How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Table 1
Notation for steel reinforcement
Cover
Type of steel reinforcement Notation The nominal cover should generally be specified by the designer and
Grade B500A, Grade B500B or Grade B500C conforming to H full details of how to determine this are given in Chapter 2, originally
BS 4449:2005 published as, Getting started9. The nominal cover should be shown
Grade B500A conforming to BS 4449: 2005 A on the drawings and should refer to the reinforcement nearest to the
Grade B500B or Grade B500C conforming to BS 4449: 2005 B surface of the concrete e.g. the links in a beam.
Grade B500C conforming to BS 4449: 2005 C Also, the cover to the main bar should be at least equal to the size of
Reinforcement of a type not included in the above list having X that bar, plus the allowance for deviations, Dcdev. Where there are no
material properties that are defined in the design or contract
specification. links the nominal cover should be at least equal to the size of the bar
Note plus Dcdev, this may be significant for bar diameters greater than
In the Grade description B500A, etc., ’B’ indicates reinforcing steel. 12 mm. Dcdev may be 5 or 10 mm depending on the quality assurance
system assumed for the project. If the cover needs to be increased to
Figure 1 meet these requirements, the detailer should consult with the designer.
Description of bond conditions

Direction of concreting Direction of concreting

Anchorage and lap lengths
a Eurocode 2 introduces a range of factors (a1 to a6) for use when
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calculating the appropriate anchorage and lap lengths. A number of
a) 45º < a < 90º c) h > 250 mm
assumptions can be made that enable Table 2 to be developed for
Direction of concreting anchorage and lap lengths. If the conditions noted in the table are not
Direction of concreting met then reference should be made to Eurocode 2. Lap lengths for
≥ 300
unequal size bars may be based on the smaller bar, although this is not
h h stated in the Code.

b) h < 250 mm d) h > 600 mm

Key Anchorage of bars and links

‘Good’ bond conditions ‘Poor’ bond conditions
All reinforcement should be anchored so that the forces in it are safely
transmitted to the surrounding concrete by bond without causing
Table 2
Anchorage and lap lengths for concrete class C25/30 (mm)

Bond Reinforcement in tension, bar diameter, f (mm) Reinforce-

condition, ment in
(see Figure 1) 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40 compres-
Good 230 320 410 600 780 1010 1300 1760 40f
Straight bars only
Anchorage Poor 330 450 580 850 1120 1450 1850 2510 58f
length, lbd Good 320 410 490 650 810 1010 1300 1760 40f
Other bars
Poor 460 580 700 930 1160 1450 1850 2510 58f
50% lapped in one location (a6 Good 320 440 570 830 1090 1420 1810 2460 57f
= 1.4) Poor 460 630 820 1190 1560 2020 2590 3520 81f
Lap length,
l0 Good 340 470 610 890 1170 1520 1940 2640 61f
100% lapped in one location (a6
= 1.15) Poor 490 680 870 1270 1670 2170 2770 3770 87f
Notes
1 Nominal cover to all sides and distance between bars ≥ 25 mm (i.e. a2 < 1).
2 a1 = a3 = a4 = a5 = 1.0.
3 Design stress has been taken as 435 MPa. Where the design stress in the bar at the position from where the anchorage is measured, ssd, is less than 435 MPa the figures in this
table can be factored by ssd/435. The minimum lap length is given in cl 8.7.3 of Eurocode 2.
4 The anchorage and lap lengths have been rounded up to the nearest 10 mm.
5 Where 33% of bars are lapped in one location, decrease the lap lengths for ‘50% lapped in one location’ by a factor of 0.82.
6 The figures in this table have been prepared for concrete class C25/30; refer to Table 13 for other classes or use the following factors for other concrete classes.

Concrete class C20/25 C28/35 C30/37 C32/40 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
Factor 1.16 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.73 0.68 0.63

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How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Table 13
Anchorage and lap lengths

Bond condition Reinforcement in tension, bar diameter, f (mm) Reinforcement

(see Figure 1) in compression
8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
Concrete class C20/25
Good 270 370 480 690 910 1180 1500 2040 47f
Straight bars only
Anchorage Poor 380 520 680 990 1290 1680 2150 2920 67f
length, lbd Good 370 470 570 750 940 1180 1500 2040 47f
Other bars
Poor 530 670 810 1080 1340 1680 2150 2920 67f

50% lapped in one Good 370 510 660 970 1270 1640 2100 2860 66f
location (a6 = 1.4) Poor 530 730 950 1380 1810 2350 3000 4080 94f
Lap length,
l0 100% lapped Good 400 550 710 1030 1360 1760 2250 3060 70f
in one location (a6 = 1.5)
Poor 510 790 1010 1480 1940 2320 3220 4370 100f
Concrete class C25/30
Good 230 320 410 600 780 1010 1300 1760 40f
Straight bars only
Anchorage Poor 330 450 580 850 1120 1450 1850 2510 58f
length, lbd Good 320 410 490 650 810 1010 1300 1760 40f
Other bars
Poor 460 580 700 930 1160 1450 1850 2510 58f

50% lapped in one Good 320 440 570 830 1090 1420 1810 2460 57f
location (a6 = 1.4) Poor 460 630 820 1190 1560 2020 2590 3520 81f
Lap length,
l0 Good 340 470 610 890 1170 1520 1940 2640 61f
100% lapped
in one location (a6 = 1.5) Poor 490 680 870 1270 1670 2170 2770 3770 87f
Concrete class C28/35
Good 210 300 380 550 730 940 1200 1630 37f
Straight bars only
Anchorage Poor 300 420 540 790 1030 1340 1720 2330 53f
length, lbd Good 300 380 450 600 750 940 1200 1630 37f
Other bars
Poor 420 540 650 860 1070 1340 1720 2330 53f

50% lapped in one Good 300 410 530 770 1010 1320 1680 2280 52f
location (a6 = 1.4) Poor 420 590 760 1100 1450 1880 2400 3260 75f
Lap length,
l0 Good 320 440 570 830 1090 1410 1800 2450 56f
100% lapped
in one location (a6 = 1.5) Poor 450 630 810 1180 1550 2010 2570 3470 80f
Concrete class C30/37
Good 210 280 360 530 690 900 1150 1560 36f
Straight bars only
Anchorage Poor 290 400 520 750 990 1280 1640 2230 51f
length, lbd Good 290 360 430 580 720 900 1150 1560 36f
Other bars
Poor 410 520 620 820 1030 1280 1640 2230 51f

50% lapped in one Good 290 390 510 740 970 1260 1610 2180 50f
location (a6 = 1.4) Poor 410 560 720 1050 1380 1790 2290 3110 72f
Lap length,
l0 Good 310 420 540 790 1040 1350 1720 2340 54f
100% lapped
in one location (a6 = 1.5) Poor 430 600 780 1130 1480 1920 2460 3340 77f
Concrete class C32/40
Good 200 270 350 510 660 860 1100 1490 34f
Straight bars only
Anchorage Poor 280 380 500 720 950 1230 1570 2130 49f
length, lbd Good 270 350 420 550 690 860 1100 1490 34f
Other bars
Poor 390 490 590 790 980 1230 1570 2130 49f

50% lapped in one Good 270 380 490 710 930 1200 1540 2090 48f
location (a6 = 1.4) Poor 390 540 690 1010 1320 1720 2200 2980 69f
Lap length,
l0 Good 290 400 520 760 990 1290 1650 2240 51f
100% lapped
in one location (a6 = 1.5) Poor 420 570 740 1080 1420 1840 2350 3200 73f

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 10. Detailing

Bond condition Reinforcement in tension, bar diameter, f (mm) Reinforcement

(see Figure 1) in compression
8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
Concrete class C35/45
Good 190 260 330 480 630 810 1040 1410 32f
Straight bars only
Anchorage Poor 260 360 470 680 890 1160 1480 2010 46f
length, lbd Good 260 330 390 520 650 810 1040 1410 32f
Other bars
Poor 370 470 560 740 930 1160 1480 2010 46f

50% lapped in one Good 260 360 460 670 870 1130 1450 1970 45f
location (a6 = 1.4) Poor 370 510 650 950 1250 1620 2070 2810 65f
Lap length,
l0 100% lapped Good 280 380 490 710 940 1210 1550 2110 48f
in one location (a6 = 1.5)
Poor 390 540 700 1020 1340 1730 2220 3010 69f
Concrete class C40/50
Good 170 230 300 440 570 740 950 1290 30f
Straight bars only
Anchorage Poor 240 330 430 620 820 1060 1350 1840 42f
length, lbd Good 240 300 360 480 600 740 950 1290 30f
Other bars
Poor 340 430 510 680 850 1060 1350 1840 42f

50% lapped in one Good 240 330 420 610 800 1040 1330 1800 41f
location (a6 = 1.4) Poor 340 460 600 870 1140 1480 1890 2570 59f
Lap length,
l0 Good 250 350 450 650 860 1110 1420 1930 44f
100% lapped
in one location (a6 = 1.5) Poor 360 500 640 930 1220 1590 2030 2760 63f
Concrete class C45/55
Good 160 220 280 400 530 690 880 1190 27f
Straight bars only
Anchorage Poor 220 310 400 580 760 980 1250 1700 39f
length, lbd Good 220 280 330 440 550 690 880 1190 27f
Other bars
Poor 310 390 470 630 780 980 1250 1700 39f

50% lapped in one Good 220 300 390 560 740 960 1230 1670 38f
location (a6 = 1.4) Poor 310 430 550 800 1060 1370 1750 2380 55f
Lap length,
l0 Good 230 320 420 600 790 1030 1310 1780 41f
100% lapped
in one location (a6 = 1.5) Poor 330 460 590 860 1130 1470 1880 2550 58f
Concrete class C50/60
Good 150 200 260 380 490 640 820 1110 25f
Straight bars only
Anchorage Poor 210 290 370 540 700 910 1170 1580 36f
length, lbd Good 220 280 330 440 550 690 880 1190 27f
Other bars
Poor 310 390 470 630 780 980 1250 1700 39f

50% lapped in one Good 220 300 390 560 740 960 1230 1670 38f
location (a6 = 1.4) Poor 310 430 550 800 1060 1370 1750 2380 55f
Lap length,
l0 Good 230 320 420 600 790 1030 1310 1780 41f
100% lapped
in one location (a6 = 1.5) Poor 330 460 590 860 1130 1470 1880 2550 58f
Notes
1 Cover to all sides and distance between bars ≥ 25 mm (i.e. a2 < 1).
2 a1 = a3 = a4 = a5 = 1.0.
3 Design stress has been taken at 435 MPa. Where the design stress in the bar at the position from where the anchorage is measured, ssd, is less than 435 MPa the figures in this
table can be factored by ssd/435. The mimimum lap length id given in cl 8.7.3 of Eurocode 2.
4 The anchorage and lap lengths have been rounded up to the nearest 10 mm.
5 Where 33% of bars are lapped in one location, decrease the lap lengths for '50% lapped in one location' by a factor of 0.82.

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