Basketball

Basketball is a team
sport played by two
teams of five players on
a
rectangular court. The
objective is to shoot a
ball through a hoop 18
inches (46 cm) in
diameter and mounted
at a height of 10 feet
(3.048 m) to backboards
 The game was invented in 1891
by Dr. James Naismith, who
would be the first basketball
coach of the Kansas Jayhawks,
one of the most successful
programs in the game's history.
James Naismith (November 6,
1861 – November 28, 1939)
was a Canadian-American
physical educator, physician,
chaplain, sports coach and
innovator.
 13
Original
Rules
1. The ball may be
thrown in any
direction with
one or both
hands.
2. The ball may
be batted in any
direction with
one or both
hands (never
with the fist.)
3. A player cannot run
with the ball. The player
must throw it from the
spot on which he
catches it, allowance to
be made for a man who
catches the ball when
running at a good speed
4. The ball must
be held in or
between the
hands; the arms
or body must not
be used for
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing,
tripping, or striking in any way the
person of an opponent shall be
allowed; the first infringement of this
rule by any player shall count as a
foul, the second shall disqualify him
until the next goal is made, or, if
there was evident intent to injure the
person, for the whole of the game,
6. A foul is striking at
the ball with the
fist, violation of
Rules 3, 4, and
such as described
in Rule 5.
7. If either side makes
three consecutive fouls, it
shall count a goal for the
opponents (consecutive
means without the
opponents in the mean
time making a foul.
8. A goal shall be made when
the ball is thrown or batted
from the grounds into the
basket and stays there,
providing those defending the
goal do not touch or disturb
the goal. If the ball rests on
the edges, and the opponent
moves the basket, it shall
count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of
bounds, it shall be thrown into
the field of play by the person
first touching it. In case of a
dispute, the umpire shall throw it
straight into the field. The
thrower-in is allowed five
seconds; if he holds it longer, it
shall go to the opponent. If any
side persists in delaying the
game, the umpire shall call a foul
0.The umpire shall be judge
of the men and shall note
the fouls and notify the
referee when three
consecutive fouls have
been made. He shall have
power to disqualify men
according to Rule 5.
11. The referee shall be judge of
the ball and shall decide when
the ball is in play, in bounds, to
which side it belongs, and shall
keep the time. He shall decide
when a goal has been made, and
keep account of the goals with
any other duties that are usually
performed by a referee.
12. The time shall be two
15-minute halves, with five
minutes’ rest between.
Comment: Game formats
including length and the
number of periods played
along with halftime periods
vary according to level.
13. The side making the
most goals in that time
shall be declared the
winner. In case of a draw,
the game may, by
agreement of the captains,
be continued until another
goal is made.
 The First Ball
The very first ball that
was used was a soccer
ball until 1840 when
an actual “basketball”
was invented. The
basketball was slightly
smaller, about thirty
inches in diameter
 The Basket
The first baskets that were
used were two peach
baskets that were hung
from the balcony of the
gym.
By 1906, the peach baskets
were replaces by metal
baskets with holes in the
bottom.
In 1913, a hoop with a net
was invented so the
basketball could fall freely
 Backboard
In 1893, due to the
overzealous spectators
interfering with the
basketball, the backboard
was invented. The first
backboard was constructed
out of wire mesh, and then
wood and now it is made out
of glass so the backboard
does not interfere with the
viewing of the game.
Professional leagues,
teams, and
organizations
The first professional league was founded in
1898. Six teams took part in the National
Basketball League, and the first champions were
the Trenton Nationals, followed by the New York
Wanderers, the Bristol Pile Drivers and the
Camden Electrics. The league was abandoned in
1904. Then, many small championships were
organized, but most of them were not as
important as some teams who played for money
against challengers.
The Original Celtics, for instance, are considered the "fathers of basketball"
and were presented as "World’s Basketball Champions"; the players had to
sign a contract to play with them, and Jim Furey organized matches as a
circus, moving daily from town to town. The Celtics became the strongest
team, and their successes lasted from 1922 until 1928, when the team
disbanded due to ownership problems. The Original Celtics are sometimes
incorrectly thought of as forebears of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA;
in reality, they share only a name, as today's Celtics were not founded until
1946, nearly two decades after the demise of the Original Celtics. In 1922,
the first all-African American professional team was founded: the Rens (also
known as New York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance). The Rens were
the Original Celtics’ usual opponent, and for their matches a ticket cost $1.
They took part in some official championships and won the first World
Professional Basketball Tournament in 1939. The team disbanded in 1949.
In the 1920s and 1930s, Eastern Basket Ball League (founded in 1909),
Metropolitan Basketball League (founded in 1921) and American Basketball
 First International
After its arrival Games
in Europe, basketball developed very quickly.
In 1909 the first international match was held in Saint
Petersburg: Mayak Saint Petersburg beat a YMCA American
team. The first great European event was held in 1919 in
Joinville-le-Pont, near Paris, during the Inter-Allied Games.
United States, led by future Hall of Fame player Max
Friedman, won against Italy and France, and then Italy beat
France. Basketball soon became popular among French and
Italians. The Italian team had a white shirt with the House of
Savoy shield and the players were: Arrigo and Marco
Muggiani, Baccarini, Giuseppe Sessa, Palestra, Pecollo and
Bagnoli.
 American Basketball Association
The American Basketball Association (ABA) was founded as an alternative to the
NBA in 1967 at a time when the NBA was experiencing a lot of popularity. The
ABA offered an alternative ethos and game style as well as some changes in the
rules. Julius Erving was the leading player in the league, and helped launch a
modern style of play that emphasizes leaping and play above the rim. His playing
strength helped legitimize the American Basketball Association. The league
emphasized excitement and liveliness, be it in the color of the ball (red, white and
blue), the manner of play, wild promotions, or the three-point shot. National
recognition and earnings were low, leading the league to look for a way out of its
problems. Merger with the more established and very successful NBA was seen
as a solution. The ABA was folded into the NBA in the summer of 1976, its four
most successful franchises (the New York Nets, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers,
and San Antonio Spurs) being incorporated into the older league. The aggressive,
loose style of play and the three-point shot were taken up by the NBA.
 NBA
The Basketball league was founded in New York
City on June 6, 1946 as the Basketball
Association of America (BAA). The league
adopted the name National Basketball
Association (NBA) in 1949 after merging with the
rival National Basketball League (NBL). As of the
early 21st century, the NBA is the most significant
professional basketball league in the world in
terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of
 Formation of FIBA
World basketball was growing, but it was on June 18, 1932 that a real
international organization was formed, to coordinate tournaments
and teams: that day, Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia,
Portugal, Romania and Switzerland founded the International
Basketball Federation (Fédération internationale de basketball
amateur, FIBA) in Geneva. Its work was fundamental for the first
inclusion of basketball in the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936. The first
Olympic title was won by the U.S. national team: Sam Balter, Ralph
Bishop, Joe Fortenberry, Tex Gibbons, Francis Johnson, Carl Knowles,
Frank Lubin, Art Mollner, Donald Piper, Jack Ragland, Willard
Schmidt, Carl Shy, Duane Swanson, Bill Wheatley and the trainer
James Needles. Canada was runner-up; the games were played on an
outdoor clay court. The first World Championship was held in
Basketball Rules and
Regulations
13 Rules of
Basketball
-Written by James Naismith
1. The ball may be
thrown in any
direction with one or
both hands.
2. The ball may be
batted in any
direction with one or
both hands, but
never with the fist.
3. A player cannot run
with the ball. The player
must throw it from the
spot on which he
catches it, allowance to
be made for a man
running at good speed.
4. The ball must be held by
the hands. The arms or
body must not be used
for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing,
striking or tripping in any way of an
opponent. The first infringement of this
rule by any person shall count as a foul;
the second shall disqualify him until the
next goal is made or, if there was
evident intent to injure the person, for
the whole of the game. No substitution
shall be allowed.
6. A foul is striking at
the ball with the fist,
violations of Rules 3
and 4 and such as
described in Rule 5.
7.If either side makes three
consecutive fouls it shall count
as a goal for the opponents
(consecutive means without
the opponents in the meantime
making a foul).
8. A goal shall be made when the
ball is thrown or batted from the
grounds into the basket and stays
there, providing those defending
the goal do no touch or disturb
the goal. If the ball rests on the
edges, and the opponent moves
the basket, it shall count as a
goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it
shall be thrown into the field and
played by the first person touching it.
In case of dispute the umpire shall
throw it straight into the field. The
thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If
he holds it longer, it shall go to the
opponent.
10.The umpire shall be the judge of
the men and shall note the fouls
and notify the referee when
three consecutive fouls have
been made. He shall have power
to disqualify men according to
Rule 5.
11. The referee shall be judge of the
ball and shall decide when the ball is
in play, in bounds, to which side it
belongs, and shall keep the time. He
shall decide when a goal has been
made and keep account of the goals,
with any other duties that are
usually performed by a referee.
12. The time shall be two
fifteen-minute halves,
with five minutes rest
between.
13. The side making
the most goals in that
time shall be declared
the winner.
 Fouls
and Violations
Personal Fouls: The rule for a personal
foul is a little ambiguous and it depends on
the referee whether he thinks if the action
was serious or not. A personal foul is said
to have been committed when an unfair
disadvantage is caused to an opposition
player through unnecessary physical
contact like
Hitting, Pushing, Slapping, Holding and etc.
Technical Fouls: When a player shows dissent
towards a referee or a player, or shows
unsportsmanlike conduct during the course of the
game, it is known as a technical foul. Repeated
incidents of technical foul will also result in the
ejection of the player. The number of technical
fouls to be committed by a player before he is
ejected also depends upon the discretion of the
referee.
Personal foul penalties: If a player is shooting while a being
fouled, then he gets two free throws if his shot doesn't go in, but only
one free throw if his shot does go in.
⦁ Three free throws are awarded if the player is fouled while shooting
for a three-point goal and they miss their shot. If a player is fouled while
shooting a three-point shot and makes it anyway, he is awarded one free
throw. Thus, he could score four points on the play.
⦁ Inbounds. If fouled while not shooting, the ball is given to the team
the foul was committed upon. They get the ball at the nearest side or
baseline, out of bounds, and have 5 seconds to pass the ball onto the
court.
⦁ One & one. If the team committing the foul has seven or more fouls
in the game, then the player who was fouled is awarded one free
throw. If he makes his first shot, then he is awarded another free
throw.
⦁ Ten or more fouls. If the team committing the foul has ten or more
fouls, then the fouled player receives two free throws.
Charging. An offensive foul that is committed
when a player pushes or runs over a defensive
player. The ball is given to the team that the foul
was committed upon.
Blocking. Blocking is illegal personal contact
resulting from a defender not establishing position
in time to prevent an opponent's drive to the
basket.
Flagrant foul. Violent contact with an opponent.
This includes hitting, kicking, and punching. This
type of foul results in free throws plus the offense
retaining possession of the ball after the free
throws.
Violations
Walking/Traveling. Taking more than 'a
step and a half' without dribbling the ball
is traveling. Moving your pivot foot once
you've stopped dribbling is traveling.

Carrying/palming. When a player

dribbles the ball with his hand too far to
the side of or, sometimes, even under the
ball.
Double Dribble. Dribbling the ball with both
hands on the ball at the same time or picking
up the dribble and then dribbling again is a
double dribble.
Held ball. Occasionally, two or more opposing
players will gain possession of the ball at the
same time. In order to avoid a prolonged and/or
violent tussle, the referee stops the action and
awards the ball to one team or the other on a
rotating basis.
Goaltending. If a defensive player interferes with a shot while it's on
the way down toward the basket, while it's on the way up toward the
basket after having touched the backboard, or while it's in the cylinder
above the rim, it's goaltending and the shot counts. If committed by an
offensive player, it's a violation and the ball is awarded to the opposing
team for a throw-in.
Backcourt violation. Once the offense has brought the ball across the
mid-court line, they cannot go back across the line during possession. If
they do, the ball is awarded to the other team to pass inbounds.
Time restrictions. A player passing the ball inbounds has five seconds
to pass the ball. If he does not, then the ball is awarded to the other team.
Other time restrictions include the rule that a player cannot have the ball
for more than five seconds when being closely guarded and, in some states
and levels, shot-clock restrictions requiring a team to attempt a shot within
a given time frame.
Goaltending. If a defensive player interferes
with a shot while it's on the way down toward
the basket, while it's on the way up toward the
basket after having touched the backboard, or
while it's in the cylinder above the rim, it's
goaltending and the shot counts. If committed by
an offensive player, it's a violation and the ball
is awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in.
Overtime. If the score is tied at the end of regulation
time, an extra period is played to determine the
winner. This period is called “overtime.” The length
of the extra period depends on the league/level.
Overtime begins with a “jump ball” and ends when
the allotted time has expired. The team with the
most points at the end of the extra period is the
winner. If the score remains tied at the end of
overtime, then another period will be played; this
process will continue until a winner can be
determined.
Moving the Ball
There are two ways to move the basketball: The pass
and the dribble. Passing—the intentional transfer of the
ball from one player to another— is the preferred option,
because it is the
fastest way to move the balland involves team work. The
dribble—the continuous bouncing of the ball on the
floor—on the other hand, is an individual act. While it
can be necessary in certain situations, dribbling too often
can easily get a player into trouble.
Rough Play. Dr. James Naismith, the inventor of
basketball, despised the rough-play tactics rampant in
sports like football and rugby. Thus, when inventing
basketball he did his best to create a sport that
discouraged excessive roughness. The modern rules
reflect his desire.
By rule, basketball is a non-contact sport. This does
not mean that any physical contact between
opponents is illegal. What it does mean however, is
that players are not allowed to engage in
rough/excessive physical contact and/or use contact
to gain a competitive advantage on the opponent.
Scoring. A team scores by throwing
or dropping the ball through the
opponent’s hoop from above. An
attempt to score is called a shot.
Each time a player successfully puts
the ball through the hoop their
team is awarded one, two, or three
points. The number of points given
for each successful shot depends on
the type of shot. Below is a
breakdown of the different shot
values:
Foul Shot/Free Throw: The referee will grant a
foul shot to a player who is fouled while in the act
of shooting. A successful free throw is worth one
point.
2Point: Any shot taken within the area between the
end line and the three point arc is worth two points if
it goes in.
3 Pointer: Any successful shot taken behind the
three-point line is worth three points.

And the Winner is...

The team that scores the most points within the
allotted time is the winner of the game.