Statistics is everywhere !!!

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▶ Mother’s milk is best for babies

▶ The number of Covid19 cases in NCR as of July 4 is 20,100
▶ The chances that it will rain tomorrow are high
▶ My food and grocery expenses in June totaled 40,000
▶ Biogesic is the world’s fastest pain reliever
Definition of Statistics
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It is that branch of science that deals with

the collection, presentation, organization,
analysis and interpretation of data
Branches of Statistics
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● Descriptive Statistics
- deals with the techniques used in the collection, presentation,
organization, and analysis of the data on hand

● Inferential Statistics
- deals with the techniques used in analyzing the sample data that will
lead to generalizations about a population from which the sample
came from
Population versus Sample
● Population
- A population consists of the totality of the observations of which we
are concerned

Example: If I want to get the average height of the MC HEU

female student, my population is all the female students in the
HEU which are say N = 1200

● Sample
- A sample is the subset of the population

Example: n = 150
Population versus Sample
Parameter - numerical characteristic of the population
Examples:
𝛍 - population mean
𝛔 - population standard deviation
N - number of elements in the population

Statistic - numerical characteristic of the sample

Examples:
x̄ - sample mean
s - sample standard deviation
n - number of elements in the sample
Population versus Sample
For each of the following statements, decide whether it belongs to the field of
descriptive statistics or inferential statistics:

1. A basketball player wants to know how many points he made, on the average, in
the last 4 games.
2. A marketing research group wants to determine the number of families in NCR who
were affected financially by the covid 19 pandemic.
3. Ms. Garcia wants to determine the proportion of her salary that went to groceries
during the past 3 months.
4. A politician wants to determine the percentage of voters who will vote for him in
the coming election.
Population versus Sample
Example:
To help U.S. employers better understand what employees value, Interim Services,
Inc., surveyed 1000 employees in the U.S. One question they asked was, ”If your
employer provides you with mentoring opportunities, are you likely to remain in
your job for the next 5 years?” They found that 620 members of the sample said
“Yes”.

a. Identify the population.

b. What is the sample?
c. What is the inference that can be drawn?
Collecting Data

Introduction to Sampling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3A0lUkpAko&list=PLm9FYjKtq7PzmbXB0s2R1rxhC_EKM8pmG

Probability Sampling
- Is a method of selecting a sample wherein each element in the population has a
known, non-zero chance of being included in the sample
Methods of Probability Sampling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3A0lUkpAko&list=PLm9FYjKtq7PzmbXB0s2R1rxhC_EKM8pmG

● Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

● Systematic Sampling
● Stratified Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

- The simplest randomization mechanism is by drawing lots. To select n numbers

from N, we label N pieces of paper 1-N and place them in a bowl. We then select n
pieces of paper from the bowl. The numbers indicated in the selected pieces of
paper form part of the sample.
Stratified Random Sampling
Is a probability sampling method where we divide the population into nonoverlapping
subpopulations or strata and then select one sample from each stratum. The sample consists of all
the samples in the different strata.

Steps:
1. Identify the variable whose categories will serve as the strata in the study. This will be
the stratification variable
2. Look for a sampling frame that lists down all of the elements in the population and
contains data on the value of the stratification variable for each element
3. Use the data on the stratification variable to place each element of the population into its
appropriate stratum
4. Select a sample from each stratum
5. Using any probability sampling method
6. The sample will consist of all the samples selected in the different strata
Systematic Random Sampling
Is a probability sampling method wherein the selection of the first element is at random and the
selection of the other elements in the sample is systematic by subsequently taking every kth element
from the random start, where k is the sampling interval

Steps:
1. Decide on a method of assigning a unique serial number, from 1 to N, to each one of the
elements in the population
2. Choose n so that it is a divisor of N. Compute for the sampling interval k = N/n
3. Select a number, from 1 to k, using a randomization mechanism. Denote the selected
number by r. The element in the population assigned to this number is the first element
of the sample
4. The other elements are those assigned to the numbers r+k, r+2k and so on until you get a
sample of size n