Kindly answer the following questions below. Explain it in your own words.

You can give

examples if you like. (10 points each)

1. How does a cell extract critical nutrients and information from its environment?

Answer:
Through, the cell extract critical nutrients and information from its
environment. The process through which plants and animals' cells break
down sugar and convert it to energy, which is then used to do the work at
the cellular level. In the process the energy generated is temporarily stored
within the cell via adenosine triphosphate synthesis (ATP). Then, the
energy released during cellular respiration is used by other biological
functions. These processes result in the production of larger molecules
such as amino acids, DNA, and proteins, which are essential for an
organism's survival. Therefore, simply the purpose of cellular respiration is
it provides the energy that cells require to function.

2. How does a cell convert the energy stored in nutrients into work (movement,
synthesis of critical components)?

In relation to the past question, through the process of cellular

respiration, the energy in food is changed into energy that can be used by
the body's cells. Cellular respiration which is the process of organisms
combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in
these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste
products, carbon dioxide and water.

3. How does a cell transform nutrients into the fundamental structures required for its
survival (cell wall, nucleus, nucleic acids, proteins, cytoskeleton)?

Answer:
By extracting nutrients and information from its environment, cells
transform nutrients into the fundamental structures required for their
survival, such as cell wall, nucleus nucleic acids, proteins, and
cytoskeleton, through the process of cellular respiration, which produces
energy that is needed by the cell for their metabolism and for the
organelles to function.

4. How does a cell link itself to other cells to form a tissue?

Answer:
 Cell to Cell Adhesion is one of the reason for the cell to be link.
There are several different complexes which are: Tight junctions, adherent
junctions, and desmosomes are some of the complexes that hold cells
together. These junctions are made up of integral membrane proteins that
interact with proteins in surrounding cells and are connected to the
cytoskeleton intracellularly. Adhering junctions are connected to actin
filaments and believed to be responsible for tissue-specific cell
connections. They form a ring that around the cell. Desmosomes are
attached to intermediate filaments and give cells with additional
mechanical support. Desmosomes are a type of desmosome that forms a
spot on the plasma membrane and is detected in cells that have been
subjected to mechanical stress. In addition, Cadherins which are surface
receptors it is the reason for the cells to be link with one another and build
tissues and organs. Cadherins are proteins that cause tissue-specific cell
connections and an integrins are receptors that connect cells to a common
set of extracellular fibers called the extracellular matrix.

5. How do cells communicate with one another so that the organism as a whole can
function?

Answer:
Cells communicate with one another using chemical signals.
Chemical signals, which are proteins or other compounds produced by a
transmitting cell, are frequently secreted and discharged into the
extracellular space by the cell. They can then float over to neighboring
cells like messages in a bottle.

A chemical communication is not “heard” by all cells. A neighbor

cell must have the right receptor for a signal in order to detect it (that is, to
be a target cell). When a signaling molecule attaches to its receptor, it
changes the receptor's shape or activity, causing a change inside the cell.
Ligands are frequently used to describe signaling molecules (such as
receptors). Ligands are chemical messengers that communicate between
cells. A ligand is a chemical that binds to another molecule in a specific
way. The ligand binds to a receptor, which is a protein in or on the target
cell, in cell signaling.
Four basic categories of chemical signaling found in multicellular organisms:
 Paracrine signalling - are signals that act locally between cells that are near
together.
 Autocrine signaling - Signaling cells that can bind to the ligand that is
released provide autocrine signals.
 Endocrine signalling - are signals that start from endocrine cells and travel
to distant cells.
 Direct signalling - is a type of communication that occurs between cells
that are in direct contact which is also known as as juxtacrine signaling