Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Taofeeq OSAADsiwes
Taofeeq OSAADsiwes
net/publication/339297541
CITATIONS READS
0 1,839
1 author:
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
A Technical Report on SIWES held at Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), 330/132/33kV, Ganmo works center View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Taofeeq Olawale Sa'Ad on 16 February 2020.
AT
Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN),
330/132/33kV, Ganmo Works Centre
PMB 1463, Afon Road, Ganmo, Kwara State
Email: pmtganmowc@yahoo.com
Website: www.tcn.ng.org
BY
TAOFEEQ OLAWALE, SA’AD
14/67EC/552
Electrical and Computer Engineering,
College of Engineering and Technology,
Kwara State University, Malete.
August, 2018
DEDICATION
To my wonderful mother, who taught me that even the largest task can be accomplished if it
done one step at a time
ii
ABSTRACT
This report is based on Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) held at
Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), Ganmo Work Centre, Afon road, Kwara. It gives
brief explanation about the SIWES program vis-à-vis its history, objectives and aims, while
also provides a brief description, roles and functions of TCN Ganmo Work Centre. It further
focuses more on the technical exposure and experience gained from various departments such
as Electrical Maintenance Department (EMD), System Operation Department (S/O) and
Protection, Control and Metering Department (PC&M) at TCN Ganmo Work centre. It finally
gives an account of the equipments used; types and their function respectively as well as some
of the problems and challenges faced and provide recommendations that can further improve
the program.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise and adoration is to God Almighty my creator, my strong pillar, my source of
inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been source of my strength
throughout this program.
I owe thanks to my parents for their unwavering support, co-operation, encouragement and
understanding throughout the span of this programme and many other close friends and family
members.
I have taken effort in this report. However, it would not have been possible without the kind of
roles played by all the technical staffs of TCN Ganmo for their relentless supports, guidance,
constant supervision and explanation of work(s) done despite the fact that the work was so
hectic. Other members of staff of TCN Ganmo who contributed in one form or the other are
deeply appreciated and to the people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities and
resources. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them
My appreciation also goes the Principal Manager Engr. K. O. Adelakun and to HODs of the
departments I visited; A.A. Adetoyinbo (Electrical Maintenance Department), S. K. Ibukun
(System Operation), R. A. Odemakinde (Protection Control and Metering Department)
respectively.
Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation R.A Odemakinde and to all the staff of
PC&M department for their care, support, understanding and hospitality while the course
lasted you are wonderful to me. Thanks
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that, I from Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, College of
Engineering and Technology, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria underwent the six
months Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) at Transmission Company of
Nigeria(TCN), Ganmo Works Centre, PMB 1463, Afon Road, Ganmo Kwara State, from 22nd
of January to 6th July 2018. I also declare that to the best of my knowledge, all sources of
knowledge used have been duly acknowledged.
---------------------------------------
Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD
14/67EC/552
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
DEDICATION ii
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
DECLARATION v
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES 2
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES 2
3.1 INTRODUCTION 11
3.2 ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT (EMD) 11
3.2.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED 12
3.2.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED 13
3.2.2.1 Battery Bank Maintenance 13
3.2.2.4 Rehabilitation of Red and Yellow phase of Oshogbo/Ganmo 330kV circuit breaker 15
vi
3.2.2.5 T2A 150MVA 330/132/0.415KV Grounding Transformer II Panel 16
3.4.2.5 Installation of EDMI MK6 Energy Meter 2000-6EXX Series on 33kV OLAM feeder 29
3.4.2.8 Protection trip and Calibration test on 33kV Feeders at Ganmo Work Centre 38
4.1 Introduction 40
4.2 AUTO-TRANSFORMER AND ITS FUNCTIONS 40
4.2.1 Introduction 40
4.2.2 Function of Auto-Transformer 41
4.2.3 Usages of Auto-Transformer in TCN Ganmo Works Centre 41
4.3 OMICRON CPC 100 + CP TD1 42
4.3.1 Introduction and application 42
4.4 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS 43
4.4.1 Introduction 43
4.4.2 Types of Instrument Transformers Used in TCN Ganmo Works Centre 43
4.4.3 Functions of Instrument Transformers 43
4.4.4 Usages of Voltage Transformer (VT) and Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT) 43
4.4.5 Usages of Current Transformer (CT) 44
vii
4.5 CIRCUIT BREAKERS 44
4.5.1 Introduction 44
4.5.2 Functions of Circuit Breaker 45
4.5.3 Usages of Circuit Breaker 46
4.6 RELAYS 46
4.6.1 Introduction 46
4.6.2 Types, Functions and Usages of Relays 46
4.6.2.1 Voltage Sensitive Relay 46
4.6.2.2 Differential 47
viii
4.12.3 Feeder Control using SCADA 56
ix
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skills training
programme, which forms part of the approved minimum Academic Standards in the various
degree programmes for all the Nigerian Universities. It is funded by the Federal
Government of Nigeria and jointly co-ordinate by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and
the National Universities Commission (NUC) [1].
1
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
1.2 OBJECTIVES
Specifically, the objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) are
to:
Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire
industrial skills and experience in their course of study, which are restricted to
Engineering and Technology including Environmental studies and other courses
that may be approved. Courses of NCE (Technical), NCE Agriculture, NCE
(Business), NCE (Fine and Applied Arts) and NCE (Home Economics) in Colleges
of Education are also included.
Prepare students for the industrial work situation they are to meet after graduation.
Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in their institutions.
Make the transition from school to the world of work easier, and enhance students’
contacts for later job placement.
Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work
situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.
Enlist and strengthen employers, involvement in the entire educational process and
prepare students for employment in Industry and Commerce.
Provide students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive to effective
interpersonal relationships.
Ernest placement and strengthen employees involvement in the educational process
of preparing student for employment in industries [2, 3].
2
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
a) GENERATION: In Nigeria, Electricity production over the last 40years has varied from
gas-fired, oil fired, hydroelectric power stations to coal fired stations with hydroelectric
power systems and gas fired systems taking precedence. Electricity is generated at
between11.5–16kV and stepped up by a step-up transformer to 330kV at the Power
stations. This is done so as to take care of power losses (I2R losses) along the line of
transmission since the electricity generated is to be transmitted over long distances.
Power generated at various generating stations in the Nation is connected to the National
Grid and then transmitted.
3
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
the Transmission substation, this voltage is further transported along transmission lines to
Injection substations and stepped down to 33kv
The Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) Ganmo Works Centre was the station where
this attachment was conducted. It is located along Afon Road, Ganmo, Kwara State. It is
headed by the Works Centre Principal Manager PM (T), Engr. K.O Adelakun and the Centre
is under the Osogbo region.
TCN’s licensed activities include: electricity transmission, system operation and electricity
trading. It is responsible for evacuating electric power generated by the electricity generating
companies (GenCos) and wheeling it to distribution companies (DisCos). It provides the vital
transmission infrastructure between the GenCos and the DisCos’ Feeder Sub-stations [5].
4
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
required assets, equipment and transmission grid network for evacuating and dispatching high
quality Electricity with minimal losses” [7].
5
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
6
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
SYSTEM LINES DEPARTMENT: the functions of this department are to maintain the
transmission lines wires in a way of avoiding earth tripping from the feeder’s relay,
maintaining the transmission lines poles, cutting the elongated trees that is disturbing the
spaces between the transmission lines wire that cause the feeder to trip on earth fault. The
department is also responsible for the tightening and maintenance of the lines conductors on
the switch yards and repairing the hotspots identified by the operators on duties of the TCN
Ganmo and its substations.
8
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
ensuring that the transmission grid lines are reliable and maintaining the technical stability of
the grid through its operations of planning, dispatch, and control of the electricity on the grid
[5]. They are responsible for the functioning and monitoring the systems of the whole TCN
Ganmo works center and protecting the equipment of the station by monitoring and operates
the whole system which includes GENCOs and DISCOs i.e. decides which power station
comes on and when and by how many Mega- Watts (MW), decides which transmission line or
transmission station should be supplied what quantity of Mega-Watts (MW) i.e. load shedding
and also enforce Grid discipline.
Electrical Maintenance Department (EMD) where 5 weeks were spent and part of
the responsibilities along with the maintenance crew is to: Carrying out schedule
maintenance of power transformer of various ratings and capacities; Conduct
insulation test, Dielectric strength test on transformer oil and circuit Breakers; Service,
maintain and repair power circuit breakers such as oil circuit breaker, Sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker, and conduct insulation and performance test on
same and maintenance of battery and charger; Carry out construction and installation
works on a new substation as per the design and physical positioning of the substation
equipment such as CBs, Transformers, Isolators as well as preparation and processing
of monthly maintenance report etc.
System Operation Department where 4 weeks were spent and part of the
responsibilities along with the operators is to: Prepare and effect work and test permit
9
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
for maintenance staff; Maintain and effect voltage and frequency dispatch control of
the grid system; Prepare and effect scheduled outages; Keep up to date record of the
system’s parameters on hourly basis and relaying of all reports to the necessary
quarters; Guaranteed safety of the maintenance staff and the equipment etc; Raise
trouble report on defective equipment and operation to appropriate maintenance
section and carrying out routine maintenance as well as daily inspection of all the
equipment in the switchyard respectively etc.
Protection Control and Metering (PC&M) Department where 16 weeks were spent
and part of the responsibilities along with the maintenance crew is to: carry out Pre-
commissioning tests on all power transformers, Circuit Breakers, Instrument
transformers (CTs and VTs), Relays, Tripping Unit (Chargers and Battery banks);
Design protection schemes for new installed transformers and feeders; Carry out all
relay settings and coordination; Conduct Secondary and primary injection tests on all
station protective relays; Carry out insulation tests, ratio test, polarity test,
magnetization test on power and instrument transformers as well as processing of
Daily Activity Report Chart (DARC), Monthly Progress Report (MPR), Schedule
Annual Preventive Maintenance (SAPM), Key Performance Index (KPI) etc.
10
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers the discussion of the work done and the experience gained during the
course of the training in each of the department visited or attached. The first and foremost
most important experience gained is the important and very significant of safety because any
single mistake makes at switch yard will leads to instant death by electrocution, there is no
second chance of mistake at TCN because of the Very High Voltage dealing with. So
emphasis and precautions were always taken before entering the switch yard to perform any
kind of work done even for inspection purposes. One must be issue permit letter by the
operator in charge before stepping into switch yard. The scope of work done and experience
gained will be analyzed below on each of the department visited in order of visitation.
11
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
EXPERIENCE GAINED
Experience gained is that when the electrolyte of the batteries got lower and lower, the overall
performance of the batteries is also reduced (i.e. low voltages). The electrolyte is subjected to
the voltage induced by the electrolysis. This is rectified by topping the low level electrolyte
cells with distilled water up to required level respectively.
13
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
Figure 4: Troubleshooting and changing of switch yard lightning bulbs at 33KV switch yard
EXPERIENCE GAINED
Experience gained during the course of this work is how to successfully carry out
troubleshooting problems by identifying and segmenting different session of the system and
testing each segmented position for faults as well as functions of choke, igniter, and capacitor
and how to bypass choke and different types of bulb which are direct and indirect bulb
respectively.
14
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
mechanism fault. However, the line is in service via the 132kV line centre breaker since MAY
2014
Figure 5: Correcting the miss-aligned pull rod of Ganmo/Omu-Aran/Offa/Osogbo 132kV line breaker mechanisms
EXPERIENCE GAINED
Experience gained during the course of this work is how to successfully carry out breaker
mechanisms alignment to prevent over/under drive, how to spring charge a circuit breaker
both local electrical and mechanically, as well as physical of identification of breaker
component vis-à-vis alignment pull rod, tripping coil, closing coil, motor, auxiliary contact,
alignment mechanisms, relays, and how to manually spring a circuit breaker respectively.
15
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
of the equipment continue tomorrow. Meanwhile, local electrical closing and opening carried
out okay. Work was later suspended due to logistics.
Figure 6: Removing and replacing the faulty H3G breaker mechanisms with the aid of Hayab Machine
EXPERIENCE GAINED
Experience gained during the course of this work is how to successfully carry out
decommissioning and commissioning of breaker mechanisms, how to established continuity
test on a circuit breaker with the aid of grounding leads, grounding sticks and Avo-meter, as
well as physical of identification of breaker component vis-à-vis tripping coil, closing coil,
motor, auxiliary contact, alignment mechanisms, relays, and how to manually spring a circuit
breaker respectively.
16
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
Figure 7: (a) Short circuit fault on T2A GT transformer (b) troubleshooting the auxiliary control switch mechanisms
EXPERIENCE GAINED
Experience gained during the course of this work is how to successfully carry out
troubleshooting problems by identifying and segmenting different session of the system and
testing each segmented position for faults as well as physical identification of auxiliary switch
mechanisms.
1. Electrical Operation: this involves operating equipment using the Electrical interfaces
e.g. switches and knobs on the control panel.
2. Remote Operation: this involves operating equipment from a distant position from the
equipment.
17
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
3. Mechanical Operation: e.g. spring charging the motor of a circuit breaker by manual
rotation of the motor to charge the springs.
4. SCADA (System Control and Data Acquisition) operation: SCADA is one of the
solutions available for data acquisition, monitoring and control system covering large
geographical areas. It refers to the combination of data acquisition and telemetry.
SCADA systems are mainly used for the implementation of monitoring and control
system of an equipment or a plant in several industries like power plants, oil and gas
refining, water and waste control, telecommunications. Use in TCN Ganmo for control
and monitoring e.g. opening and closing of a circuit breaker using the SCADA system
from the computer. Also using this system, data as relates to the condition of an
equipment can be acquired easily e.g. voltage and current reading on a transformer as
well as the power consumption monitoring.
5. Another major aspect of activities carried out in this department is system control and
stability. System control involves the monitoring of the values of energy generated and
comparing with energy consumed; to ensure there is a balance. When this balance is not
there, two things could be done depending on the cause of imbalance. Load is reduced if
energy consumption is greater than generation or load is increased if energy consumption
is less than generation; this activity is referred to as system stabilizing.
18
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
the regional control centre, raising of a trouble report et cetera are recorded in the log
book.
4. Operating Forms: these are booklets that are used during the course of operation.
Examples are the daily log sheet(O. F. 56), trouble and repair report(O. F.19),
application for protection guarantee(O. F.1), order to operate(O.F. 17), station guarantee
(O. F.4), hourly reading sheet, daily inspection sheet(0.F. 57), energy meter reading
sheet, transformers and feeders daily load flow, work permit(O. F. 2), work and test
permit (O. F. 3) et cetera
5. Circuit Breaker Spring Charging Handle: this is used to manually spring charge the
circuit breaker in case of failure of the springs to charge automatically.
6. Isolating rod: this is used to carry out isolation manually; some isolators can be
operated remotely (mostly for high voltage levels-132KV and 330KV).
7. A Desktop Computer System: this is a normal PC with normal windows operating
system used for data collections and cataloguing of data acquired from the SCADA
system for recording purposes and some other utilities of the use of PC computer e.g.
Load Flow.
Figure 8: Performing isolating and grounding of 33kV SF6 gas breaker at 33kV switchyard
19
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
The major work done and experience gathered during the attachment in this department are as
follows:
Breaker operation: learnt various means of operating circuit breaker vis-a-vis mechanical
operation, local electrical operation, remote operation or through automation (i.e. using
SCADA network)
Inspection and daily checks: this involves a walk around the switchyard by the operator,
inspecting and checking the working conditions of the equipment, ensuring the pressure
in the SF6 gas circuit breakers are normal, taking readings of the temperature of the
windings of the transformers in the station, test-running the standby generator to
ascertain its working capability so that it can serve as a backup for the station in a case
when the station is out of supply, and checking the electrolyte level in the batteries (for
batteries that use electrolyte) so it does not get below the minimum, also inspecting the
terminals for corrosion.
Taking hourly readings from the SCADA system form all the outgoing terminal feeders.
Receiving and passing reports: reports including tripping and transformer and feeder
load flow are received from substations within the area control; reports of the station
activities are also passed to the Regional Control Centre (RCC).
How to apply for, and issue station guarantee for several purposes. Also learnt how to
isolate and de-energize a line, also to lift isolation and energize.
20
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
21
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
22
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
EXPERIENCED GAINED
Experience gained during the course of this work is how to successfully carry out carrier
signaling test on 330kV circuit in order to ascertain the true state of the circuit protection since
it is expected that whenever distance related faults occurs a signal is sent and received by the
station involves.
Prior to the installation of the new CT, the existing defective R-phase CT was
decommissioned and the decommissioning diagram prepared. New Current Transformers CTs
(Crompton Greaves) was commissioned for installation at Omu-Aran T/S for Omu-Aran 33kV
Red phase Line Feeder. The CTs are for instrumentation and metering service as well as for
protections. Each phase of the line (i.e. Red, Yellow and Blue phases) are to be installed with
separate CT i.e. single CT for a single phase. The installation process involved is as follow;
[12]
23
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
1. Visual check: inspect for physical damages such as cracks on porcelain, oil leakages, oil
level, etc to ascertain the physical condition of the equipment.
2. Insulation Resistance test: To check the status of the insulation of HV winding and LV
winding with respect to Earth and between the windings or determine the leakage current
resistance of the insulation this is inversely proportional to the impurities/moisture content.
We injected 5000V into the windings (i.e. Primary to ground, and secondary to ground)
using High Voltage Insulation Tester (KYORITSU) for about 30seconds to one minute
and measure and record the corresponding resistance respectively
Figure 10: Insulation Resistance Test using KYORITSU High Voltage Insulation Tester
3. Ratio test: The test is used to check the ratio of the primary to secondary current under no
–load and compare it with name plate rating the transformer ratio test was performed on
the CTs respectively by injecting a known current in ampere (A) through the primary
terminal of the CT using the Injection Machine. The second terminal was shorted (i.e. 1S1-
1S3, 2S1-2S3, 3S1-3S3, and 4S1-4S3 respectively) and Clamp-on Leakage Current Tester
was used to measure the leaking current in milliamp (mA). The formula used in calculating
the number of turns is equal to the ratio of injected current at primary terminal to the
leakage current measured at secondary terminal i.e.
Applied Primary Current
Calculated secondary current =
CT ratio on name plate
24
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
4. Polarity test and verification of markings: The test is used to determine the current
polarity of the CT and is conducted with a battery cell and a low range D.C. ammeter.
Connect a low range D.C. Ammeter to the secondary windings with S1 to +ve and S2 to –
ve. Connect the +ve of a battery cell to P1 and just touch the negative to P2. Observe the
kick of the ammeter needle. If it is in the forward +ve direction then terminal P1
corresponds to S1.
Figure 11: Schematic diagram showing polarity test using batter and Analog multimeter
25
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
220, 240V etc. until the CT is in saturation. Read and record the corresponding current
values (mA) on the digital multimeter.
6. Car crane was used to carry the CTs and to its respective mounting place and bolts and
nuts was used to tighten it.
7. The lines conductors were connected to the primary terminals of the CTs respectively,
8. The secondary connector cables were also connected to each of the CTs secondary
terminal respectively.
Figure 13: Tighning of CT bolt and nuts, and connecting lines conductors
26
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
10. The CTs was put into service and observed for a while.
EXPERIENCED GAINED
Experience gained during the course of this installation is how to successfully carry out
different type of pre-commissioning test on 33kV current transformer (Crompton Greaves),
carefully preparing as met drawing before decommissioning the faulty breaker, and the
process involves in conducting a comprehensive calibration test vis-avis over current fault,
earth fault and protection trip test and functional test of the all the protective equipment before
the breaker was released for service.
27
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
Figure 14: (a) Diverter switch with carbonized oil (b) cleaning of Diverter chamber (c) cleaned Diverter chamber
EXPERIENCED GAINED
Experience gained during the course of this work is the process of isolating a transformer,
physical identification of diverter switch vis-a-vis diverter chamber, pressure relief chamber,
Buchholz relay, and process of removing the diverter switches, cleaning as well as flushing of
diverter chamber with new transformer oil
28
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
Figure 15: Wiring diagram of OLAM digital multimeter and front view of the ammeter
EXPERIENCED GAINED
The experience gained was the significance of labeling (i.e. Core or Ferro label) on the wire
vis-à-vis identification of Ferro code such C for Control, D for metering, E for voltmeter, K
for control and H for AC source respectively as well as the needs for the preparation as met
drawing before decommissioning of the previous multimeter and the needs to carefully follow
the drawing diagram during the course of installation.
3.4.2.5 Installation of EDMI MK6 Energy Meter 2000-6EXX Series on 33kV OLAM
feeder
Decommissioning of the malfunctioning Itron OLAM energy meter, wiring and installation of
a new energy meter. The connection deployed during the installation is 3phase 4wire drawing
and A, B, C, & N on the drawing diagram denotes Red, Yellow, Blue & Neutral respectively.
The terminals 2, 5, 9 & 13 (i.e. Va, Vb, Vc, & Vn) are connected to the Red, Yellow, Blue, &
Neutral point of the secondary of the voltage transformers respectively, while terminals 1&3,
4&6, and 8&10, are all connected in series to Red, Yellow and Blue phase of the secondary of
the current transformer. Readings were checked okay on the three phase energy meter vis-à-vis
frequency, power factor, and energy consumption in MW.
29
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
Figure 16: (a) wiring diagram description (b) 3phase, 4wire connected energy meter
EXPERIENCED GAINED
The experience gained during the course of this installation is the importance of inspection in
relation to preparation of as met drawing before decommissioning of the previous energy
meter, as well as importance of labeling (i.e. core or Ferro label) on the wire and the process of
installation of the energy meter in accordance with the drawing.
30
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
In addition, the lists of the tests carried out on the two transformers (i.e. 20MVA and 40MVA)
at KAM 132kV substation arranged in a chronological order together with any precautions that
need to be taken into account are briefly described below.
1. Tan Delta Test: Tan delta is the insulation power factor and is equal to the ratio of
power dissipated in the insulation in watts to the product of effective voltage & current
in volt ampere when tested under sinusoidal voltage. The condition of the bushings and
the overall insulation of power transformers can be investigated by measuring the
capacitance and dissipation factor, also known as the tangent delta, or power factor.
Aging and decomposition of the insulation, or the ingress of water, increases the losses
and thus more energy is turned into heat in the insulation. The procedure for tan delta is
as follows:
Figure 17: Tan Delta test setup with OMICRON CPC100 + CP TD1
The equipment was isolated, working grounds was also applied to all incoming
and outgoing cables (so as to remove any residual charges on the cables) and
disconnect all incoming and outgoing cables from the transformer bushing
terminals. Disconnected cables should have sufficient clearance from the
switchgear terminals greater that the phase spacing distance.
Nylon rope or aluminum conductor was used to hold cable away from incoming
and outgoing terminals as required.
The neutral bushing of the transformer grounding bar was isolated.
31
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
All high voltage bushing (i.e. Red, Yellow and Blue phase) terminals was short
circuit together with the aid of copper wire.
Also all low voltage bushing (i.e. Red, Yellow and Blue phase) terminals and the
neutral bushing terminal was short circuit together with the aid of copper wire.
Connect the capacitance and dissipation factor test set i.e. The OMICRON
Transformer Diagnostic System CPC 100 + CP TD1 refer to figure below i.e. the
big and small cable of the equipment was connected to the shorted high voltage
bushing and low voltage bushing respectively for grounded and select GSTg-A
model on the equipment
Record the current, frequency, capacitance and dissipation factor values for
different values of voltage.
The above steps were repeated for ungrounded except that the big and small cable
of the equipment was connected to the shorted low voltage bushing and high
voltage bushing this time around, UST-g model was used instead and all the
station earth on the transformer was also removed.
Record the current, frequency, capacitance and dissipation factor values for
different values of voltage for ungrounded as well
32
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
Figure 18: Insulation Resistance test using 10kV Megger MIT1020/2 on 20MVA transformer at
KAM 132kV substation
NB: It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance test of transformer per phase wise in
three phase transformer. IR values are taken between the windings collectively as because all
the windings on HV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta and
also all the windings on LV side are internally connected together to form either star or
delta. Since the IR value of transformer insulating oil may vary with temperature. IR values
to be recorded at intervals of 15 seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes.
3. Polarization Index Test (PI): The insulation resistance and polarization index tests of
transformers has been regarded as a useful tool in evaluating its windings for buildup of
dirt or moisture, deterioration of the insulation, fitness for high potential tests and
suitability for further operation. The procedure for polarization index test on
transformers (40MVA & 20MVA) at KAM 132 substation is as follows:
First we disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer.
Short- circuit all high voltage HV bushing terminals together i.e. Red, Yellow, &
Blue phase shorted.
Megger leads was connected to the shorted HV bushing studs and transformer
tank earth point to measure and record resistance value in between the HV
windings and earth.
33
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
Short- circuit all low voltage LV bushing terminals together i.e. Red, Yellow, &
Blue phase shorted.
Megger leads was then connected to the shorted LV bushing studs and
transformer tank earth point to measure and record resistance value in between
the LV windings and earth.
Polarization index was then calculated using the formula below.
R10 min utes
Polarization Index, PI
R1 min utes
N.B: A low value of PI indicates that the windings may have been contaminated with oil,
dirt etc or absorbed moistures. PI was developed to make interpretation of results less
sensitive to temperature. PI is the ratio of two IR at two different times. Temperature of the
winding does not rise during the test period of 10 minutes. So it is fairly assumed that both
R10 and R1 are measured at same winding temperature. Then the temperature correction
factor will be same for both cases and will be cancelled during the calculation of Pl.
34
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
4. Voltage Ratio Test: This test is done to check both the transformer voltage ratio; defects
in tap changer; to find out if there is any open circuited turns, or short circuited turns in
transformer winding and other internal fault. The voltage ratio is equal to the turn’s ratio
𝑉1 𝑁1
in a transformer(𝑉2 = 𝑁2). Voltage Ratio Test is done at various tap position on no-load
35
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
5. Magnetic Current Test: Magnetizing current test of transformer is used to detect any
defects in the magnetic core structure, shifting of windings, failure in turn to turn
insulation or problem in tap changers. These conditions change the effective reluctance
of the magnetic circuit, thus affecting the electric current required to establish flux in the
core. The process is as follows:
First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position i.e. on tap level 1 and
LV terminals are kept open.
The secondary bushing of the transformer (low voltage side) was short circuited with
the aid of MCB.
Three phases 415V was applied on HV (high voltage side) i.e. on Red, Yellow and
Blue bushing of primary in this case.
Then we measured and recorded the currents applied on each phase (i.e. IA, IB and IC
respectively) on HV and induced currents at LV terminals (i.e. Ia, Ib and Ic)
simultaneously with the aid of digital multimeter.
The tap changer of transformers was raised by one position and the currents at HV and
LV terminals was measured and recorded respectively.
The above steps were repeated for each of the tap position separately up to the last tap
(which is tap level 21 in this case) and the corresponding currents at HV and LV
terminals was also measured and recorded respectively.
Figure 21: Magnetization test with the aid of MCB and multimeter
6. Vector Group Test: The vector group of transformer is an essential property for
successful parallel operation of transformers. Hence every electrical power transformer
must undergo through vector group test of transformer at factory site for ensuring the
36
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
customer specified vector group of transformer. The phase sequence or order, in which
the phases reach their maximum positive voltages, must be identical for two paralleled
transformers. Otherwise, during the cycle, each pair of phases will be short circuited.
Procedures follows during vector group test is as follows:
Connect neutral point of star connected winding with earth.
Join 1U of HV and 2U of LV together.
Apply 415 V, three phase supply to HV terminals i.e. 1U, 1V, 1W respectively.
Measure voltages between terminals 2U-1N, 2V-1N, 2W-1N, that means voltages
between each LV terminal and HV neutral.
Also measure voltages between terminals 2V-1V, 2W-1W and 2V-1W.
For vector group test, the following condition must be met:
1. 1U-2W + 1N-2W ≈ 1U-1N
2. 2U-1N > 2V-1N > 2W-1N
3. 2V-1W > 2V-1V or 2W-1W.
N.B: The vector group on the name plate of the two transformers is YNd 11 and U, V, W
represent Red, Yellow and Blue phase bushing respectively.
7. Checking the operation of the protection tripping and alarm circuits: This is done to
ensure that all the function of the equipment are working accordingly incase if there is
any fault so as to isolate the equipment, functional tests was done such as checking the
tripping signal, alarms signals, windings temperature, and oil temperature respectively
EXPERIENCED GAINED
The experience gained during the course of this installation is the importance of pre-
commissioning tests and the needs to be carefully programmed so that they take place in a
logical and efficient order, in order that no equipment is disturbed again during subsequent
tests and how to carefully carry out the pre-commission test one after the other.
Ratio test was conducted by injecting current into the CTs primary with the aid of Secondary
Injection Current Test Sets (SCITS 100) and the corresponding current at the secondary of the
CTs was measured with the aid of clamp on ammeter as explained in section 3.4.2.2 page 24.
Magnetization test was also conducted by injecting certain ranges of voltages into the CTs
secondary using SCITS 100 and clip on ammeter which was connected in series with the test
set equipment was used to measure the corresponding current at each stage as explained in
section 3.4.2.2 page 24-25. Insulation was carried out as well by injecting 5000V with the aid
of KYORITSU High Voltage Insulation Resistance tester for about 30seconds to one minute
and the corresponding resistance was measured and recorded as described in section 3.4.2.2
page 25
Figure 22: (a) Ratio test on 33kV Feeder 5 (b) Insulation Resistance test on 33kV Feeder 5
3.4.2.8 Protection trip and Calibration test on 33kV Feeders at Ganmo Work Centre
Protection trip and calibration test: this was done by disconnecting the three phases and neutral
that comes from the secondary of the CTs into the protective relay. Secondary Current
Injection Test Set kit was used to inject fault current (which will be more than the CT’s
secondary current i.e. 1A) to the relay to see the response of protective relay which includes
the speed of operation, the sensitivity, and the reliability of the relay when there exist a fault
current be it over current or earth fault and see if the time scheduled for the alarm (tripping) to
come up is still intact. The process is as follows:
38
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
The test set equipment i.e. Secondary Current Injection Test Set was connected to
220V AC supply.
Lead was connected to the station ground and equipment was grounded as well.
Current transformer secondary cable was removed from the terminals of the protective
relay on the terminal block.
One lead was connected to common; the other to 0-24V, 0-100A terminal on the
equipment and the other end of the leads was connected to terminals of the protective
relay i.e. phase to phase for over current and phase to neutral for earth fault.
Plug Setting (P.S), Pick Up (P.U) time and Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) was
checked from the relay settings and recorded respectively both for over current and
earth fault.
Two leads were connected to the breaker protection terminal on the equipment; the
other end was connected to the trip coil of the breaker on the terminals block
respectively and the circuit breaker was kept in open position.
This equipment is used for simulation of faults by injecting a current double the plug
setting value both for over current and earth fault and record the neTMS value for both.
Protection trip test was carried out by closing the circuit breaker; ensure that the circuit
breaker control knob is on remote and injecting current above the plug setting on the
protective relay to check if the circuit breaker trips on over current and earth fault
respectively.
The CT’s secondary terminal was connected back to the relay, and the feeder was
restored back to service.
Figure 23: Protection trip and calibration of protective relay on 33kV feeders at Ganmo W/C
39
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
4.1 Introduction
This chapter entails the equipment used, the functions of the equipment used and the
descriptions of their usage during the course of this attachment at Transmission Company of
Nigeria, Ganmo. The equipments used are as follow;
1. Auto-Transformer
2. OMICRON CPC100 + CP TD1
3. Instrument Transformers
4. Circuit Breaker
5. Relays
6. Wave Trap
7. Secondary/Primary Current Injection Test kit
8. Insulation Resistance Tester (Megohmmeter otherwise known as Megger)
9. Leakage Current Tester (Clamp on)
10. Grounding/Earthing Transformer
11. Earthing Reactor
12. SCADA System
4.2.1 Introduction
A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another
without changing frequency. Auto-transformer is a single-winding transformer with taps. With
primary voltage applied to the primary terminals, the required secondary voltage from zero
volts to the rated primary volts can be availed from the secondary by varying the taps.
40
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
41
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
namely to Ilorin TS and Omu-Aran TS. (ii) 60MVA Transformer for stepping
down 132kV to 33kV which can now be transmitted to District Stations
(Distribution Stations) for domestic and industrial use.
2. Auto-transformers are frequently used in power applications to interconnect
systems operating at different voltage classes, for example 330kV to 132kV for
transmission.
3. On long rural power distribution lines, special autotransformers with automatic tap-
changing equipment are inserted as voltage regulators, so that customers at the far
end of the line receive the same average voltage as those closer to the source. The
variable ratio of the autotransformer compensates for the voltage drop along the
line.
42
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
43
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
44
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
modern power system deals with huge currents, the special attention should be given during
designing of circuit breaker to safe interruption of arc produced during the operation of circuit
breaker. There are four type of circuit breaker namely; Air Circuit Breaker (ACB), Oil Circuit
Breaker (OCB), SF6 Circuit Breaker and Vacuum Circuit Breaker. They types that is
employed at TCN Ganmo and its substations are Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB) and SF6 Circuit
Breaker
45
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
The GCB provides neater working environment around the breaker than the OCB.
In addition, the mode of operation of a circuit breaker could be hydraulic or by spring action
(mostly used).
4.6 RELAYS
4.6.1 Introduction
A relay is automatic device which senses an abnormal condition of electrical circuit and
closes its contacts. These contacts in turns close and complete the circuit breaker trip coil
circuit hence make the circuit breaker tripped for disconnecting the faulty portion of the
electrical circuit from rest of the healthy circuit. There are two type of protective relays used in
TCN which are Electromagnetic type of relay and digital type relay modern ones which is
mostly used now a days.
1. Under voltage: Under voltage relays trip when the voltage drops below a set point. An
under voltage is a sustained system voltage below transformer, motor, generator, or
voltage ratings that can lead to equipment failure. They can be caused by a system
overload or equipment failures. Special care should be given for under voltages
because many power systems loads are MVA loads (motors, uninterrupted power
supplies, etc.). This means that as the voltage decreases, the load current increases
while the power system transfer capability decreases. Under voltage relays are usually
instantaneous devices and should complete their function every time input voltage
46
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
drops below the set point. Load transfer, voltage regulation, and motor protection are
all applications for under voltage protection relays [8].
2. Overvoltage: Overvoltage relays trip when a voltage rises above a set point. An
overvoltage is a sustained system voltage in excess of transformer capacitor, motor,
generator, or reactor voltage rating. Overvoltage’s can lead to equipment failure or be
due to equipment failure, such as failure of a load tap changer controller or by a sudden
loss of customer load. Overvoltage relays may be instantaneous or time-delayed
devices. Voltage regulation, bus and back- up protection, and generator protection are
applications for overvoltage protective relays [8].
modifications made to the power distribution system, or when power restoration results
in a different phase sequence than before the power outage. This protection is required
on all equipment transporting people, such as escalators or elevators.
3. Phase-sequence - Phase-sequence relays monitor for correct phase sequence if two
wires have their connection reversed and become out of sequence. The device is used
to ensure the sequence is correct when connecting three phase loads. If the phase
sequence is incorrect, the relay will de-energize preventing the start of incorrectly
connected machinery.
4. Phase unbalance - The relay operates when the magnitude of one current excesses the
magnitude of another current by a predetermined degree. Voltage balance operates in a
similar manner.
5. Power factor - In AC power transmission and distribution, power factor is the cosine
of the phase-angle between the voltage and the current. This deals with the different in
real and apparent power. A bad power factor can lead to a distorted waveform and
higher power use.
6. Ground earth (fault) - Ground fault (earth) relays detect any undesired current path
from a point of differing potential to ground [8].
48
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
4.7.1 Introduction
Wave trap, its name indicates that it is used to trap some waves. They are used at substations
to prevent the transmission of high frequency carrier signal of power line communication to
unwanted destinations, wave trap also called line trap. They are part of PLCC
(Power Line Communication Carrier) used to transmit communication signal over
transmission lines.
49
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
50
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
4.9.1 Introduction
The Megger is the instrument uses for measuring the resistance of the insulation. It works on
the principle of comparison, i.e., the resistance of the insulation is compared with the known
value of resistance. If the resistance of the insulation is high, the pointer of the moving coil
deflects towards the infinity, and if it is low, then the pointer indicates zero resistance. The
accuracy of the Megger is high as compared to other instruments
51
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
4.10.1 Introduction
Clamp-on ammeter or simply 'clamp meter' is an instrument that is used to measure the
current flowing through a conductor.
52
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
In such cases the impedance of the earthing transformer may be sufficient to act as
effective earthing impedance. Additional impedance can be added in series if required.
A special ‘zigzag’ transformer is sometimes used for earthing delta windings to
provide a low zero sequence impedance and high positive and negative sequence
impedance to fault currents.
In a three phase delta connected AC system, an artificial neutral grounding system may
be used. Although no phase conductor is directly connected to ground, a specially
constructed transformer (a "zigzag" transformer) blocks the power frequency current
from flowing to earth, but allows any leakage or transient current to flow to ground.
53
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
Remote telemetry units (RTU): These are small computerized units deployed in the
field at specific sites and locations. It serves as local collection points for gathering
information from sensors and delivering commands to control relays.
Communications network: It connects the SCADA master station to the RTU.
SCADA master units: These are larger computer consoles that serve as the central
processor for the SCADA system. Master units provide a human interface to the
system and automatically regulate the managed system in response to sensor inputs.
Remote communication server (RCS): The RCS communicates with the RTU and
collect information which is also called master station. The master station, an HMI
(Human Machine Interface) or an HCI (Human Computer Interface) performs data
processing on information gathered from sensors [9].
The functions of SCADA are discussed below;
1. Data acquisition: Data acquisition refers to acquiring, or collecting, data. This data is
collected in the form of measured analogue current or voltage values or the open or
closed status of contact points. Acquired data can be used locally within the device
collecting it, sent to another device in a substation, or sent from the substation to one or
several databases for use by operators, engineers, planners, and administration [10].
2. Supervision: Computer processes and personnel supervise, or monitor, the conditions
and status of the power system using this acquired data. Operators and engineers
monitor the information remotely on computer displays and graphical wall displays or
locally, at the device, on front-panel displays and laptop computers [10].
3. Control: Control refers to sending command messages to a device to operate the
Instrumentation and control system and power-system devices. Traditional supervisory
control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems rely on operators to supervise the
system and initiate commands from an operator console on the master computer. Field
personnel can also control devices using front-panel push buttons or a laptop computer
[10].
Some of the functions of SCADA in power distribution system are given below.
Improving power system efficiency by maintaining an acceptable range of power
factor Limiting peak power demand
54
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
55
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
Different feeders are automated with modular and integrated devices in order to decrease the
number and duration of outages. Underground and overhead fault detection devices provide
accurate information about transient and permanent faults so that at the remote side preventive
and corrective measures can be performed in order to reduce the fault repeatability. Ring main
units and Remote Control Units (RTUs) of underground and overhead network responsible for
maintenance and operational duties such as remote load switching, capacitor bank insertion
and voltage regulation. The entire network is connected with a communication medium in
order to facilitate remote energy management at the central monitoring station [11].
56
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
57
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
There is also difficulty in getting a placement since placement letter was not issued on
time.
The main problem encountered during the program was problem of transportation. It is
difficult to get to the TCN Ganmo every working day. Since remuneration or
allowance is not given, so it is very difficult during the time of government owing our
parents salaries [3] coupled with road construction going on en route to Ganmo.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
Base on the experience and knowledge acquired at the course of the SIWES training, I hereby
give the following recommendation base on my observations;
Proper orientation should be given to the students by the university before they go on
SIWES at least before mid-semester break of first semester.
The placement letter should be given to students early enough so as to avoid
attachment in irrelevant organization.
I recommend that substantial percent of the National budget should go into the
development, improvement and sustenance of the power sector. Doing this would help
improve Electricity production and in turn improve development and industrialization
and subsequently, the income the country generates.
Transmission Company of Nigeria should put safety into great consideration;
providing adequate safety wears for staff and ensuring their usage; putting in mind that
the health of the staff influences its efficiency and delivery, and subsequently profit
output.
Transmission Company of Nigeria should also ensure that any newly recruited
technical staff goes for a technical training course before they should be allowed to
work on the field because electrical power maintenance require a careful and well-
handled personnel [3].
Student should avoid prioritizing money over work and experience and should develop
a good attitude, good work ethics and be a good ambassador of the university they are
representing.
58
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
Institution and ITF should ensure that students are attached at relevant establishment
for effective training, experience and exposure related to their course of study in the
university.
59
SIWES REPORT Taofeeq Olawale, SA’AD: 14/67EC/552
REFERENCES
[1] G. Okwaraoh, "A report of work done at Home Base Development Limited, Real Estate
Developers", 2017, [Online]. Available: http://www.unn.edu.ng/publications/files. [Accessed: 11-
Feb-2018]
[2] P. O. Akerejola, “Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES),” Information and
Guidelines for Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme, no. 04-04-2012, pp. 5-6, 2012.
[3] A.A. Olayinka, “Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES),” held at Transmission
Company of Nigeria, November, 2015.
[4] Nsong.org, “The Nigeria Electricity System Operator,” Nsong.org, 2018, [Online]. Available:
http://www.nsong.org/Pages/ContentPageLink1.aspx. [Accessed: 14-Mar-2018]
[5] Nercng.org, “Transmission”, Nercng.org, 2018, [Online]. Available:
http://www.nercng.org/index.php/home/nesi/404-transmission. [Accessed: 14-Mar-2018]
[6] Transmission Company of Nigeria, “About Transmission Company of Nigeria”, Tcnorg.com, 2018.
[Online]. Available: http://www.tcnorg.com/index.php/find-tickets/258-about-transmission-
company-of-nigeria. [Accessed: 14-Mar-2018]
[7] E. E. A. A. PM, Director, Transmission Company of Nigeria. [Film]. Nigeria, Kwara State: Power
Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), 2015.
[8] Engineering360, “IHS ENGINEERING 360,” IHS, [Online]. Available:
http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/electrical_electronic_components/relays_timers/protecti
vemonitoring_relays. [Accessed: 15-Mar-2018].
[9] R. B. Roy, “Controlling of Electrical Power System Network by using SCADA”, International Journal
of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 3, no. October 10, p. 6, 2012.
[10] Wikipedia, “Wikipedia,” 24 02 2015. [Online]. Available:
https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powersystemautomation. [Accessed 06 12 2015].
[11] E. Technology, “Electrical Technology,” 14 September 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/09/scada-systems-for-electrical-distribution.html.
[Accessed: 4 November 2015].
[12] P. C. & M. Department, “Basic Power Relaying Protection Course-P1 (manual),” National Power
Training Institute of Nigeria-NAPTIN, 2013, pp. 168-180.
[13] R. O. Kolawole, “Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES),” held at Transmission
Company of Nigeria, June, 2017.
[14] A. B. Olaoye, “Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES),” held at Transmission
Company of Nigeria, June, 2017.
[15] OMICRON, “CPC 100 + CP TD1-OMICRON,” [Online]. Available:
http://www.omicronenergy.com/en/products/cp-td1/. [Access: 12-August-2018]
[16] User Equip, “CP TD1 Reference Manual,” [Online]. Available:
http://userequip.com/files/specs/6022/CP%20TD1%20Refrence%Manual.pdf. [Access: 12-August-
2018]
60
APPENDIX I: GLOSSARY
Lightning Arrester: used to arrest voltage surges harmful to the transformer and transfer them to
the general mass of the earth.
Isolators: This is used to segregate a section of the station from Electricity supply. It can operate
only under normal conditions and must be operated by someone. There could be various types of
isolators depending on the nature of isolation it carries out; e.g. line, bus, bus-tie, transformer
secondary et cetera
Earthing Switch: this is used for discharging a previously charged line by transferring the residual
charges to the general mass of the earth.
Bus: this is a conductor or group of conductors that serves as a common connection between
circuits. There exist the 330KV, 132KV, and 33KV bus (peculiar to this station).
Insulators: this used to prevent electricity supply from reaching a particular area. This is what I
mean, insulators a place on towers between the conductor and the gantry to prevent electricity
getting to the gantry, thereby protecting persons in the switchyard who may accidentally or
deliberately come in contact with the gantry. Some insulators are made of porcelain while others are
made of glass.
Gantry: this is a structure made by sets of angle irons arranged to form a structure; which forms a
support for equipment.
Sky Wire: this is a cable usually made of galvanized steel or galvanized steel with optic cables
embedded in them; it is placed at the topmost of the towers and acts as lightning arrester for the
power lines.
Station Permanent Earth: this is an underground earthing system, prepared so as to enhance the
earthing capacity of the station. The body of all the equipment in the station is connected to the
station permanent earth.
Tower/Pylon: this is a set of angle irons arranged in such a manner to form a structure which forms
a support for conductors (usually the bus).
Conductors: these are metals used for transmission of electrical energy. They come in different
sizes and types depending on the voltage level as well as its used. Copper conductors are the most
A
effective but expensive and bulky. Copper conductors are used mostly where high conductivity is
required e.g. for earthing purposes. Aluminium conductors are mostly used because it is cheaper and
lighter in weight.
Marshalling Kiosk: It is a box containing terminal blocks where all the control and protection of the
transformer are wired to. It also houses gauges for reading the winding and oil temperature.
Hot Spot: this is a type of problem majorly found on conductors whereby the conductor gives a red
glow spot at some points on the conductor especially at its terminals. This problem results when
there is so much load on the conductor than it can take; or when there is partial contact which would
result in current losses dissipated as heat. The heat builds up over time and if not quickly attended to
could cause explosion.
Permit: this is a document given to a person representing a group of people who are to carry out
work in a section of the station and have requested for a station guarantee. The person who holds the
permit is referred to as the permit holder. The permit holder must surrender the permit at the control
room at the end of work before restoration of the feeder that had to be out due to the work.
Capacitor Voltage Transformer: Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT) is used for voltage
metering and protection in high voltage network systems. They transform the high voltage into low
voltage adequate to be processed in measuring and protection instruments secondary equipment,
such as relays and recorders). A Voltage Transformer (VT) isolates the measuring instruments from
the high voltage of the monitored circuit. VTs are commonly used for metering and protection in the
electrical power industry
B
APPENDIX II: LIST OF RESULTS
Analysis of Result
From the test results of table 3.3, all readings are greater than the acceptable limit of 100MΩ,
hence the CT passed the insulation resistance test and it is okay for installation.
1S1-1S3, 600/1A
20 0.033 32.9 0.3
40 0.067 70.2 4.78
60 0.100 104.2 4.20
80 0.133 136.4 2.56
1S1-1S2, 400/1A
20 0.050 50.3 0.60
40 0.100 100.2 0.20
60 0.150 150.9 0.60
80 0.200 201.2 0.60
2S1-2S3, 600/1A
20 0.033 33.6 1.82
40 0.067 69.0 2.99
60 0.100 103.0 3.00
80 0.133 136.0 2.26
2S1-2S2, 400/1A
20 0.050 50.0 0.00
40 0.100 100.4 0.40
60 0.150 150.5 0.33
C
80 0.200 200.3 0.15
3S1-3S3, 600/1A
20 0.033 32.8 0.61
40 0.067 70.0 4.48
60 0.100 103.3 3.30
80 0.133 135.7 2.03
3S1-3S2, 400/1A
20 0.050 49.6 0.80
40 0.100 100.8 0.80
60 0.150 149.7 0.20
80 0.200 200.5 0.25
4S1-4S3, 600/1A
20 0.033 33.6 1.82
40 0.067 67.4 0.60
60 0.100 101.5 1.50
80 0.133 136.4 2.56
4S1-4S2, 400/1A
20 0.050 49.9 0.20
40 0.100 101.0 1.00
60 0.150 151.2 0.80
80 0.200 200.7 0.35
Analysis of Result
For all values on the table above, the % error met the acceptable CT ratio error… limit of the
CT thus passed the RATIO test and is okay for installation.
D
2. Pre-Commissioning Test on 20MVA transformer at KAM 132kV Substation
Make: TBEA POWER TRANSFORMER
Serial No: 17016166
Year of Manufacture: 2017
Rated Power (kVA): 20000/20000
Rated Voltage (kV): (132± 128 ×1.25%)/33
Vector Group: YNd11
Cooling Mode: ONAN
TAP Primary Voltage (V) Secondary Voltage (V) Primary Current (mA)
NO R-Y R-B Y-B r-y r-b y-b Ia Ib Ic
1 354 361 359 78 79 82 0.3 0.1 0.3
2 380 381 377 87 88 88 0.3 0.1 0.3
3 381 380 385 88 89 89 0.4 0.1 0.3
4 375 379 383 88 89 90 0.3 0.1 0.3
5 375 378 382 89 90 89 0.3 0.1 0.3
6 374 378 381 90 92 91 0.4 0.1 0.3
7 375 379 382 91 92 92 0.4 0.1 0.4
8 369 368 375 90 95 92 0.4 0.1 0.4
9 352 356 365 89 89 92 0.4 0.1 0.4
10 369 368 383 94 96 96 0.3 0.1 0.4
11 379 379 385 95 98 91 0.3 0.1 0.3
12 378 380 387 97 98 100 0.3 0.1 0.3
13 368 381 376 98 100 97 0.4 0.1 0.4
14 378 380 388 93 84 102 0.4 0.1 0.4
15 376 380 385 101 104 99 0.3 0.1 0.3
16 368 372 380 102 100 104 0.5 0.1 0.5
17 366 385 379 103 102 105 0.6 0.2 0.5
18 377 385 380 106 107 108 0.6 0.2 0.6
19 371 383 371 107 108 109 0.6 0.2 0.6
20 367 384 380 108 106 111 0.6 0.2 0.6
21 367 370 378 109 111 112 0.6 0.2 0.6
E
2.2 Magnetization Test Result
TAP Primary Current (mA) Secondary Current (mA)
N0 IA IB IC Ia Ib Ic
1 1.4 1.3 1.4 7.2 7.2 7.7
2 1.6 1.5 1.6 8.3 8.3 8.4
3 1.7 1.6 1.7 8.6 8.6 8.6
4 1.7 1.6 1.7 8.5 8.5 8.7
5 1.7 1.7 1.7 8.7 8.7 8.8
6 1.8 1.8 1.8 8.9 8.9 9.0
7 1.9 1.8 1.9 9.0 9.0 9.1
8 1.9 1.9 2.0 9.1 9.1 9.4
9 2.1 2.0 2.0 9.4 9.4 9.7
10 2.1 2.1 2.1 9.4 9.4 9.6
11 2.2 2.1 2.2 9.8 9.9 10.2
12 2.3 2.2 2.3 9.7 10.1 10.3
13 2.4 2.3 2.4 10.2 10.3 10.5
14 2.4 2.4 2.4 10.1 10.5 10.2
15 2.4 2.5 2.6 10.5 10.6 10.4
16 2.7 2.6 2.7 10.5 10.8 10.6
17 2.6 2.7 2.7 10.6 10.9 10.8
18 2.8 2.7 2.7 11.0 10.9 10.8
19 2.7 2.8 2.9 10.9 11.2 11.3
20 2.8 2.9 2.9 11.0 11.1 11.3
21 2.9 2.9 2.9 11.4 11.3 11.2
F
6 b-g 23.40
Primary to Secondary
7 B-b 38.80
G
4 505 557.65 50 3.51666 0.2080 n/a
5 504 556.37 50 3.51671 0.2080 n/a
LV-HV Ungrounded Model: UST-g
1 505 557.88 50 3.51687 0.2087 n/a
2 505 557.63 50 3.51689 0.2079 n/a
3 504 556.83 50 3.51681 0.2084 n/a
4 506 558.93 50 3.51677 0.2088 n/a
5 503 555.93 50 3.51685 0.2078 n/a
1 1U2W 98.5
2 1N2W 130.6
3 1W2W 322.7
4 1W2V 413
5 1U2V 308.1
6 1V2W 308.1
7 1U1N 230.6
CONDITIONS TO BE MET
1. 1U2W + 1N2W = 1U1N
98.5 + 130.6 = 230.6
229.1 ≈ 230.6 Remarks: Good
3. 1U2V = 1V2W
308.1 = 308.1 Remarks: Good
H
3. Pre-Commissioning Test on 40MVA transformer at KAM 132kV Substation
Make: TBEA POWER TRANSFORMER
Serial No: 18016345
Year of Manufacture: 2017
Rated Power (kVA): 40000/40000
Rated Voltage (kV): (132± 128 ×1.25%)/33
Vector Group: YNd11
Cooling Mode: ONAN
TAP Primary Voltage (V) Secondary Voltage (V) Primary Current (mA)
NO R-Y R-B Y-B r-y r-b y-b Ia Ib Ic
1 393 396 392 88 89 89 3.2 1.4 3.4
2 392 395 391 89 90 90 3.2 1.5 3.5
3 393 398 391 90 91 91 3.3 1.5 3.7
4 392 398 392 91 92 92 3.4 1.5 3.8
5 387 394 388 92 93 93 3.5 1.6 3.8
6 392 399 390 93 949 94 3.6 1.6 4.0
7 391 399 390 94 96 96 3.7 1.7 4.0
8 392 399 390 96 97 97 3.9 1.7 4.2
9 391 397 390 97 96 96 3.9 1.8 4.3
10 391 399 390 98 99 99 4.0 1.9 4.4
11 391 398 389 99 100 100 4.1 1.9 4.5
12 390 396 389 100 102 102 4.2 1.9 4.5
13 390 395 388 102 103 103 4.3 2.0 4.7
14 390 396 385 103 104 104 4.4 2.1 4.9
15 389 395 386 104 105 105 4.5 2.2 5.0
16 389 396 387 105 108 108 4.7 2.2 5.2
17 388 397 387 107 109 109 4.8 2.3 5.3
18 388 397 388 108 110 110 5.0 2.4 5.5
19 388 395 388 110 112 112 5.1 2.4 5.6
20 389 396 388 112 114 114 5.2 2.5 5.7
21 388 395 388 113 115 115 5.3 2.6 5.9
I
3.2 Magnetization Test Result
TAP Primary Current (mA) Secondary Current (mA)
N0 IA IB IC Ia Ib Ic
1 3.7 3.5 3.7 17.3 17.4 17.9
2 3.8 3.6 3.8 17.6 17.7 18.2
3 3.9 3.8 3.9 18.0 18.2 18.6
4 4.0 3.9 4.1 18.3 18.5 18.8
5 4.3 4.1 4.3 18.6 18.9 19.3
6 4.5 4.2 4.4 19.1 19.2 19.8
7 4.6 4.4 4.5 19.5 19.6 20.2
8 4.7 4.5 4.7 19.9 20.0 20.5
9 1.6 4.7 4.9 20.3 20.4 20.9
10 5.1 4.8 5.0 20.7 20.8 21.3
11 5.2 5.0 5.1 21.1 21.2 21.7
12 5.3 5.0 5.3 21.4 21.4 21.9
13 5.4 5.3 5.4 21.7 21.8 22.2
14 5.6 5.5 5.7 22.1 22.1 22.6
15 5.8 5.7 5.8 22.4 22.5 23.0
16 6.0 5.8 6.0 22.7 22.8 23.3
17 6.1 6.0 6.2 23.0 23.2 23.7
18 6.3 6.2 6.3 23.2 23.4 24.0
19 6.5 6.4 6.5 23.6 23.7 24.2
20 6.6 6.4 6.7 23.8 23.9 24.4
21 6.8 6.7 6.9 24.0 24.2 24.4
J
Primary to Secondary
7 B-b 25.9
K
15 506 779.39 50 4.89963 0.1964 n/a
LV-HV Ungrounded Model: UST-g
16 504 776.29 50 4.89970 0.1947 n/a
17 504 775.35 50 4.89970 0.1953 n/a
18 503 774.98 50 4.89967 0.1954 n/a
19 503 774.49 50 4.89966 0.1956 n/a
20 505 777.99 50 4.89962 0.1954 n/a
1 1U2W 98.0
2 1N2W 128.9
3 1W2W 314.5
4 1W2V 406.0
5 1U2V 309.3
6 1V2W 307.9
7 1U1N 226.7
CONDITIONS TO BE MET
4. 1U2W + 1N2W = 1U1N
98 + 128.9 = 226.7
226.9 ≈ 226.7 Remarks: Good
6. 1U2V = 1V2W
309.3 ≈ 307.9 Remarks: Good
L
APPENDIX III: PICTURE GALLERY
3phase 33kV Current Transformer 3phase 132kV Current Transformer 3phase 132kV Voltage Transformer
OMICRON CPC100 + CP TD1 Lightning Arrester on 60MVA and 150MVA transformers respectively
Multimeter Wave Trap Hard hat Secondary Current Injection Test Kit
M
60MVA 132/34.5kV Power transformer 150MVA 330/132/0.415kV Auto-transformer
3phase 330kV Capacitive VT (CVT) 150MVA Transformer Diverter Chamber 150MVA Transformer Diverter Switch
N
Electric Hand Pump Machine Frequency Monitor Sky Wire