Distribution System ETAP Modeling

June 20, 2013 [DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ETAP MODELING]
1 | MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, we would like to provide our heartfelt gratitude to our family for all of their support
in all aspects.
We provide our special thanks to our advisor, Mr. Zenachew Muluneh (MSc. In electrical
power engineering), for his assistance and kind advices throughout all of our works, starting
from data colleting up to the final simulation process, that made us able to complete the thesis.
We also thank our department, Electrical and Computer Engineering, for arranging the
computer labs that facilitated our work by providing fulltime access to computers.
Our appreciation to the department lab assistances is also great for their kind help and avail on
the occasions we needed them.
i | MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
ABSTRACT
The distribution system is the most visible part of the supply chain, and as such the most exposed
to the critical observation of its users. About 30 to 40 % of total investments in the electrical
sector go to distribution systems. Ideally, power losses in an electric system should be around 3
to 6% .In developed countries, it is not greater than 10%.However, in developing countries, the
percentage of active power losses is around 20%; therefore, utilities in the electric sector are
currently interested in reducing it in order to be more competitive, since the electricity prices in
deregulated markets are related to the system losses. The voltage drop also ranges from 5 to 6%
of rated voltage.
To manage a loss reduction program in a distribution system it is necessary to use effective and
efficient computational tools that allow quantifying the loss in each different network element
for system losses reduction.
Our analysis on two of the Mekelle distribution system feeders, named as, KO2 & KO4, is aimed
to show power loss and voltage drop characteristics under standard load and voltage ratings. The
analysis is done with ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT ANALYZER PROGRAME (ETAP) software.
The final output of the analysis and recommendation on results obtained are provided in this
thesis.
ii | MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
Figure 1 Lachi substation .............................................................................................................................. 1

Figure 2 Distribution system conductors. ..................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3 primary distribution. ....................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4 Secondary distribution. ................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 5 Radial configuration ....................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 6 Triangular configuration of transmission lines ............................................................................. 15
Figure 7 Short transmission line model of transmission line ...................................................................... 17
Figure 8 Voltage drop through current carrying line .................................................................................. 18
Figure 9 Line selection from AutoCAD ..................................................................................................... 20
Figure 10 Information of line obtained from AutoCAD ............................................................................. 20
Figure 11 feeder impedance modeling ........................................................................................................ 21
Figure 12 partial one line view of KO4 on ETAP ...................................................................................... 25
Figure 13 Partial Result of KO4 simulation................................................................................................ 28
Figure 14 partial Result of KO2 simulation ................................................................................................ 29
Figure 15 Feeder KO2 power loss and voltage drop variation ................................................................... 32
Figure 16 Feeder KO4 power loss and voltage drop variation ................................................................... 34
iii | MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

Table 1 excel format for feeder KO2 .......................................................................................................... 23

Table 2 excel format for KO4 ..................................................................................................................... 24
Table 3 KO4 branch power loss and voltage drop ...................................................................................... 30
Table 4 KO2 branch power loss and voltage drop ...................................................................................... 31
Table 5 selected percentage power loss and voltage drop of KO2 feeder .................................................. 32
Table 6 Selected percentage power loss and voltage drop of KO4 feeder .................................................. 33
iv | MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
CHAPTER ONE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Mekelle distribution system ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
CHAPTER TWO ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
LITRETURE REVIEW ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.1 Distribution Systems -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.1.1 Feeders ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.1.2 Distributor ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
2.1.3 Service mains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.2 Classification of Distribution Systems ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.3 A.C. Distribution ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.3.1 Primary distribution system -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
2.3.2 Secondary distribution system----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
2.4 Connection Schemes of Distribution System ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.4.1Radial System -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.4.2 Ring Main System-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.4.3 Interconnected system --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.5 VOLTAGE DROP AND POWER LOSS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ----------------------------------------------- 9
v | MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
2.5.1 VOLTAGE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
2.5.2 VOLTAGE DROP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
2.6 VOLTAGE DROP EFFECTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
2.6.1 Voltage Drop in Distribution Systems------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
2.7 LOSSES IN POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2.7.1 Losses in Distribution Lines ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10
2.7.2 Losses in Distribution Transformers -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.8 Methods of Lowering Distribution System Losses -------------------------------------------------------------- 13
CHAPTER THREE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
METHODELOGY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
3.1 Calculation of inductance --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
3.2 Inductive reactance ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
3.3 Calculation of Resistance ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
3.4 Voltage Drop Calculation in distribution system ---------------------------------------------------------------- 17
3.5 Voltage Drop Equations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
3.6 ETAP modeling of Mekelle distribution system ------------------------------------------------------------------ 19
3.6.1 The ETAP software ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
3.6.2 Methodology Used To Design --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
3.6.3 Information Obtained From AutoCAD----------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
3.6.5 Power system component data --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
5.2.5 Developing the One Line View On ETAP ------------------------------------------------------------------ 25
CHAPTER FOUR--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
CHAPTER FIVE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
5.1 CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
vi | MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
5.2 RECOMENDATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
REFERENCE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
APPENDIX A-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
APPENDIX B -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
vii | MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Mekelle distribution system
The Mekelle distribution system named as “Lachi” is found on the northern outskirt of
Mekelle city. This station contains two three winding power transformers with other
protection and regulation power system components. Each power transformer is rated with
primary voltage of 230 Kv and 15 Kv and 132Kv secondary and tertiary output voltages.
The station is from two transmission lines. These are a single three phase line coming from
“Tekeze” line and a double three phase transmission line coming from “Alamata” line. Each
of the 15Kv outputs are parallelly connected to a single bus bar from which power is
distributed to customer residential loads around the city and nearby towns like „Quiha‟ and
„Samre‟. The 132 Kv output voltages are connected in similar manner to another bus bar.
This bus bar also supplies power to the city industries and remote towns like Wukro,
Adigrat, Adwa etc.
Figure 1 Lachi substation
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION
Our problem of statement is to determine the exact power and voltage magnitudes that reach at
consumer terminals.
A considerable amount of effort is necessary to maintain an electric power supply within the
requirements of various types of consumers. Some of the requirements of a good distribution
system are proper voltage, availability of power on demand and Reliability.
One important requirement of a distribution system is that voltage variations at consumer‟s
terminals should be as low as possible. The changes in voltage are generally caused due to the
variation of load on the system. Low voltage causes loss of revenue, inefficient lighting and
possible burning out of motors. High voltage causes lamps to burn out permanently and may
cause failure of other appliances. Therefore, a good distribution system should ensure that the
voltage variations at consumers‟ terminals are within Permissible limits. The purpose of the
distribution system is to take that power from the transmission system and deliver it to the
consumers to serve their needs. However, a significant portion of the power that a utility
generates is lost in the distribution process. These losses occur in numerous small components in
the distribution system, such as transformers and distribution lines. Due to the lower power level
of these components, the losses inherent in each component are lower than those in comparable
components of the transmission system. While each of these components may have relatively
small losses, the large number of components involved makes it important to examine the losses
in the distribution system.
These losses typically account for approximately four percent of the total system load. There are
two major sources of losses in power distribution systems. These are the transformers and power
lines. Additionally, there are two major types of losses that occur in these components. These
losses are often referred to as core losses and copper, or I2R losses. Core losses in transformers
account for the majority of losses at low power levels. As load increases, the copper losses
become more significant, until they are approximately equal to the core losses at peak load. The
economic implications of these losses are far reaching. In addition to the excess fuel cost needed
to cover .the lost energy, added generating capacity may be needed. Also, the power lost in the
distribution system must still be transmitted through the transmission system which further adds
to the loss in that system. It is very important for electric power suppliers to consider these losses
and reduce them wherever practical.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
This thesis mainly provides power loss and voltage drop analysis of the two feeders, KO2 &
KO4 of Mekelle distribution system. This was the starting point of our case study. In parallel to
this, the ETAP software model also provides the other power system analysis results which
might be equally important as per needed.
 To determine voltage drop across each transmission line
 To know the power loss in the feeder
 To simulate the voltage drop and power loss analysis using ETAP software
 To understand whether the voltage drop or power loss are within acceptance limit.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The analysis in this thesis is performed under standard conditions applied for efficient operation
of power transformer loading which ranges from 60 to 70% of its rated KVA value and that the
system is balanced. This gives acceptable results of the desired analysis. In practical situation
however these conditions may not be satisfied so that the measurements obtained there may not
match this thesis result.
Therefore, the results obtained here can be used by the power utility company to compare the
results so that necessary measures can be taken to come up with optimum values.
CHAPTER TWO
LITRETURE REVIEW
2.1 Distribution Systems
The electrical energy produced at the generating station is conveyed to the consumers through a
network of transmission and distribution systems. It is often difficult to draw a line between the
transmission and distribution systems of a large power system. It is impossible to distinguish the
two merely by their voltage because what was considered as a high voltage a few years ago is
now considered as a low voltage.
In general, distribution system is that part of power system which distributes power to the
consumers for utilization. Or is part of power system which distributes electric Power for local
use. The distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the
Transmission system and the consumers‟ meters. It generally consists of;
 feeders,
 distributors
 Service mains.
2.1.1 Feeders
A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localized generating station) to the
area where power is to be distributed. Generally, no tapings are taken from the feeder so that
current in it remains the same throughout. The main consideration in the design of a feeder is the
current carrying capacity.
2.1.2 Distributor
A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are taken for supply to the consumers. The
current through a distributor is not constant because tapings are taken at various places along its
length. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the main consideration
since the statutory limit of voltage variations is ± 6% of rated value at the consumers‟ terminals.
2.1.3 Service mains

A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumers‟
terminals. Fig.2.1 shows the single line diagram of a typical low tension distribution system.
Figure 2 Distribution system conductors.
2.2 Classification of Distribution Systems
A distribution system may be classified according to;

i) Nature of current as;
 d.c. distribution system
 a.c. distribution system.
ii) Type of construction as;
 Overhead system
 Underground system.
iii) Scheme of connection as;
 Radial system
 Ring main system
 Inter-connected system.
2.3 A.C. Distribution
Now-a-days electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating
current.
One important reason for the widespread use of alternating current in preference to direct current
is the fact that alternating voltage can be conveniently changed in magnitude by means of a
transformer. Transformer has made it possible to transmit a.c. power at high voltage and utilize it
at a safe potential. High transmission and distribution voltages have greatly reduced the current
in the conductors and the resulting line losses.
In general, the a.c. distribution system is the electrical system between the step down substation
fed by the transmission system and the consumers‟ meters. The a.c. distribution system is
classified into:
 primary distribution system and
 Secondary distribution system.
2.3.1 Primary distribution system

It is that part of a.c. distribution system which operates at voltages somewhat higher than general
utilization and handles large blocks of electrical energy than the average low-voltage consumer
uses. The voltage used for primary distribution depends upon the amount of power to be
conveyed and the distance of the substation required to be fed. Due to economic considerations,
primary distribution is carried out by 3-phase, 3-wire system.
Figure 3 primary distribution.
Fig3 shows a typical primary distribution system. Electric power from the generating station is
transmitted at high voltage to the substation located in or near the city. At this substation, voltage
is stepped down to 15 kV with the help of step-down transformer. Power is supplied to various
substations for distribution or to big consumers at this voltage. This forms the high voltage
distribution or primary distribution.
2.3.2 Secondary distribution system

It is that part of a.c. distribution system which includes the range of voltages at which the
ultimate consumer utilizes the electrical energy delivered to him. The secondary distribution
employs 380/220 V, 3-phase, 4-wire system.
Fig.3 shows a typical secondary distribution system.
Figure 4 Secondary distribution.

The primary distribution circuit delivers power to various substations, called distribution
substations. The substations are situated near the consumers‟ localities and contain step down
transformers. At each distribution substation, the voltage is stepped down to 380 V and power is
delivered by 3-phase, 4-wire a.c. system. The single phase domestic loads are connected between
any one phase and the neutral, whereas 3-phase 380 V motor loads are connected across 3- phase
lines directly.
2.4 Connection Schemes of Distribution System
All distribution of electrical energy is done by constant voltage system. In practice, the following
distribution circuits are generally used:
2.4.1Radial System
In this system, separate feeders radiate from a single substation and feed the distributors at one
end only. The radial system is employed only when power is generated at low voltage and the
substation is located at the center of the load.
Figure 5 Radial configuration

2.4.2 Ring Main System
In this system, the primaries of distribution transformers form a loop. The loop circuit starts from
the substation bus-bars, makes a loop through the area to be served, and returns to the substation.
2.4.3 Interconnected system

When the feeder ring is energized by two or more than two generating stations or substations, it
is called inter-connected system.
2.5 VOLTAGE DROP AND POWER LOSS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
2.5.1 VOLTAGE
Simply put, think of voltage as electrical pressure or pressure differential. The difference in
pressure that makes any hydraulic pump work is virtually is the same for electrons. The pressure
differential provided by the positive and negative terminals of the battery causes the electrons in
the conductor to move when the two terminals are connected together. This movement or flow of
electrons is used to perform useful work. Whenever work is done, pressure is used up. We can
measure where work is done in an electrical circuit by measuring where voltage is used up.
When working on electrical problems, there are two different methods of voltage measurements;
the open circuit voltage or voltage drop.
 Open circuit voltage is measured when there is no current flow through the circuit.
 Voltage drop is measured is dynamically while there is current flow through the circuit.
2.5.2 VOLTAGE DROP

When current passes through any component, voltage is used up. This voltage is called voltage
drop Δv. The voltage drop of a component is directly proportional to the resistance of the
component. The greater the resistance the greater the voltage drop.
2.6 VOLTAGE DROP EFFECTS
2.6.1 Voltage Drop in Distribution Systems

The resistance (DC) or impedance (AC) of conductors may cause a substantial difference
between voltage at service equipment and voltage at the point-of-utilization equipment. Under
voltage can result in inefficient operation of heating, lighting, and motor loads. Excessive voltage
drop impairs the starting and the operation of electrical equipment.
An applied voltage of 10% below rating can result in a decrease in efficiency of substantially
more than 10%. For example: Fluorescent light output would be reduced by 15%, and
incandescent light output would be reduced by 30%. Induction motors would run hotter and
produce less torque. With an applied voltage of 10% below rating, the running current would
increase 11%, the operating temperature would increase by 12%, and torque would be reduced
by 19%. The reduced output torque may cause the motor‟s speed to decrease, further increasing
the current/temperature effects in the motor.
2.7 LOSSES IN POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
2.7.1 Losses in Distribution Lines

One of the major sources of losses in the distribution system is the power lines which connect the
substation to the loads. Virtually all real power that is lost in the distribution system is due to
copper losses. Since these losses are a function of the square of the current flow through the line,
it should be obvious that the losses in distribution lines are larger at high power levels than they
are at lower levels.
Since power loss in the distribution lines can be considered to be entirely due to copper losses, it
can be calculated using the Equation;
P=I2R …………………………………………………………….2.1
From this, it is apparent that anything that changes either current or line resistance will affect the
amount of power lost in the line.
The primary determining factor for the magnitude of line current is the amount of real and
reactive power loading at the end of the line. As the power that is transmitted along the line
increases, the current flow in the line becomes larger. Another factor which affects the level of
current flow is the operating voltage of the line. For a given real and reactive power load level, S
a high voltage line will have a lower current than a low voltage line. This can be seen from
Equation 2.
S=VI ………………………………………………………..2.2
Therefore, for a given power level, the higher voltage line will have lower copper losses.
Another factor which can result in higher line losses is unbalanced loading. If one of the phases
is loaded more heavily than the others, the loss will be larger than it would have been in the
balanced load case. This is due to the squaring of the current in Equation 1. For instance, if one
line carries twice the current of the other two and all other factors are kept constant, an increase
in copper loss of 12.5% occurs compared to the balanced load case.
While the current level has the biggest effect on line loss, the resistance of the line cannot be
neglected. The line resistance depends on many factors, including the length of the line, the
effective cross-sectional area, and the resistivity of the metal of which the line is made. The
resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area and directly proportional to both
the length and resistivity. This is shown in Equation 111.3 below, where R is the resistance, p is
the resistivity, L is the length of the line, and A is the effective cross-sectional area.
…………………………………………………………2.3
Therefore, a long line will have a higher resistance and larger losses than a short line with the
same current flow. Similarly, a large conductor size results in a smaller resistance and lower
losses than a small conductor.
The resistivity is determined by the material of which the line is constructed and the temperature
of the material. A better conducting material will result in lower resistivity and lower losses. The
resistivity of the metal in the line will be affected by the temperature. As the temperature of the
metal increases, the line resistance will also increase, causing higher copper losses in the
distribution line.
……………………………………………………2.4
The letter rho, p, is the resistivity at a specific temperature. It is equal to
2.83 x 10-8 ohm meters for aluminum and 1.77 x10 -8
ohm meters for copper at a temperature of
20°C. To is a reference temperature and is equal to 228°C for aluminum and 241°C for copper.
P1 and p2 are the resistivity at temperatures T1 and T2 respectively.
2.7.2 Losses in Distribution Transformers

While losses in distribution lines are virtually all due to copper losses, transformer losses occur
due to both copper and core losses. The core losses are made up of eddy current and hysteresis
losses. The copper losses in transformers are essentially the same as those in the power
distribution lines.
The copper losses in a transformer are smaller in magnitude than the core losses. These losses
occur in the form of heat produced by the current, both primary and secondary, through the
windings of the transformer. Like the copper loss in the distribution line, it is calculated using the
I2R relationship of Equation1. Any factor which affects either current or winding resistance will
also affect the amount of copper loss in the transformer.
An increase in loading, either real or reactive, will result in an increase in current flow and a
correspondingly greater amount of loss in the transformer.
Additionally, an unbalanced system load will increase transformer loss due to the squared current
relationship. The winding resistance also has an effect on the amount of copper loss and is
mainly determined by the total length of the wire used, as well as the size of the wire. The
temperature of the winding will affect the resistivity of the wire, therefore affecting the overall
resistance and the copper loss. Since all but the smallest distribution transformers have some
type of cooling system, such as immersion in oil, the temperature effect on losses is usually
minimal.
The core loss in a transformer is usually larger in magnitude than the copper loss. It is made up
of eddy current losses, which are due to magnetically induced currents in the core, and hysteresis
losses, which occur because of the less than perfect permeability of the core material. These
losses are relatively constant for an energized transformer and can be considered to be
independent of the transformer load. Transformer core losses have been modeled in various
ways, usually as a resistance in parallel with the transformer's magnetizing reactance.
Since the core loss is relatively independent of loading, the most important factor when
considering core loss is the manufacture of the core. The physical construction of the core has
serious consequences on the amount of core loss occurring in the transformer. For instance, eddy
currents are greatly reduced by using laminated pieces to construct the core. These thin sheets are
oriented along the path of travel of the magnetic flux and restrict the amount of induced currents
that occur.
The hysteresis loss occurs in the transformer core due to the energy required to provide the
magnetic field in the core as the direction of magnetic flux alternates with the alternating current
wave form. This energy is transformed into heat. Hysteresis loss can be reduced by the use of
higher quality materials in the core which have better magnetic permeability. Many advanced
core materials have been developed recently with claims of core loss reductions in the range of
50 % and above.
A final aspect of the distribution system that increases losses in the transformers is the presence
of harmonics in the system. The harmonic currents only cause a small increase in copper losses
throughout the system. However, the high frequency harmonic voltages can cause large core
losses in the transformer.
Frequently, utilities are forced to use an oversized transformer to compensate when a large
harmonic presence is indicated. The increased skin effect of larger conductors combined with the
high frequency harmonics can result in even greater losses.
2.8 Methods of Lowering Distribution System Losses
Since distribution losses cost the utilities a sizable amount of profit, it is necessary to examine
the various methods of reducing these losses. While many ways of lowering losses can be used
on existing systems, other methods are easiest to use during the initial design and installation of a
new distribution system. an example of one of these methods is to carefully select .the location of
the substation so as to minimize the needed length of distribution lines. Another way is to use as
high as voltage as is practical for the lines to limit the current in the lines and transformer
windings. Also, the higher resistivity of aluminum means it will have larger losses than an
equivalent copper distribution line.
Therefore, copper should be used on lines where losses are abnormally high.
Other methods, such as high efficiency transformers and shunt capacitor banks, may be easier to
install during initial construction than they would be on an existing system.
High efficiency transformers, which use new core types, are beginning to see widespread use in
the United States. One example of a more efficient core is one that uses amorphous metal.
Amorphous metal is formed by rapidly cooling liquid metal. Approximately 60,000 to 70,000
amorphous metal transformers are currently in use, mostly in the United States. While
amorphous metal transformers cost 25 to 50% more than silicon iron transformers, they also
claim60 to 70% less losses. Therefore, utilities with high energy costs or those facing new plant
construction would do well to consider them.
Perhaps the most common method of reducing system losses is the use of shunt capacitor banks.
Capacitors are used to compensate for reactive loads in order to provide a highly resistive total
load and a near unity power factor.
Hence there is less current flow in the line and lower losses. The capacitors are strategically
placed to provide the best voltage support and current reduction. In one case, the use of shunt
capacitors reduced distribution system losses by approximately 20 %. However, care must be
used when choosing the placement of the capacitor banks. In the above example, the loss
reduction was calculated to be less than 5% when the capacitors were equally distributed
throughout the system.
Another method of lowering system losses is by reducing the amount of harmonics present in the
system. This can be accomplished by placing filters at each load that produces major non
sinusoidal signals. However, these filters cost money and have inherent losses due to the
imperfect nature of the components which limit the loss reduction that is achieved.
Utilities may also reduce losses that occur in the distribution system by ensuring that the load is
well balanced on all three phases. This will keep the copper losses in the lines and transformers
to a minimum.
A final method of reducing distribution system losses is demand-side management (DSM). With
DSM, a utility reduces the system loading, especially at peak periods, by turning off certain loads
or providing incentives for efficiency. Overall load is reduced by encouraging improved
efficiency by consumers with such things as rebates for high efficiency motors, refrigerators, and
lighting. Peak load can be reduced by direct load control of such items as air conditioners, hot
water heaters, and some industrial loads. DSM has an added benefit in loss reduction because the
primary load reduction occurs at peak loading when system copper losses are greatest.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODELOGY
3.1 Calculation of inductance
General assumptions made for calculating inductance of transmission lines are:

 The cross section of transmission line is uniform
 The current and charge densities are uniform over the entire length of conductors
 The conductivity, permittivity and permeability over the entire length of conductors are
constant
Figure 6 Triangular configuration of transmission lines

A three-phase transmission lines is shown in Fig. 1(c). The arrangement consists of three
conductors of phases a, b and c, each having a radius r and separated by a distance Dab, Dac and
Dbc between each of them.
The inductance, L, per phase per unit length is defined as
…………………………………….3.1
But Dab = Dbc = Dac = 1m
Therefore L = 2x10-7ln [1.284/r] Ω/m
3.2 Inductive reactance
When the current flowing through an inductor continuously reverses itself, as in the case of an ac
source, the inertia effect of the emf is greater than with dc. The greater the amount of inductance
(L), the greater the opposition from this inertia effect. Also, the faster the reversal of current, the
greater this inertial opposition. This opposing force which an inductor presents to the flow of
alternating current cannot be called resistance, since it is not the result of friction within a
conductor. The name given to it is inductive reactance because it is the "reaction" of the inductor
to the changing value of alternating current. Inductive reactance is measured in ohms and its
symbol is XL.
As you know, the induced voltage in a conductor is proportional to the rate at which magnetic
lines of force cut the conductor. The greater the rate (the higher the frequency), the greater the
emf. Also, the induced voltage increases with an increase in inductance; the more ampere-turns,
the greater the emf. Reactance, then, increases with an increase of frequency and with an
increase of inductance. The formula for inductive reactance is as follows:
XL=2πfL …………………………………………………3.2
Where, XL is indactive reactance in ohom
f is frequency of the alternating current in Hz
Lis inductance in Henery
3.3 Calculation of Resistance
As the type conductor in the distribution system is of aluminum type, the resistivity, ρ, of the
conductor is obtained from standard table.
Now having the length of each conductor from the ETAP model and the resistivity, the resistance
the conductor per phase is given by;
…………………………………………………………..3.3
Where;
R = resistance of conductor;
ρ = resistivity
l = length of conductor
 Low resistance components like fuses, switches, wires and connectors should have very low
Δv. As a general rule the maximum Δv allowed for these components is less than 0.1 per
component or connector.
 Higher resistance components are usually referred to as loads. Loads use their resistance to
convert into work (light, heat, motion).this conversion causes voltage drop as the electrical
pressure is used up. In any electrical circuit, all the voltage will always be used up. Adding
up all the voltage drops in a circuit will always equal source voltage.
3.4 Voltage Drop Calculation in distribution system
A distribution feeder provides service to unbalanced three-phase, two-phase, and single-phase

loads over untransposed three-phase, two-phase, and single phase line segments. This
combination leads to three-phase line currents and line voltages being unbalanced. In order to
analyze these conditions as precisely as possible, it will be necessary to model all three phases of
the feeder accurately, however, many times only a “ballpark” answer is needed. When this is the
case, some approximate methods of modeling and analysis can be employed. It is the purpose of
this chapter to develop some of the approximate methods and leave for later chapters the exact
models and analysis. All of the approximate methods of modeling and analysis will assume
perfectly balanced three-phase systems. With these assumptions, a single line-to-neutral
equivalent circuit for the feeder will be used. A line-to-neutral equivalent circuit of a three-phase
line segment serving a balanced three-phase load is shown in the Figure below. Kirchhoff‟s
voltage law applied to the circuit.
Figure 7 Short transmission line model of transmission line
VS = VL + (R + jX) x I = VL + R x I + jX x I ……………………….3.4
The phasor diagram for the above equation is shown below. The phasor for the voltage drop
through the line resistance (RI) is shown in phase with the current phasor, and the phasor for the
voltage drop through the reactance is shown leading the current phasor by 90 degrees. The
dashed lines represent the real and imaginary parts of the impedance (ZI) drop. The voltage drop
down the line is defined as the difference between the magnitudes
of the source and the load voltages.
Vdrop = |VS| – |VL| = ZI ……………………………3.5
Figure 8 Voltage drop through current carrying line
3.5 Voltage Drop Equations
 For three phase

Voltage Drop = √3 I (R Cos θ + X Sin θ) ……………………………...3.6
 For single phase
Voltage Drop = 2I(R Cos θ + X Sin θ) …………………………..3.7
Where,
Voltage Drop = in volts (V)
I = Current in amperes
R= Conductive resistance in ohms
X= Conductor inductive reactance in ohms
Z = Complex impedance ohms

θ = Phase angle of load
Cos θ = Power Factor
3.6 ETAP modeling of Mekelle distribution system
3.6.1 The ETAP software

A software complex designed to analyze power systems and their components. ETAP offers a
suite of fully integrated Electrical Engineering software solutions including; Arc flash, load flow,
short circuit, transient stability, relay coordination, cable ampacity, optimal power flow and
more. Its modular functionality can be customized to fit the needs of any company, from small to
large power systems.
ETAP is chosen as the simulation tool, which is developed by OTI, a comprehensive analysis
platform for the design, simulation, and operation of generation, transmission, distribution, and
industrial power systems. It supplies calculations for load flow, short circuit, transient stability,
etc. it is the most comprehensive analysis software for the design, simulation, operation,
monitoring, control, optimization, and automation of power systems. ETAP is the industry leader
used worldwide in all types and sizes of power systems, including generation, transmission,
distribution, and industrial systems.
3.6.2 Methodology Used To Design

Our process starts from collection of data from an AutoCAD model of the system from which we
proceed through the following steps.
3.6.3 Information Obtained From AutoCAD

The AutoCAD model of the distribution system shows the topographical display of the feeders
which include;
 The position of the station and distribution transformers

 The cross section area , type and length of the cable or conductor
 The orientation of distribution lines and cover area of each feeder
From the AutoCAD model have taken the type and length of the conductor, the number of
distribution transformer in each feeder and developed buses where two or more electrical
components interconnected.
Figure 9 Line selection from AutoCAD

Information obtained for the selected line above.
Figure 10 Information of line obtained from AutoCAD
3.6.4 Feeder impedance calculation

All the conductors connecting two consecutive buses are less than 50km in length. Therefore a
short transmission line model is applied to calculate their respective impedance values. A short
transmission line is modeled by its series resistance and reactance values as shown in the figure
below
Figure 11 feeder impedance modeling

For the above line model the resistance and inductive reactance are found as;
R= ρl ⁄A
XL=2πfL
Where, XL is indactive reactance in ohom
f is frequency of the alternating current in Hz
Lis inductance in Henery
R= Resistance
ρ = Resistivity of aluminum conductor is 0.0265 ohm meter
A = cross section area
r = radius of conductor
D = separation phase conductors =1m
3.6.5 Power system component data

A) Letters or words used to represent components:
B = general bus
b = transformer bus
L = load bus (where a load is connected to transformer)
T = three phase two winding transformer
U = utility supply
Line = line connecting two buses
Load = static load connecting to transformers
B) component nomenclature
Most components are named by preceding their feeder code followed by their letter
representation and their sequence number. The transformers naming are taken from the systems
AutoCAD model. E.g. ko4-T084 represents the 84th transformer on KO4.
C) component rating:
Most numerical data (rating) of the components are taken from their nameplate data tagged on
them. Accordingly, the following data are obtained for each of respective component.
 Utility data - voltage, power& Isc

 Three winding transformer
 General bus - rated voltage
 Two winding transformer
 Static load (2/3 of transformer rating)
KO2
TYPE TXS
OF RATIN
FROM TO CABLE SIZE LENGTH G R r r' L X
substation ko2-B001 AAC 95 632.2152 0.1764 0.0055 0.0043 6.895E-04 0.21650
ko2-B001 ko2-T001 AAC 25 321.9255 50 0.3412 0.0028 0.0022 3.941E-04 0.12374
ko2-B001 ko2-B002 AAC 95 2025.3022 0.5650 0.0055 0.0043 2.209E-03 0.69355
ko2-B002 ko2-T002 AAC 50 620.5 25 0.3289 0.0040 0.0031 7.165E-04 0.22499
ko2-B002 ko2-B003 AAC 95 215.0 0.0600 0.0055 0.0043 2.345E-04 0.07364
ko2-B003 ko2-T003 AAC 50 145.8 50 0.0773 0.0040 0.0031 1.684E-04 0.05287
ko2-B003 ko2-B004 AAC 95 2915.9 0.8134 0.0055 0.0043 3.180E-03 0.99854
ko2-B004 ko2-T004 AAC 25 26.8 25 0.0284 0.0028 0.0022 3.285E-05 0.01031
ko2-B004 ko2-B005 AAC 95 662.2 0.1847 0.0055 0.0043 7.222E-04 0.22677
ko2-B005 ko2-T005 AAC 95 670.2 800 0.1869 0.0055 0.0043 7.309E-04 0.22950
ko2-T005 ko2-B006 AAC 95 294.2 0.0821 0.0055 0.0043 3.208E-04 0.10073
ko2-B006 ko2-T006 AAC 50 659.77 50 0.3497 0.0040 0.0031 7.619E-04 0.23923
ko2-B006 ko2-B007 AAC 95 57.38 0.0160 0.0055 0.0043 6.258E-05 0.01965
ko2-B007 ko2-T007 AAC 25 103.7 100 0.1099 0.0028 0.0022 1.270E-04 0.03986
ko2-T007 ko2-T008 AAC 25 301.54 50 0.3196 0.0028 0.0022 3.691E-04 0.11590
ko2-B007 ko2-B008 AAC 95 504.28 0.1407 0.0055 0.0043 5.500E-04 0.17269
ko2-B008 ko2-T009 AAC 25 66.1 100 0.0701 0.0028 0.0022 8.091E-05 0.02541
ko2-B008 ko2-B009 AAC 95 70.3 0.0196 0.0055 0.0043 7.671E-05 0.02409
ko2-B009 ko2-T010 AAC 50 226.92 200 0.1203 0.0040 0.0031 2.620E-04 0.08228
ko2-B009 ko2-B010 AAC 95 570.20 0.1591 0.0055 0.0043 6.219E-04 0.19526
ko2-B010 ko2-B011 AAC 50 1218.8 0.6460 0.0040 0.0031 1.407E-03 0.44194
ko2-B011 ko2-T011 AAC 50 256.1 200 0.1357 0.0040 0.0031 2.958E-04 0.09287
ko2-B011 ko2-B012 AAC 50 1068.14 0.5661 0.0040 0.0031 1.233E-03 0.38730
ko2-B012 ko2-T012 AAC 50 64.4 50 0.0341 0.0040 0.0031 7.431E-05 0.02333
ko2-B012 ko2-T013 AAC 50 1054.2381 200 0.5587 0.0040 0.0031 1.217E-03 0.38226
ko2-B010 ko2-T014 ACSR 46 15.6 200 0.0090 0.0038 0.0030 1.817E-05 0.00570
ko2-T014 ko2-T015 ACSR 30 409.82 315 0.3620 0.0031 0.0024 4.942E-04 0.15517
ko2-T015 ko2-B013 ACSR 30 616.0 0.5441 0.0031 0.0024 7.428E-04 0.23323
ko2-B013 ko2-B014 ACSR 30 162.4 0.1435 0.0031 0.0024 1.959E-04 0.06151
ko2-B014 ko2-T016 AAC 25 131.37 25 0.1393 0.0028 0.0022 1.608E-04 0.05050
ko2-B014 ko2-B015 ACSR 30 88.1 0.0778 0.0031 0.0024 1.062E-04 0.03335
ko2-B015 ko2-B016 AAC 50 271.0 0.1436 0.0040 0.0031 3.130E-04 0.09827
ko2-B016 ko2-T017 AAC 50 227.03 200 0.1203 0.0040 0.0031 2.622E-04 0.08232
ko2-B016 ko2-B017 AAC 50 123.07 0.0652 0.0040 0.0031 1.421E-04 0.04463
ko2-B017 ko2-T018 AAC 50 100.22 200 0.0531 0.0040 0.0031 1.157E-04 0.03634
ko2-B017 ko2-T019 AAC 50 365.21 100 0.1936 0.0040 0.0031 4.217E-04 0.13242
k02-B013 k02-B018 ACSR 30 198.36 0.1752 0.0031 0.0024 2.392E-04 0.07511
k02-B018 ko2-T020 AAC 95 504.2733 200 0.1407 0.0055 0.0043 5.500E-04 0.17269
Table 1 excel format for feeder KO2
A) Excel format for Ko4 feeder
KO4
TXS
CABLE SIZE,[ LENGT RATING,
FROM TO TYPE mm2] H, [m] [KVA] R , [Ω] r r' L,[ H/m] X, [Ω]
ko4-B001 ko4-T001A AAC 95 8.7293 100 0.0024 0.0055 0.0043 9.520E-06 0.00299
ko4-B001 ko4-B002 AAC 95 1722.0204 0.4804 0.0055 0.0043 1.878E-03 0.58970
ko4-B002 ko4-T001 AAC 25 212.8967 25 0.2257 0.0028 0.0022 2.606E-04 0.08183
ko4-B002 ko4-B003 AAC 95 286.5257 0.0799 0.0055 0.0043 3.125E-04 0.09812
ko4-B003 ko4-T002 AAC 50 15.5242 315 0.0082 0.0040 0.0031 1.793E-05 0.00563
ko4-B003 ko4-B004 AAC 95 443.6541 0.1238 0.0055 0.0043 4.838E-04 0.15193
ko4-B004 ko4-B005 AAC 95 170.7246 0.0476 0.0055 0.0043 1.862E-04 0.05846
ko4-B005 ko4-T003 ACSR 19 17.088 200 0.0238 0.0025 0.0019 2.139E-05 0.00672
ko4-B005 ko4-B006 AAC 95 421.2321 0.1175 0.0055 0.0043 4.594E-04 0.14425
ko4-B006 ko4-T016A ACSR 30 97.634 315 0.0862 0.0031 0.0024 1.177E-04 0.03697
ko4-B006 ko4-T004 AAC 95 311.0367 100 0.0868 0.0055 0.0043 3.392E-04 0.10651
ko4-B004 ko4-T011A AAC 95 365.6549 100 0.1020 0.0055 0.0043 3.988E-04 0.12522
ko4-T011A ko4-B007 AAC 95 205.3746 0.0573 0.0055 0.0043 2.240E-04 0.07033
ko4-B007 ko4-T012A AAC 50 35.3553 50 0.0187 0.0040 0.0031 4.083E-05 0.01282
ko4-B007 ko4-B008 AAC 95 521.3242 0.1454 0.0055 0.0043 5.685E-04 0.17852
ko4-B008 ko4-T013A AAC 50 48.9701 50 0.0260 0.0040 0.0031 5.655E-05 0.01776
ko4-B008 ko4-B009 AAC 95 301.5337 0.0841 0.0055 0.0043 3.288E-04 0.10326
ko4-B009 ko4-T014A AAC 50 16.7 315 0.0089 0.0040 0.0031 1.928E-05 0.00606
ko4-T014A ko4-T015A AAC 50 7.2 315 0.0038 0.0040 0.0031 8.314E-06 0.00261
ko4-B009 ko4-B010 AAC 95 297.4797 0.0830 0.0055 0.0043 3.244E-04 0.10187
ko4-B010 ko4-T007A AAC 50 130.4 200 0.0691 0.0040 0.0031 1.506E-04 0.04728
ko4-B010 ko4-T016A2 AAC 50 72.5 50 0.0384 0.0040 0.0031 8.372E-05 0.02629
ko4-B010 ko4-B011 AAC 95 459.1205 0.1281 0.0055 0.0043 5.007E-04 0.15722
ko4-B011 ko4-T018A AAC 50 4.6033 315 0.0024 0.0040 0.0031 5.316E-06 0.00167
ko4-B011 ko4-B012 AAC 95 128.3228 0.0358 0.0055 0.0043 1.399E-04 0.04394
ko4-B012 ko4-T008 AAC 50 96.5035 200 0.0511 0.0040 0.0031 1.114E-04 0.03499
ko4-B012 ko4-B013 AAC 95 263.964 0.0736 0.0055 0.0043 2.879E-04 0.09039
ko4-B013 ko4-T009 AAC 50 309.5772 100 0.1641 0.0040 0.0031 3.575E-04 0.11225
ko4-B013 ko4-B014 AAC 95 417.5926 0.1165 0.0055 0.0043 4.554E-04 0.14300
ko4-B014 ko4-T010 AAC 25 57.28 200 0.0607 0.0028 0.0022 7.012E-05 0.02202
ko4-B014 ko4-T011 AAC 95 65.2025 315 0.0182 0.0055 0.0043 7.111E-05 0.02233
ko4-T011 ko4-T012 AAC 95 311.0891 315 0.0868 0.0055 0.0043 3.393E-04 0.10653
ko4-T012 ko4-B015 AAC 95 226.7443 0.0632 0.0055 0.0043 2.473E-04 0.07765
ko4-B015 ko4-T013 AAC 50 436.7322 50 0.2315 0.0040 0.0031 5.043E-04 0.15836
ko4-B015 ko4-T014 AAC 95 168.8251 315 0.0471 0.0055 0.0043 1.841E-04 0.05781
ko4-T014 ko4-B016 AAC 95 80.6226 0.0225 0.0055 0.0043 8.793E-05 0.02761
ko4-B016 ko4-T015 AAC 95 10.198 100 0.0028 0.0055 0.0043 1.112E-05 0.00349
ko4-B016 ko4-T025 AAC 50 558.8491 630 0.2962 0.0040 0.0031 6.453E-04 0.20264
ko4-B016 ko4-B017 AAC 95 438.3 0.1223 0.0055 0.0043 4.780E-04 0.15009
Table 2 excel format for KO4

5.2.5 Developing the One Line View On ETAP

Here the components are interconnected in the one line display of the software by selecting the
required components from the display.
Figure 12 partial one line view of KO4 on ETAP
Figure 3.7 partial one line view of KO2 on ETAP
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After switching the one line model of the feeders from the edit mode into the load analysis (run)
mode and running it, three quantities are displayed on the one line model colored with red. These
are the active power, reactive power, and percentage of bus voltage leaving the bus bar. These
quantities indicate for the bus bar to which they are near to. From this it is easy to calculate the
power loss and voltage drop of the component between any two buses.
However, the branch drop and loss values are given in tabulated form that the behavior of their
variation can be easily observed.
Figure 13 Partial Result of KO4 simulation
Figure 14 partial Result of KO2 simulation
Table 3 KO4 branch power loss and voltage drop
Table 4 KO2 branch power loss and voltage drop
Graphical Representation of the Range Of Losses for Both Feeders.

Finally, by taking sample values of the losses ranging from minimum to the maximum output of
each feeder and tabulating on excel, the graphs of the behavior loss and drop obtained for each
feeder look like as follows.
ko2
selected lines power loss in % voltage drop in %
1 0.43 0.51
3 1.379 1.62
7 1.98 2.31
27 0.297 0.25
41 0.105 0.08
49 0.185 0.21
52 3.2 2.96
61 0.05 0.04
62 0 0
70 3 2.55
77 0 0.01
Table 5 selected percentage power loss and voltage drop of KO2 feeder
Figure 15 Feeder KO2 power loss and voltage drop variation
ko4
selected LINES Power loss in % voltage drop in %
1 2.427 2.75
3 3.739 4.17
5 0.6679 0.69
7 0.98 1.05
16 1.146 1.19
30 0.885 0.88
86 13.16 7.72
95 3.585 1.67
147 0.2837 0.27
169 0.574 0.44
184 0.419 0.29
203 0 0.01
Table 6 Selected percentage power loss and voltage drop of KO4 feeder
Figure 16 Feeder KO4 power loss and voltage drop variation
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
As we could observe from the result, the percentages of power loss and voltage drop through the
lines and transformers lie within the acceptable limit.
In addition the variation of these values for a single component has a direct relationship, i.e. a
line with high power loss has higher voltage drop. This is due to the presence of the common
terms in the analyzing formula, the current (I) and impedance (Z).
Our analysis also showed losses higher than the acceptable limit for some lines. This could
happen due to the higher length of the lines.
5.2 RECOMENDATION
Our result showed that the loss of line 86 of feeder KO4 passed the acceptable limit of loss and
drop. The reason for this was that the length of the line is high (above 11Km) that this
contributed for the high loss. Hence we recommend here that a suitable power loss minimizing
mechanism like using a capacitor bank should be used for such case. This is because minimizing
the power loss parallelly reduces the voltage drop.
REFERENCE
[1] “Distribution Line Loss” A report presented in Exhibit A Tab 15 of Schedule 2,

Centre Government in August 17, 2010.
[2] Fourie, J.W. and Calmeyer, J.E., "A statistical method to minimize electrical energy
losses in a local electricity distribution network," AFRICON, 2004. 7th AFRICON
Conference in Africa, vol.2, no., pp. 667-673, 15-17 Sept. 2005
[3] H. Saadat, Power System Analysis, 2nd ed.: McGraw-Hill (2004).
[4] IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Step-Voltage and
Induction-Voltage Regulators, ANSI/IEEE C57.15-1986, Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers, New York, 1988.
[5] Keith Brown, Farrokh Shokooh, Herminio Abcede and Gary “Donner interactive
simulation of power system: etap techniques and applications”,IEEE Flour Daniel Inc.
Irvine, ISBN: 0-87942-553-9, Page(s): 1930-1941 vol.2, 7-12 Oct 1990, Seattle, WA,
USA.
[6] Merlin and H. Back, „Search for a Minimal-Loss Operating Spanning
Tree Configuration in Urban Power Distribution Systems”, Proc. of 5th
Power Systems Comp. Con., Cambridge, U. K., Sept. 1-5, 1975.
[7] R. Lucas, S. Talukdar, Advances in Finite Element Techniques for Calculating Cable
Resistances and Inductances, IEEE T. Power Ap. Syst. PAS-97 (1978) 875-883.
[8] S. M. Musa, M. N. O. Sadiku, Application of the finite element method in calculating
the capacitance and inductance ofmulticonductor transmission lines, IEEE Southeast on.
(2008)300-30
[9] Wu. Zhongxi and Zhou Xiaoxin, “Power System Analyses Software Package
(PSASP)-an integrated powersystem analyses tool”, ISBN: 0-7803-4754-4, Volume: 1,
On page(s): 7-11 vol.1, 18-21 Aug 1998, Beijing, China.
APPENDIX A
DATA OF FEEDERS KO2 AND KO4 IN EXCEL
A) Excel Format For Ko2 Feeder

KO2
TXS
SIZ RATIN
CABLE E,[m LENG G,
2
FROM TO TYPE m ] TH, [m] [KVA] R , [Ω] r r' L,[ H/m] X, [Ω]
ko2-B001 ko2-T001 AAC 25 321.9255 50 0.3412 0.0028 0.0022 3.941E-04 0.12374
ko2-B001 ko2-B002 AAC 95 2025.3022 0.5650 0.0055 0.0043 2.209E-03 0.69355
ko2-B002 ko2-T002 AAC 50 620.5 25 0.3289 0.0040 0.0031 7.165E-04 0.22499
ko2-B002 ko2-B003 AAC 95 215.0 0.0600 0.0055 0.0043 2.345E-04 0.07364
ko2-B003 ko2-T003 AAC 50 145.8 50 0.0773 0.0040 0.0031 1.684E-04 0.05287
ko2-B003 ko2-B004 AAC 95 2915.9 0.8134 0.0055 0.0043 3.180E-03 0.99854
ko2-B004 ko2-T004 AAC 25 26.8 25 0.0284 0.0028 0.0022 3.285E-05 0.01031
ko2-B004 ko2-B005 AAC 95 662.2 0.1847 0.0055 0.0043 7.222E-04 0.22677
ko2-B005 ko2-T005 AAC 95 670.2 800 0.1869 0.0055 0.0043 7.309E-04 0.22950
ko2-T005 ko2-B006 AAC 95 294.2 0.0821 0.0055 0.0043 3.208E-04 0.10073
ko2-B006 ko2-T006 AAC 50 659.77 50 0.3497 0.0040 0.0031 7.619E-04 0.23923
ko2-B006 ko2-B007 AAC 95 57.38 0.0160 0.0055 0.0043 6.258E-05 0.01965
ko2-B007 ko2-T007 AAC 25 103.7 100 0.1099 0.0028 0.0022 1.270E-04 0.03986
ko2-T007 ko2-T008 AAC 25 301.54 50 0.3196 0.0028 0.0022 3.691E-04 0.11590
ko2-B007 ko2-B008 AAC 95 504.28 0.1407 0.0055 0.0043 5.500E-04 0.17269
ko2-B008 ko2-T009 AAC 25 66.1 100 0.0701 0.0028 0.0022 8.091E-05 0.02541
ko2-B008 ko2-B009 AAC 95 70.3 0.0196 0.0055 0.0043 7.671E-05 0.02409
ko2-B009 ko2-T010 AAC 50 226.92 200 0.1203 0.0040 0.0031 2.620E-04 0.08228
ko2-B009 ko2-B010 AAC 95 570.20 0.1591 0.0055 0.0043 6.219E-04 0.19526
ko2-B010 ko2-B011 AAC 50 1218.8 0.6460 0.0040 0.0031 1.407E-03 0.44194
ko2-B011 ko2-T011 AAC 50 256.1 200 0.1357 0.0040 0.0031 2.958E-04 0.09287
ko2-B011 ko2-B012 AAC 50 1068.14 0.5661 0.0040 0.0031 1.233E-03 0.38730
ko2-B012 ko2-T012 AAC 50 64.4 50 0.0341 0.0040 0.0031 7.431E-05 0.02333
ko2-B012 ko2-T013 AAC 50 1054.2381 200 0.5587 0.0040 0.0031 1.217E-03 0.38226
ko2-B010 ko2-T014 ACSR 46 15.6 200 0.0090 0.0038 0.0030 1.817E-05 0.00570
ko2-T014 ko2-T015 ACSR 30 409.82 315 0.3620 0.0031 0.0024 4.942E-04 0.15517
ko2-T015 ko2-B013 ACSR 30 616.0 0.5441 0.0031 0.0024 7.428E-04 0.23323
ko2-B013 ko2-B014 ACSR 30 162.4 0.1435 0.0031 0.0024 1.959E-04 0.06151
ko2-B014 ko2-T016 AAC 25 131.37 25 0.1393 0.0028 0.0022 1.608E-04 0.05050
ko2-B014 ko2-B015 ACSR 30 88.1 0.0778 0.0031 0.0024 1.062E-04 0.03335
ko2-B015 ko2-B016 AAC 50 271.0 0.1436 0.0040 0.0031 3.130E-04 0.09827
ko2-B016 ko2-T017 AAC 50 227.03 200 0.1203 0.0040 0.0031 2.622E-04 0.08232
ko2-B016 ko2-B017 AAC 50 123.07 0.0652 0.0040 0.0031 1.421E-04 0.04463
ko2-B017 ko2-T018 AAC 50 100.22 200 0.0531 0.0040 0.0031 1.157E-04 0.03634
ko2-B017 ko2-T019 AAC 50 365.21 100 0.1936 0.0040 0.0031 4.217E-04 0.13242
k02-B013 k02-B018 ACSR 30 198.36 0.1752 0.0031 0.0024 2.392E-04 0.07511

k02-B018 ko2-T020 AAC 95 504.2733 200 0.1407 0.0055 0.0043 5.500E-04 0.17269
k02-B018 ko2-T021 ACSR 30 37.6 200 0.0332 0.0031 0.0024 4.531E-05 0.01423
ko2-T021 ko2-T022 AAC 50 132.5 50 0.0702 0.0040 0.0031 1.530E-04 0.04804
ko2-T022 ko2-T023 AAC 50 545.00 200 0.2888 0.0040 0.0031 6.293E-04 0.19762
ko2-T023 k02-B019 AAC 50 18.4 0.0097 0.0040 0.0031 2.123E-05 0.00667
k02-B019 ko2-T024 AAC 50 949.17 200 0.5031 0.0040 0.0031 1.096E-03 0.34417
k02-B019 k02-B020 AAC 50 169.5 0.0898 0.0040 0.0031 1.957E-04 0.06146
k02-B020 ko2-T025 AAC 50 90.4 200 0.0479 0.0040 0.0031 1.044E-04 0.03279
k02-B020 ko2-T026 AAC 50 256.7 100 0.1361 0.0040 0.0031 2.965E-04 0.09309
k02-B010 k02-B021 ACSR 65 210.7 0.0859 0.0045 0.0035 2.377E-04 0.07465
k02-B021 ko2-T027 ACSR 65 331.49 315 0.1351 0.0045 0.0035 3.741E-04 0.11747
k02-B021 k02-B022 AAC 95 853.12 0.2380 0.0055 0.0043 9.304E-04 0.29215
k02-B022 ko2-T028 AAC 50 419.2 200 0.2222 0.0040 0.0031 4.841E-04 0.15200
k02-B022 k02-B023 AAC 95 1430.54 0.3990 0.0055 0.0043 1.560E-03 0.48988
k02-B023 k02-B024 AAC 50 12354.8 6.5480 0.0040 0.0031 1.427E-02 4.47983
k02-B024 ko2-T029 AAC 25 32.6 100 0.0345 0.0028 0.0022 3.987E-05 0.01252
k02-B024 k02-B025 AAC 50 1682.02 0.8915 0.0040 0.0031 1.942E-03 0.60990
k02-B025 ko2-T030 AAC 50 113.4 315 0.0601 0.0040 0.0031 1.310E-04 0.04113
k02-B025 k02-B026 AAC 50 313.6 0.1662 0.0040 0.0031 3.622E-04 0.11372
k02-B026 ko2-T031 AAC 50 59.2 315 0.0314 0.0040 0.0031 6.837E-05 0.02147
ko2-T031 ko2-T032 AAC 50 3.8 50 0.0020 0.0040 0.0031 4.351E-06 0.00137
k02-B026 k02-B027 AAC 50 9764.18 5.1750 0.0040 0.0031 1.128E-02 3.54048
k02-B027 ko2-T033 AAC 50 32.6 50 0.0173 0.0040 0.0031 3.760E-05 0.01181
k02-B027 k02-B028 AAC 50 476.52 0.2526 0.0040 0.0031 5.503E-04 0.17279
k02-B028 ko2-T034 AAC 50 28.3 200 0.0150 0.0040 0.0031 3.266E-05 0.01026
ko2-T034 k02-B029 AAC 50 226.7 0.1201 0.0040 0.0031 2.618E-04 0.08219
k02-B029 ko2-T035 AAC 50 757.37 25 0.4014 0.0040 0.0031 8.746E-04 0.27462
k02-B029 ko2-T036 AAC 50 514.94 100 0.2729 0.0040 0.0031 5.946E-04 0.18672
k02-B028 k02-B030 AAC 50 503.87 0.2671 0.0040 0.0031 5.819E-04 0.18270
k02-B030 ko2-T037 AAC 50 388.79 50 0.2061 0.0040 0.0031 4.490E-04 0.14098
k02-B030 ko2-T038 AAC 50 143.0 100 0.0758 0.0040 0.0031 1.651E-04 0.05185
ko2-T038 ko2-T039 AAC 50 2542.06 25 1.3473 0.0040 0.0031 2.936E-03 0.92175
k02-B023 k02-B031 AAC 50 24442.1 12.9543 0.0040 0.0031 2.823E-02 8.86265
k02-B031 k02-B032 AAC 50 253.0 0.1341 0.0040 0.0031 2.921E-04 0.09172
k02-B032 ko2-T040 AAC 50 52.6 100 0.0279 0.0040 0.0031 6.078E-05 0.01908
k02-B031 k02-B033 AAC 50 194.6 0.1031 0.0040 0.0031 2.247E-04 0.07057
k02-B033 ko2-T041 AAC 50 55.2 200 0.0292 0.0040 0.0031 6.369E-05 0.02000
k02-B033 ko2-T042 AAC 50 247.0 100 0.1309 0.0040 0.0031 2.852E-04 0.08956
ko2-T042 ko2-T043 AAC 50 598.5 200 0.3172 0.0040 0.0031 6.911E-04 0.21702
ko2-T043 ko2-T044 AAC 95 1450.9493 50 0.4047 0.0055 0.0043 1.582E-03 0.49687
B) Excel Format For Ko2 Feeder
KO4
TXS
CABLE SIZE,[ LENGT RATING,
FROM TO TYPE mm2] H, [m] [KVA] R , [Ω] r r' L,[ H/m] X, [Ω]
ko4-B001 ko4-T001A AAC 95 8.7293 100 0.0024 0.0055 0.0043 9.520E-06 0.00299
ko4-B001 ko4-B002 AAC 95 1722.0204 0.4804 0.0055 0.0043 1.878E-03 0.58970
ko4-B002 ko4-T001 AAC 25 212.8967 25 0.2257 0.0028 0.0022 2.606E-04 0.08183
ko4-B002 ko4-B003 AAC 95 286.5257 0.0799 0.0055 0.0043 3.125E-04 0.09812
ko4-B003 ko4-T002 AAC 50 15.5242 315 0.0082 0.0040 0.0031 1.793E-05 0.00563
ko4-B003 ko4-B004 AAC 95 443.6541 0.1238 0.0055 0.0043 4.838E-04 0.15193
ko4-B004 ko4-B005 AAC 95 170.7246 0.0476 0.0055 0.0043 1.862E-04 0.05846
ko4-B005 ko4-T003 ACSR 19 17.088 200 0.0238 0.0025 0.0019 2.139E-05 0.00672
ko4-B005 ko4-B006 AAC 95 421.2321 0.1175 0.0055 0.0043 4.594E-04 0.14425
ko4-B006 ko4-T016A ACSR 30 97.634 315 0.0862 0.0031 0.0024 1.177E-04 0.03697
ko4-B006 ko4-T004 AAC 95 311.0367 100 0.0868 0.0055 0.0043 3.392E-04 0.10651
ko4-B004 ko4-T011A AAC 95 365.6549 100 0.1020 0.0055 0.0043 3.988E-04 0.12522
ko4-T011A ko4-B007 AAC 95 205.3746 0.0573 0.0055 0.0043 2.240E-04 0.07033
ko4-B007 ko4-T012A AAC 50 35.3553 50 0.0187 0.0040 0.0031 4.083E-05 0.01282
ko4-B007 ko4-B008 AAC 95 521.3242 0.1454 0.0055 0.0043 5.685E-04 0.17852
ko4-B008 ko4-T013A AAC 50 48.9701 50 0.0260 0.0040 0.0031 5.655E-05 0.01776
ko4-B008 ko4-B009 AAC 95 301.5337 0.0841 0.0055 0.0043 3.288E-04 0.10326
ko4-B009 ko4-T014A AAC 50 16.7 315 0.0089 0.0040 0.0031 1.928E-05 0.00606
ko4-T014A ko4-T015A AAC 50 7.2 315 0.0038 0.0040 0.0031 8.314E-06 0.00261
ko4-B009 ko4-B010 AAC 95 297.4797 0.0830 0.0055 0.0043 3.244E-04 0.10187
ko4-B010 ko4-T007A AAC 50 130.4 200 0.0691 0.0040 0.0031 1.506E-04 0.04728
ko4-B010 ko4-T016A2 AAC 50 72.5 50 0.0384 0.0040 0.0031 8.372E-05 0.02629
ko4-B010 ko4-B011 AAC 95 459.1205 0.1281 0.0055 0.0043 5.007E-04 0.15722
ko4-B011 ko4-T018A AAC 50 4.6033 315 0.0024 0.0040 0.0031 5.316E-06 0.00167
ko4-B011 ko4-B012 AAC 95 128.3228 0.0358 0.0055 0.0043 1.399E-04 0.04394
ko4-B012 ko4-T008 AAC 50 96.5035 200 0.0511 0.0040 0.0031 1.114E-04 0.03499
ko4-B012 ko4-B013 AAC 95 263.964 0.0736 0.0055 0.0043 2.879E-04 0.09039
ko4-B013 ko4-T009 AAC 50 309.5772 100 0.1641 0.0040 0.0031 3.575E-04 0.11225
ko4-B013 ko4-B014 AAC 95 417.5926 0.1165 0.0055 0.0043 4.554E-04 0.14300
ko4-B014 ko4-T010 AAC 25 57.28 200 0.0607 0.0028 0.0022 7.012E-05 0.02202
ko4-B014 ko4-T011 AAC 95 65.2025 315 0.0182 0.0055 0.0043 7.111E-05 0.02233
ko4-T011 ko4-T012 AAC 95 311.0891 315 0.0868 0.0055 0.0043 3.393E-04 0.10653
ko4-T012 ko4-B015 AAC 95 226.7443 0.0632 0.0055 0.0043 2.473E-04 0.07765
ko4-B015 ko4-T013 AAC 50 436.7322 50 0.2315 0.0040 0.0031 5.043E-04 0.15836
ko4-B015 ko4-T014 AAC 95 168.8251 315 0.0471 0.0055 0.0043 1.841E-04 0.05781
ko4-T014 ko4-B016 AAC 95 80.6226 0.0225 0.0055 0.0043 8.793E-05 0.02761
ko4-B016 ko4-T015 AAC 95 10.198 100 0.0028 0.0055 0.0043 1.112E-05 0.00349
ko4-B016 ko4-T025 AAC 50 558.8491 630 0.2962 0.0040 0.0031 6.453E-04 0.20264
ko4-B016 ko4-B017 AAC 95 438.3 0.1223 0.0055 0.0043 4.780E-04 0.15009
ko4-B017 ko4-T016 ACSR 65 94.1562 315 0.0384 0.0045 0.0035 1.063E-04 0.03337
ko4-B017 ko4-B018 AAC 95 107.1704 0.0299 0.0055 0.0043 1.169E-04 0.03670
ko4-B018 ko4-T017 AAC 25 20.2485 100 0.0215 0.0028 0.0022 2.479E-05 0.00778
ko4-B018 ko4-T018 AAC 95 228.6231 200 0.0638 0.0055 0.0043 2.493E-04 0.07829
ko4-T018 ko4-B019 AAC 95 129.4681 0.0361 0.0055 0.0043 1.412E-04 0.04434
ko4-B019 ko4-T019 ACSR 65 150.0182 50 0.0612 0.0045 0.0035 1.693E-04 0.05316
ko4-B019 ko4-B020 AAC 95 268.0168 0.0748 0.0055 0.0043 2.923E-04 0.09178
ko4-B020 ko4-T020 AAC 50 194.5174 200 0.1031 0.0040 0.0031 2.246E-04 0.07053
ko4-B020 ko4-T021 AAC 50 137.1896 50 0.0727 0.0040 0.0031 1.584E-04 0.04974
ko4-B020 ko4-B021 AAC 95 220.0231 0.0614 0.0055 0.0043 2.400E-04 0.07535
ko4-B021 ko4-B022 AAC 50 190.9241 0.1012 0.0040 0.0031 2.205E-04 0.06923
ko4-B022 ko4-T024 ACSR 30 62.2896 100 0.0550 0.0031 0.0024 7.511E-05 0.02359
ko4-T024 ko4-T026 ACSR 30 286.8363 315 0.2534 0.0031 0.0024 3.459E-04 0.10861
ko4-B022 ko4-T022 AAC 50 134.3503 315 0.0712 0.0040 0.0031 1.551E-04 0.04872
ko4-T022 ko4-T023 AAC 50 1.4142 315 0.0007 0.0040 0.0031 1.633E-06 0.00051
ko4-B022 ko4-T027 ACSR 30 134.3577 100 0.1187 0.0031 0.0024 1.620E-04 0.05087
ko4-B021 ko4-T028 AAC 95 19.105 315 0.0053 0.0055 0.0043 2.084E-05 0.00654
ko4-T028 ko4-B023 AAC 95 117.9517 0.0329 0.0055 0.0043 1.286E-04 0.04039
ko4-B023 ko4-T029 ACSR 65 60.9302 100 0.0248 0.0045 0.0035 6.876E-05 0.02159
ko4-B023 ko4-T030 AAC 95 314.9584 100 0.0879 0.0055 0.0043 3.435E-04 0.10786
ko4-T030 ko4-B024 AAC 95 148.1249 0.0413 0.0055 0.0043 1.615E-04 0.05072
ko4-B024 ko4-T031A ACSR 30 278.4715 315 0.2460 0.0031 0.0024 3.358E-04 0.10544
ko4-B024 ko4-T031 AAC 95 232.1767 315 0.0648 0.0055 0.0043 2.532E-04 0.07951
ko4-T031 ko4-T032 AAC 95 247.5474 200 0.0691 0.0055 0.0043 2.700E-04 0.08477
ko4-T032 ko4-T033 AAC 95 543.8382 200 0.1517 0.0055 0.0043 5.931E-04 0.18623
ko4-B024 ko4-B025 AAC 95 204.8316 0.0571 0.0055 0.0043 2.234E-04 0.07014
ko4-B025 ko4-B026 AAC 95 324.8037 0.0906 0.0055 0.0043 3.542E-04 0.11123
ko4-B026 ko4-T034 ACSR 65 236.9473 315 0.0966 0.0045 0.0035 2.674E-04 0.08396
ko4-B026 ko4-B027 AAC 95 363.1996 0.1013 0.0055 0.0043 3.961E-04 0.12438
ko4-B027 ko4-B028 ACSR 65 798.3204 0.3255 0.0045 0.0035 9.009E-04 0.28289
ko4-B028 ko4-T039 ACSR 65 49.4191 50 0.0201 0.0045 0.0035 5.577E-05 0.01751
ko4-B028 ko4-B029 ACSR 65 285.7902 0.1165 0.0045 0.0035 3.225E-04 0.10127
ko4-B029 ko4-B030 ACSR 65 159.1887 0.0649 0.0045 0.0035 1.796E-04 0.05641
ko4-B030 ko4-T043 ACSR 65 66.888 100 0.0273 0.0045 0.0035 7.549E-05 0.02370
ko4-B030 ko4-T044 ACSR 65 83.5753 630 0.0341 0.0045 0.0035 9.432E-05 0.02962
ko4-B029 ko4-T040 ACSR 65 118.522 315 0.0483 0.0045 0.0035 1.338E-04 0.04200
ko4-T040 ko4-T041 ACSR 65 175.1142 315 0.0714 0.0045 0.0035 1.976E-04 0.06205
ko4-T041 ko4-T042 ACSR 65 119.8165 315 0.0488 0.0045 0.0035 1.352E-04 0.04246
ko4-B027 ko4-B031 AAC 95 926.7189 0.2585 0.0055 0.0043 1.011E-03 0.31735

ko4-B031 ko4-B032 AAC 50 350.6337 0.1858 0.0040 0.0031 4.049E-04 0.12714
ko4-B032 ko4-T036 AAC 50 92.0054 200 0.0488 0.0040 0.0031 1.062E-04 0.03336
ko4-B032 ko4-T035 AAC 50 78.7852 200 0.0418 0.0040 0.0031 9.098E-05 0.02857
ko4-B031 ko4-B033 AAC 95 3123.3999 0.8713 0.0055 0.0043 3.406E-03 1.06959
ko4-B033 ko4-T037 AAC 50 131.3207 315 0.0696 0.0040 0.0031 1.516E-04 0.04762
ko4-B033 ko4-T038 AAC 50 1348.2581 25 0.7146 0.0040 0.0031 1.557E-03 0.48888
ko4-B033 ko4-B034 AAC 50 11797 6.2524 0.0040 0.0031 1.362E-02 4.27757
ko4-B034 ko4-T048A AAC 50 31.0161 50 0.0164 0.0040 0.0031 3.582E-05 0.01125
ko4-B034 ko4-B035 AAC 50 305.1 0.1617 0.0040 0.0031 3.523E-04 0.11063
ko4-B035 ko4-T049A AAC 50 34.2053 25 0.0181 0.0040 0.0031 3.950E-05 0.01240
ko4-B035 ko4-B036 AAC 50 2587.6 1.3714 0.0040 0.0031 2.988E-03 0.93826
ko4-B036 ko4-T050A AAC 50 374.7875 50 0.1986 0.0040 0.0031 4.328E-04 0.13590
ko4-B036 ko4-T051A AAC 50 676.938 50 0.3588 0.0040 0.0031 7.817E-04 0.24546
ko4-B036 ko4-B037 AAC 50 843.1 0.4468 0.0040 0.0031 9.736E-04 0.30571
ko4-B037 ko4-T051A2 AAC 50 392.3223 100 0.2079 0.0040 0.0031 4.530E-04 0.14226
ko4-B037 ko4-B038 AAC 50 2749 1.4570 0.0040 0.0031 3.174E-03 0.99678
ko4-B038 ko4-T052A AAC 95 47.2652 50 0.0132 0.0055 0.0043 5.155E-05 0.01619
ko4-B038 ko4-B039 AAC 50 2704.9 1.4336 0.0040 0.0031 3.124E-03 0.98079
ko4-B039 ko4-T053A 0 100 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.00000
ko4-B039 ko4-T072A AAC 50 4214.472 100 2.2337 0.0040 0.0031 4.867E-03 1.52816
ko4-T072A ko4-T073A AAC 50 776.1163 50 0.4113 0.0040 0.0031 8.962E-04 0.28142
ko4-T073A ko4-T074A AAC 50 806.4271 100 0.4274 0.0040 0.0031 9.312E-04 0.29241
ko4-T074A ko4-B040 AAC 50 4962.2448 2.6300 0.0040 0.0031 5.730E-03 1.79930
ko4-B040 ko4-T075A AAC 50 178.4285 50 0.0946 0.0040 0.0031 2.060E-04 0.06470
ko4-B040 ko4-B041 AAC 50 767.0163 0.4065 0.0040 0.0031 8.857E-04 0.27812
ko4-B041 ko4-T076A AAC 50 38.2099 50 0.0203 0.0040 0.0031 4.412E-05 0.01385
ko4-B041 ko4-B042 AAC 50 2195.368 1.1635 0.0040 0.0031 2.535E-03 0.79604
ko4-B042 ko4-T077A AAC 50 927.7314 50 0.4917 0.0040 0.0031 1.071E-03 0.33639
ko4-B042 ko4-B043 AAC 50 2919.4174 1.5473 0.0040 0.0031 3.371E-03 1.05858
ko4-B043 ko4-B044 AAC 50 8105.9572 4.2962 0.0040 0.0031 9.361E-03 2.93921
ko4-B044 ko4-T0B1 AAC 50 341.8 100 0.1812 0.0040 0.0031 3.947E-04 0.12394
ko4-B044 ko4-T0B2 AAC 50 423.7 100 0.2246 0.0040 0.0031 4.893E-04 0.15363
ko4-B043 ko4-B045 AAC 50 955.6992 0.5065 0.0040 0.0031 1.104E-03 0.34653
ko4-B045 ko4-T078A AAC 50 393.0748 50 0.2083 0.0040 0.0031 4.539E-04 0.14253
ko4-B045 ko4-T079A AAC 50 1567.5829 25 0.8308 0.0040 0.0031 1.810E-03 0.56840
ko4-T079A ko4-T080A AAC 50 947.1179 100 0.5020 0.0040 0.0031 1.094E-03 0.34342
ko4-T080A ko4-B046 AAC 50 272.9085 0.1446 0.0040 0.0031 3.151E-04 0.09896
ko4-B046 ko4-B047 AAC 50 47.1699 0.0250 0.0040 0.0031 5.447E-05 0.01710
ko4-B047 ko4-T081A AAC 95 6.7082 200 0.0019 0.0055 0.0043 7.316E-06 0.00230
ko4-B047 ko4-T082A AAC 50 219.0743 50 0.1161 0.0040 0.0031 2.530E-04 0.07944

ko4-B047 ko4-T083A AAC 50 609.6977 100 0.3231 0.0040 0.0031 7.041E-04 0.22108
ko4-T083A ko4-B048 AAC 50 202.8 0.1075 0.0040 0.0031 2.342E-04 0.07353
ko4-B048 ko4-T084A AAC 50 229.3142 100 0.1215 0.0040 0.0031 2.648E-04 0.08315
ko4-B048 ko4-T085A AAC 50 364.6505 100 0.1933 0.0040 0.0031 4.211E-04 0.13222
ko4-B039 ko4-T054A AAC 50 266.3 50 0.1411 0.0040 0.0031 3.075E-04 0.09656
ko4-T054A ko4-T055A AAC 50 108.7 100 0.0576 0.0040 0.0031 1.255E-04 0.03941
ko4-T055A ko4-T056A AAC 50 4942.8 100 2.6197 0.0040 0.0031 5.708E-03 1.79225
ko4-T056A ko4-T057A AAC 50 231.1 100 0.1225 0.0040 0.0031 2.669E-04 0.08380
ko4-T057A ko4-T058A AAC 50 3419.7 100 1.8124 0.0040 0.0031 3.949E-03 1.23998
ko4-T058A ko4-B049 AAC 50 521.1 0.2762 0.0040 0.0031 6.018E-04 0.18895
ko4-B049 ko4-T059A AAC 50 626.5221 25 0.3321 0.0040 0.0031 7.235E-04 0.22718
ko4-B049 ko4-T060A AAC 50 3389.1 100 1.7962 0.0040 0.0031 3.914E-03 1.22888
ko4-T060A ko4-T061A AAC 50 147.5 50 0.0782 0.0040 0.0031 1.703E-04 0.05348
ko4-T061A ko4-T062A AAC 50 6147 200 3.2579 0.0040 0.0031 7.098E-03 2.22889
ko4-T062A ko4-T063A AAC 50 536.7 100 0.2845 0.0040 0.0031 6.198E-04 0.19461
ko4-T063A ko4-B050 AAC 50 230.9 0.1224 0.0040 0.0031 2.666E-04 0.08372
ko4-B050 ko4-T064A AAC 50 241.9 100 0.1282 0.0040 0.0031 2.793E-04 0.08771
ko4-B050 ko4-T065A AAC 50 182.5 100 0.0967 0.0040 0.0031 2.107E-04 0.06617
ko4-T065A ko4-T066A AAC 50 749.7 50 0.3973 0.0040 0.0031 8.657E-04 0.27184
ko4-T066A ko4-T067A AAC 50 214.6 100 0.1137 0.0040 0.0031 2.478E-04 0.07781
ko4-T067A ko4-B051 AAC 50 171.4 0.0908 0.0040 0.0031 1.979E-04 0.06215
ko4-B051 ko4-T068A AAC 50 28.8 200 0.0153 0.0040 0.0031 3.326E-05 0.01044
ko4-T068A ko4-T069A AAC 50 324.6 200 0.1720 0.0040 0.0031 3.748E-04 0.11770
ko4-B051 ko4-T070A AAC 50 389.5 100 0.2064 0.0040 0.0031 4.498E-04 0.14123
ko4-T070A ko4-T071A AAC 50 2428.8 100 1.2873 0.0040 0.0031 2.805E-03 0.88068
ko4-B025 ko4-B052 AAC 95 100.2248 0.0280 0.0055 0.0043 1.093E-04 0.03432
ko4-B052 ko4-T045 ACSR 65 39.2938 100 0.0160 0.0045 0.0035 4.434E-05 0.01392
ko4-B052 ko4-T046 AAC 95 366.2933 200 0.1022 0.0055 0.0043 3.995E-04 0.12543
ko4-T046 ko4-B053 ACSR 65 936.7276 0.3819 0.0045 0.0035 1.057E-03 0.33194
ko4-B053 ko4-B054 ACSR 65 155.129 0.0632 0.0045 0.0035 1.751E-04 0.05497
ko4-B054 ko4-T047 ACSR 65 193.3313 100 0.0788 0.0045 0.0035 2.182E-04 0.06851
ko4-B054 ko4-T048 AAC 25 412.4132 25 0.4372 0.0028 0.0022 5.048E-04 0.15852
ko4-B053 ko4-B055 ACSR 65 269.52 0.1099 0.0045 0.0035 3.042E-04 0.09551
ko4-B055 ko4-T049 ACSR 65 51.0882 200 0.0208 0.0045 0.0035 5.765E-05 0.01810
ko4-T049 ko4-B056 ACSR 65 156.993 0.0640 0.0045 0.0035 1.772E-04 0.05563
ko4-B056 ko4-T050 ACSR 65 553.0409 100 0.2255 0.0045 0.0035 6.241E-04 0.19598
ko4-B056 ko4-B057 ACSR 65 490.3366 0.1999 0.0045 0.0035 5.534E-04 0.17376
ko4-B057 ko4-T057 ACSR 30 617.2196 50 0.5452 0.0031 0.0024 7.443E-04 0.23370
ko4-T057 ko4-T058 AAC 50 735.2365 200 0.3897 0.0040 0.0031 8.490E-04 0.26660
ko4-B057 ko4-T051 ACSR 46 466.6862 100 0.2689 0.0038 0.0030 5.428E-04 0.17044
ko4-T051 ko4-B058 ACSR 46 841.0028 0.4845 0.0038 0.0030 9.782E-04 0.30715
ko4-B058 ko4-T056 AAC 25 232.2918 100 0.2462 0.0028 0.0022 2.843E-04 0.08928
ko4-B058 ko4-T052 ACSR 46 38.0132 200 0.0219 0.0038 0.0030 4.421E-05 0.01388
ko4-T052 ko4-T053 ACSR 46 169.8925 315 0.0979 0.0038 0.0030 1.976E-04 0.06205
ko4-T053 ko4-B059 ACSR 46 518.7691 0.2989 0.0038 0.0030 6.034E-04 0.18946
ko4-B059 ko4-T054 ACSR 46 60.959 200 0.0351 0.0038 0.0030 7.090E-05 0.02226
ko4-B059 ko4-T055 AAC 50 599.4005 50 0.3177 0.0040 0.0031 6.922E-04 0.21734
ko4-B055 ko4-B060 ACSR 46 474.3534 0.2733 0.0038 0.0030 5.517E-04 0.17324
ko4-B060 ko4-B061 ACSR 46 96.1301 0.0554 0.0038 0.0030 1.118E-04 0.03511
ko4-B061 ko4-B062 ACSR 30 463.1038 0.4091 0.0031 0.0024 5.584E-04 0.17535
ko4-B062 ko4-T063 AAC 50 22.561 200 0.0120 0.0040 0.0031 2.605E-05 0.00818
ko4-B062 ko4-T064 AAC 50 102.4682 315 0.0543 0.0040 0.0031 1.183E-04 0.03715
ko4-T064 ko4-T065 AAC 50 14.375 800 0.0076 0.0040 0.0031 1.660E-05 0.00521
ko4-B060 ko4-B063 ACSR 46 334.9501 0.1930 0.0038 0.0030 3.896E-04 0.12233
ko4-B063 ko4-T059 AAC 50 161.0124 315 0.0853 0.0040 0.0031 1.859E-04 0.05838
ko4-B063 ko4-B064 ACSR 30 59.3043 0.0524 0.0031 0.0024 7.151E-05 0.02245
ko4-B064 ko4-T060 AAC 50 143.3911 100 0.0760 0.0040 0.0031 1.656E-04 0.05199
ko4-B064 ko4-T061 ACSR 19 333.2559 100 0.4648 0.0025 0.0019 4.171E-04 0.13096
ko4-T061 ko4-T062 ACSR 19 531.8853 100 0.7418 0.0025 0.0019 6.657E-04 0.20902
ko4-B060 ko4-B065 ACSR 65 445.5671 0.1817 0.0045 0.0035 5.028E-04 0.15789
ko4-B065 ko4-T066 ACSR 30 636.6244 100 0.5624 0.0031 0.0024 7.677E-04 0.24105
ko4-B065 ko4-B066 ACSR 30 1528.8328 1.3505 0.0031 0.0024 1.844E-03 0.57887
ko4-B066 ko4-T067 AAC 25 240.3483 315 0.2548 0.0028 0.0022 2.942E-04 0.09238
ko4-B066 ko4-T068 ACSR 30 49.4975 50 0.0437 0.0031 0.0024 5.969E-05 0.01874
ko4-T068 ko4-B067 ACSR 30 398.1771 0.3517 0.0031 0.0024 4.801E-04 0.15077
ko4-B067 ko4-T082 AAC 25 101.2373 50 0.1073 0.0028 0.0022 1.239E-04 0.03891
ko4-T082 ko4-B068 AAC 50 761.9961 0.4039 0.0040 0.0031 8.799E-04 0.27630
ko4-B068 ko4-T083 AAC 50 160.1531 200 0.0849 0.0040 0.0031 1.849E-04 0.05807
ko4-B068 ko4-T084 AAC 50 1280.8105 200 0.6788 0.0040 0.0031 1.479E-03 0.46442
ko4-B067 ko4-B069 ACSR 30 247.257 0.2184 0.0031 0.0024 2.982E-04 0.09362
ko4-B069 ko4-B070 AAC 50 713.2832 0.3780 0.0040 0.0031 8.237E-04 0.25864
ko4-B070 ko4-T069 AAC 25 46.5296 315 0.0493 0.0028 0.0022 5.696E-05 0.01788
ko4-B070 ko4-B071 AAC 50 86.122 0.0456 0.0040 0.0031 9.945E-05 0.03123
ko4-B071 ko4-T070 AAC 50 51.264 315 0.0272 0.0040 0.0031 5.920E-05 0.01859
ko4-B071 ko4-B072 AAC 50 115.6633 0.0613 0.0040 0.0031 1.336E-04 0.04194
ko4-B072 ko4-T071 AAC 50 45.5412 0.0241 0.0040 0.0031 5.259E-05 0.01651
ko4-B072 ko4-B073 AAC 50 946.9785 0.5019 0.0040 0.0031 1.094E-03 0.34337
ko4-B073 ko4-T072 AAC 50 138.4259 50 0.0734 0.0040 0.0031 1.599E-04 0.05019
ko4-B073 ko4-B074 AAC 50 335.2924 0.1777 0.0040 0.0031 3.872E-04 0.12158
ko4-B074 ko4-T073 AAC 50 1165.7856 50 0.6179 0.0040 0.0031 1.346E-03 0.42271
ko4-B074 ko4-B075 AAC 50 564.9788 0.2994 0.0040 0.0031 6.524E-04 0.20486
ko4-B075 ko4-T074 AAC 50 318.6628 100 0.1689 0.0040 0.0031 3.680E-04 0.11555
ko4-B075 ko4-T075 AAC 50 1029.9752 50 0.5459 0.0040 0.0031 1.189E-03 0.37347
ko4-T075 ko4-T076 AAC 25 504.2476 50 0.5345 0.0028 0.0022 6.172E-04 0.19381
ko4-B069 ko4-B076 ACSR 30 929.3353 0.8209 0.0031 0.0024 1.121E-03 0.35188
ko4-B076 ko4-T077 ACSR 30 114.826 100 0.1014 0.0031 0.0024 1.385E-04 0.04348
ko4-B076 ko4-B077 ACSR 30 56.2939 0.0497 0.0031 0.0024 6.788E-05 0.02132
ko4-B077 ko4-B078 AAC 50 134.3019 0.0712 0.0040 0.0031 1.551E-04 0.04870
ko4-B078 ko4-T078 AAC 50 206.6554 315 0.1095 0.0040 0.0031 2.386E-04 0.07493
ko4-B078 ko4-T079 AAC 25 482.9189 50 0.5119 0.0028 0.0022 5.911E-04 0.18562
ko4-B077 ko4-B079 ACSR 30 1434.7305 1.2673 0.0031 0.0024 1.730E-03 0.54324
ko4-B079 ko4-T080 ACSR 30 511.057 800 0.4514 0.0031 0.0024 6.163E-04 0.19351
ko4-B079 ko4-B080 ACSR 30 146.3421 0.1293 0.0031 0.0024 1.765E-04 0.05541
ko4-B080 ko4-T081 AAC 25 35.0571 50 0.0372 0.0028 0.0022 4.291E-05 0.01347
APPENDIX B
SUMMARY OF BRANCH LOSSES & DROPS OF KO2 AND KO4

I. FEEDER KO2
II. LOSSES OF FEEDER KO4

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June 20, 2013 [DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ETAP MODELING]

Figure 1 Lachi substation .............................................................................................................................. 1

iii | MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

Table 1 excel format for feeder KO2 .......................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER ONE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

1.1 Mekelle distribution system ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

1.3 OBJECTIVES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

CHAPTER TWO ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

LITRETURE REVIEW ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

2.1 Distribution Systems -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

2.1.1 Feeders ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

2.1.2 Distributor ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4

2.1.3 Service mains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

2.2 Classification of Distribution Systems ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

2.3 A.C. Distribution ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

2.3.1 Primary distribution system -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

2.3.2 Secondary distribution system----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

2.4 Connection Schemes of Distribution System ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

2.4.1Radial System -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

2.4.2 Ring Main System-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

2.4.3 Interconnected system --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

2.5 VOLTAGE DROP AND POWER LOSS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ----------------------------------------------- 9

2.5.1 VOLTAGE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

2.5.2 VOLTAGE DROP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

2.6 VOLTAGE DROP EFFECTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

2.6.1 Voltage Drop in Distribution Systems------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

2.7 LOSSES IN POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

2.7.1 Losses in Distribution Lines ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10

2.7.2 Losses in Distribution Transformers -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

2.8 Methods of Lowering Distribution System Losses -------------------------------------------------------------- 13

CHAPTER THREE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

3.1 Calculation of inductance --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

3.2 Inductive reactance ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

3.3 Calculation of Resistance ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16

3.4 Voltage Drop Calculation in distribution system ---------------------------------------------------------------- 17

3.5 Voltage Drop Equations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

3.6 ETAP modeling of Mekelle distribution system ------------------------------------------------------------------ 19

3.6.1 The ETAP software ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

3.6.2 Methodology Used To Design --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

3.6.3 Information Obtained From AutoCAD----------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

3.6.5 Power system component data --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

5.2.5 Developing the One Line View On ETAP ------------------------------------------------------------------ 25

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

CHAPTER FIVE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35

5.1 CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35

vii | MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

1.1 Mekelle distribution system

Figure 1 Lachi substation

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Distribution Systems

2.1.3 Service mains

Figure 2 Distribution system conductors.

2.2 Classification of Distribution Systems

A distribution system may be classified according to;

2.3 A.C. Distribution