders mark an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists.[23][179]
Jack the Ripper was not the first serial killer, but his case was the first to create a worldwide media
frenzy.[23][179] The Elementary Education Act 1880 (which had extended upon a previous Act) made
school attendance compulsory regardless of class. As such, by 1888, more working-class people in
England and Wales were literate.[180]

Tax reforms in the 1850s had enabled the publication of inexpensive newspapers with a wider
circulation.[181] These mushroomed in the later Victorian era to include mass-circulation
newspapers costing as little as a halfpenny, along with popular magazines such as The Illustrated
Police News which made the Ripper the beneficiary of previously unparalleled publicity.[182]
Consequently, at the height of the investigation, over one million copies[183] of newspapers with
extensive coverage devoted to the Whitechapel murders were sold each day.[184] However, many of
the articles were sensationalistic and speculative, and false information was regularly printed as
fact.[185] In addition, several articles speculating as to the identity of the Ripper alluded to local
xenophobic rumours that the perpetrator was either Jewish or foreign.[186][187]

In early September, six days after the murder of Mary Ann Nichols, The Manchester Guardian
reported: "Whatever information may be in the possession of the police they deem it necessary to
keep secret ... It is believed their attention is particularly directed to ... a notorious character known
as 'Leather Apron'."[188] Journalists were frustrated by the unwillingness of the CID to reveal details
of their investigation to the public, and so resorted to writing reports of questionable veracity.[23][189]
Imaginative descriptions of "Leather Apron" appeared in the press,[190] but rival journalists
dismissed these as "a mythical outgrowth of the reporter's fancy".[191] John Pizer, a local Jew who
made footwear from leather, was known by the name "Leather Apron"[192] and was arrested, even
though the investigating inspector reported that "at present there is no evidence whatsoever against
him".[193] He was soon released after the confirmation of his alibis.[192]

After the publication of the "Dear Boss" letter, "Jack the Ripper" supplanted "Leather Apron" as the
name adopted by the press and public to describe the killer.[194] The name "Jack" was already used
to describe another fabled London attacker: "Spring-heeled Jack", who supposedly leapt over walls
to strike at his victims and escape as quickly as he came.[195] The invention and adoption of a
nickname for a particular killer became standard media practice with examples such as the Axeman
of New Orleans, the Boston Strangler, and the Beltway Sniper. Examples derived from Jack the
Ripper include the French Ripper, the Düsseldorf Ripper, the Camden Ripper, the Blackout Ripper,
Jack the Stripper, the Yorkshire Ripper, and the Rostov Ripper. Sensational press reports combined
with the fact that no one was ever convicted of the murders have confused scholarly analysis and
created a legend that casts a shadow over later serial killers.[196]

Legacy

The 'Nemesis of Neglect': Jack the

Ripper depicted as a phantom stalking
Whitechapel, and as an embodiment
of social neglect, in a Punch cartoon
of 1888

The nature of the Ripper murders and the impoverished lifestyle of the victims[197] drew attention to
the poor living conditions in the East End[198] and galvanised public opinion against the
overcrowded, insanitary slums.[199] In the two decades after the murders, the worst of the slums
were cleared and demolished,[200] but the streets and some buildings survive and the legend of the
Ripper is still promoted by various guided tours of the murder sites and other locations pertaining to
the case.[201] For many years, the Ten Bells public house in Commercial Street (which had been
frequented by at least one of the canonical Ripper victims) was the focus of such tours.[202]

In the immediate aftermath of the murders and later, "Jack the Ripper became the children's bogey
man."[203] Depictions were often phantasmic or monstrous. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was
depicted in film dressed in everyday clothes as a man with a hidden secret, preying on his
unsuspecting victims; atmosphere and evil were suggested through lighting effects and
shadowplay.[204] By the 1960s, the Ripper had become "the symbol of a predatory aristocracy",[204]
and was more often portrayed in a top hat dressed as a gentleman. The Establishment as a whole
became the villain, with the Ripper acting as a manifestation of upper-class exploitation.[205] The
image of the Ripper merged with or borrowed symbols from horror stories, such as Dracula's cloak
or Victor Frankenstein's organ harvest.[206] The fictional world of the Ripper can fuse with multiple
genres, ranging from Sherlock Holmes to Japanese erotic horror.[207]

Jack the Ripper features in hundreds of works of fiction and works which straddle the boundaries
between fact and fiction, including the Ripper letters and a hoax diary: The Diary of Jack the
Ripper.[208] The Ripper appears in novels, short stories, poems, comic books, games, songs, plays,
operas, television programmes, and films. More than 100 non-fiction works deal exclusively with the
Jack the Ripper murders, making it one of the most written-about true-crime subjects.[149] The term
"ripperology" was coined by Colin Wilson in the 1970s to describe the study of the case by
professionals and amateurs.[209][210] The periodicals Ripperana, Ripperologist, and Ripper Notes
publish their research.[211]

In 2006, a BBC History magazine poll selected Jack the Ripper as the worst Briton in history.[212][213]

In 2015, the Jack the Ripper Museum opened in east London, to minor protests.[214] Similar protests
occurred in 2021 when the second of two "Jack The Chipper" fish and chip shops opened in
Greenwich, with some patrons threatening to boycott the premises.[215]

There is no waxwork figure of Jack the Ripper at Madame Tussauds' Chamber of Horrors, unlike
numerous murderers of lesser fame, in accordance with their policy of not modelling persons
whose likeness is unknown.[216] He is instead depicted as a shadow.[217]

See also

Jack the Ripper in fiction

List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

List of murderers by number of victims

List of serial killers before 1900

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack the Ripper.

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

Jack the Ripper

Jack the Ripper (http://www.casebook.org) at casebook.org

Whitechapel Jack: The 1888 Autumn of Terror (https://whitechapeljack.com/)

Home page (http://www.jack-the-ripper.org/) of jack-the-ripper.org

Contemporary news article (https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/94769173) pertaining to
the murders committed by Jack the Ripper

1988 centennial investigation (https://vault.fbi.gov/Jack%20the%20Ripper) into the murders

committed by Jack the Ripper compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation

2014 news article (https://www.itv.com/news/london/2014-06-07/experts-pinpoint-the-spot-wher

e-jack-the-ripper-lived/) focusing upon modern geographic profiling techniques used to discover
the most likely location Jack the Ripper lived

Letters claiming to be from Jack the Ripper (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/museum/item.a

sp?item_id=39) at nationalarchives.gov.uk

Jack the Ripper (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/298729/Jack-the-Ripper) at the

Encyclopædia Britannica

Article focusing upon the murders committed by Jack the Ripper (http://www.txstate.edu/gii/jack
theripper.html) published by the Texas State University