NCM 107 (WEEK 1 PART 2)
REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL HEALTH
A. Concept of Unitive and
Procreative
B. Human Sexuality
C. Responsible Parenthood
D. Reproductive System
1. Male
2. Female
What is Reproductive and Sexual Health?
According to WHO, it is a state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being; and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in
all matters relating to the reproductive system
and to its functions and processes.
What is Reproductive Health?
➢ Addresses the reproductive
processes, functions and system at all
stages of life.
➢ Which mean that reproductive health
is lifetime concern for both men and
women from infancy to old age.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
- Different functions of the
reproductive system.
SEXUAL HEALTH
- Referring to sexuality of the
individual. Sexuality is about your
sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions
and behaviors towards other people.
Different life stages are associated with
specific women sexual and reproductive health
issues; this includes menstruation, fertility,
cervicus cleaning, contraception, pregnancy,
sexually transmitted diseases, chronic health
problems related to reproductive system, and
menopause.
Evidence shows that reproductive health in
any of this life stages has a profound effect on
one’s health at a later life.
Therefore, it implies that people are able to
have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life
and that they have the capability to reproduce
and the freedom to decide if, when and how
often to do so.
In order to maintains one’s sexual and
reproductive health, they should have access
to accurate information on the safe, effective,
affordable, and acceptable contraceptive
method of your choice.
Many women must be informed and
empowered to protect themselves from
sexually transmitted diseases and when they
decide to have children, further women must
have access to services that can help them to
have a safe pregnancy delivery and a healthy
baby which means that individual has the right
to make their own choices about their sexual
and reproductive health.
The main objectives of increasing awareness
on reproductive health are the ff:
1. Help in educating every youth about
sexual and reproductive health.
2. Creates awareness among adolescents
about safe sexual practices.
3. Helps in preventing sexually
transmitted infections, including
HIV/AIDS. (Coco Melia)
4. Protects both the mother and the child
from infectious diseases and to deliver
a healthy baby.
5. Provides complete knowledge about
the early pregnancy, infertility, birth
control methods, pregnancy, post-
childbirth care of the baby and
mother, etc.
Research found out that reproductive and
sexual health is affected by social health. So,
the association between Social Development
and Reproductive Health are likely to be
reciprocal in nature.
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- What do you mean by reciprocal?
Meaning. Mutual or interconnected
with each.
SOCIAL HEALTH
➢ Refers to one’s ability to form
meaningful relationship with other
people and interact in healthy and
positive ways.
Requires:
➢ A positive and respectful approach to
sexuality and sexual relationship.
➢ Possibility of having pleasurable and
safe sexual experiences, free of
coercion, discrimination, and violence.
Maintaining a good level of social wellness
allowed the individual to build interpersonal
relationship with others. This relationship
includes, friendship, peers, intimate
relationship between a man and a woman
binding them together to procreate and
reproduce. Thus, creating a family. So, the
binding of the man and the woman is called
unity.
A. UNITIVE AND PROCREATIVE
UNITIVE → unity or binding together of man
and women → MARRIAGE
UNITIVE → PROCREATIVE → Ability or
capability to produce new life or offspring →
FAMILY
The unity and procreative aspects are single,
entity, or act which cannot be separated for
any reason. They mentioned that key to great
marriage is to hold says in high honor. God
wants us to cease sex as sacred. Spiritual acts a
way to worshipping for the gift of husband and
wife.
B. HUMAN SEXUALITY
Does human’s sexuality place a very important
role in everyone’s life. Regardless, whether we
are young or old man/woman. American or
Japanese, it is an integral part do what we do
and who we are. So, what is human sexuality?
➢ Sexuality is the way in which we
experience and express ourselves as
sexual beings. (Rathus et al., 1993)
➢ Sex in gender is important aspect of a
person’s identity. However, they do
not tell us about a person’s sexual
orientation.
➢ Sexuality is one of the fundamental
drives behind everyone’s feelings,
thoughts, and behaviors because it
defines the meaning of biological
reproduction and describes the
psychological, sociological
representations of self and orients a
person’s attraction to others.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT
OF ONE’S SEXUALITY:
1. Being a male or a female
2. Family and family relationship
3. Cultural background
4. Religious background
5. Environment
6. Social media
Humans are not sexually active just for the
sake of reproduction but there are tight of
complex factors that lead people to have sex
such as love and affection to the opposite sex.
And once they are bind together, they form a
family and will become responsible parents.
C. RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD
Directional Plan of POPCOM
➢ is the willingness and the ability of the
parents to respond to the needs and
aspiration of their family and children.
➢ It is a shared responsibility of the
husband and wife. To determine and
achieve the desired number spacing,
timing of their children according to
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their own family life aspiration.
Taking into consideration,
psychological preparedness, health
status, social, cultural, and economic
concern.
Things to consider in parenting:
1. Parental role – parents should provide
physical material and continuous
guidance to their children in order for
them to become responsible members
of the family and the society.
2. Emotional adjustment - parents must
be emotionally prepared and adjusted
to cope up with their life’s challenges.
3. Family relationship – the parents
master forms their role and create
harmonious relationship with the
family.
4. Knowledge in child rearing – parents
must be educated so that they will be
prepared to face the challenges of
parenthood. Being responsible
parents means having the economic
means to provide the needs of the
family. It is from responsible parents
that we most often learn social values
such as kindness and honesty. Parent’s
values and parenting style can shape
the children’s fundamentally as
people.
Review of the Male and Female
Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Functions:
1. To produce, maintain and transport
sperm.
2. To discharge sperm within the female
reproductive tract.
3. To produce and secrete male sex
hormones.
2 PARTS:
1. EXTERNAL GENITALIA
a. Penis – is the man’s organ for
population. It is composed of
erectile tissues which is
responsible for erection during
stimulation.
b. Scrotum – this are pouch or sock
that covers the testes. Most
function is to protect and regulate
the temperature in the testicles.
The scrotum usually contracts
during cold weather and expands
or relaxes during warm weather.
c. Testes or testicles – are oval-
shaped organ located inside the
scrotum and responsible in the
production of the sperm.
d. Epididymis – is a tube that
connects the testicles to the vast
deference. It transports and stores
sperm cells.
2. INTERNAL GENITALIA
a. Vas deferens – also known as
ductus deferens, it is a tiny
muscular tube in the male
reproductive system. It carries
sperm from epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct.
b. Prostate gland – is a walnut shape
gland located between the
bladder and the penis. It is
responsible in the secretion of
semen. The fluid that nourishes
the sperm.
c. Seminal vesicle – these are too
small glands that store and
produce the majority of the fluid
that makes up the semen. During
the ejaculation, fluid from the
seminal vesicle is expelled into the
ejaculatory duct where it can then
move on to makes with the sperm
in other reproductive fluids.
d. Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s
gland) – these are pair of pea
shaped exocrine glands located
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postero-lateral at the
membranous urethra. It is
responsible in the production of
the alkaline fluid to lubricate the
urethra for the passage of the
sperm.
e. Urethra – it serves as a
passageway of urine during
urination and sperm during
ejaculation.
Female Reproductive System
Functions:
1. To produce the female egg cells which
are essential for reproduction.
It is divided into 2 parts:
1. EXTERNAL GENITALIA (Vulva or
Pudendum)
a. Mons pubis – it is the pad of fatty
tissue, located anterior to the
pubic bone and is covered with
hair.
b. Prepuce – it is a thin skin that
covers the clitoris.
c. Clitoris – known as the seat of a
woman because it is homologous
with the male glands penis which
contains a rectal tissue that
capable of erection during sexual
stimulation. It also serves as
landmark for female catherization.
d. Labia majora – these are folds of
tissue that covers the other parts
of the external genitalia.
e. Labia minora – these are two thin
folds of tissues that also serves to
protect the other external
genitalia.
f. Urethral meatus – it is an opening
which serves as a passageway of
urine.
g. Vaginal orifice/ opening – it is an
opening which serves as a
passageway of menstruation and
the baby during the delivery.
h. Bartholin’s gland – are responsible
in the secretion of fluid that helps
lubricate during sexual
intercourse.
i. Fourchette – it is located at the
bottom of the inner falls of the
vulva. It is where the labia minora
meet.
j. Perineum – it is the skin located
between the fourchette and the
anus. It is the ones being cut
during labor and delivery.
2. INTERNAL GENITALIA
a. Hymen – it is a thin membrane
that covers the vagina and the one
separates the external from the
internal genitalia.
b. Vagina (vagina conau) – it is
composed of corrugated muscle
tissues which is capable of
contaction especially during
sexual intercourse and delivery.
This serves as a passageway of
baby during delivery. It is also the
organ for copulation.
c. Uterus – is a hollow pear shape
organ that stretches and enlarges
during pregnancy to support the
fetus.
Function: It houses and nourishes
the baby, and it contracts during
labor to propel the fetus outside.
Parts of uterus:
1. Cervix - it can internal or
external.
a. internal os – it is
located inside
b. external os – it is
located outside
It is in the
external os that
we do internal
examination to
determine the
cervical dilation.
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2. Body of the Uterus/ Corpus –
3. Fundus – upper portion of
uterus
3 layers of the uterus
a. Perimetrium
- Outermost layer
b. Myometrium
- Middle layer
- Also known as living ligature, because
it is the one that contracts during
labor.
- Muscular layer of the uterus
- It is the one which contract during
delivery
c. Endometrium
- Innermost layer
d. Fallopian tube – are two small tubes that
serves as a passageway of the mature
egg cell and the site of fertilization.
e. Ovaries – it is the primary female
reproductive organ. These are two glands
located at the end of the fallopian tube
when is responsible for the secretion of
the two important hormones such as
estrogen and progesterone.
1. Estrogen – is a female sex hormone
responsible in the development of
the female secondary sexual
characteristics.
2. Progesterone – helps in the
regulation of the menstrual cycle. It
helps thicken the lining of the uterus
in preparation for fertilization.
The uterus is held in its position within the
pelvis by what we call ligaments.
Uterine ligaments - is the one that supports
the uterus.
1. Cardinal/ Mackenrondt’s ligament – it
is the main support of the uterus.
2. Broad ligament – supports the sides
of the uterus.
3. Round ligament – gives stability to the
uterus and the one that connects the
uterus to the labia majora.
4. Uterosacral ligaments - it maintains
the traction of the cervix.
Damage of these ligaments can lead to
prolapse of the uterus.
Pelvis
- it has a very important role in
pregnancy, labor, and delivery.
- Bones that provide support and
protect the pelvic organs
BONES:
Sacrum – is wedge-shaped bone formed by
the fusion of five vertebrae.
Coccyx – the small triangular bone at the
bottom of the vertebral column.
Pubic Arch – a triangular space below the
symphysis under which the fetal head passes
during the birth.
DIVISION OF PELVIS:
1. False pelvis
- This supports the intestines and
transmit part of their weight to the
anterior wall of the abdomen.
2. True pelvis
- It is divided into three.
1. Pelvic inlet – defines the
boundary between the
pelvic and abdominal
cavity.
2. Pelvic cavity
3. Pelvic outlet – defines the
lower margin of the true
pelvis.
- Contains the pelvic colon, rectum,
bladder, and some reproductive
organs.
Different Types of Pelvis
A. Gynecoid
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- is the most common type of

pelvis in female. Generally,
considered to be the typical
female pelvis. It is said to be
round, shallow, and open.
- “Classic” female pelvis; best
for vaginal birth.
B. Android
- Bears more resemblance to
male pelvis.
- It is narrower than the
gynecoid and heart shaped or
wedge.
- Not favorable for vaginal birth
C. Anthropoid
- Narrow and deep
- Its shape is similar to an
upright egg or oval.
- Widest from front and back;
usually adequate for vaginal
birth
D. Platypelloid
- Also called “flat pelvis”
- Least common type
- Wide but shallow and it
resembles an egg or oval lying
on its side.
- Widest from side to side; not
favorable for vaginal birth.