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Keywords: Managing the increasing traffic is a big problem all over the world. Intelligent Transportation System
Intelligent Transportation (ITS) provides solution to these problems with the help of new technologies. ITS is an integrated system
System that implements a broad range of communication, control, vehicle sensing and electronics technologies to
Advanced Traveller solve and manage the traffic problems. ITS is being used in the developed countries since past two
Information System decades, but it is still a new concept when developing countries like India, Brazil, China, South Africa etc.
Advanced Traffic are concerned. In the present study we have studied four major parts of the ITS i.e., Advanced Traveler
Management System Information System (ATIS), Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS), Advanced Public
Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS), and Emergency Management System (EMS). Objective of the paper is to
Transportation System study various ITS architecture and model and review such models to get in-depth of their architecture.
Hence architecture and developed models over the years of four major branches of ITS have been
Submitted 5 Mar 2014; received in reviewed here to make a comparison analysis of different models that have been developed by the
revised form 10 Sep 2014; accepted 8 Oct researchers in their studies. It will lead to the gaps in the knowledge which can be further studied. The
2014. paper highlights the conclusions extracted from the studies of different systems and also gives the future
scope in the field of ITS to make it more user friendly and accessible.
Licensed under
Creative Commons
+ Corresponding author. Civil Engineering Department. IIT (BHU) Varanasi (UP) - 221005, India. E-mail
address: ankit@nith.ac.in.
Introduction
In the present paper different ITS architecture and model developed by various researchers all over the world has been
studied and reviewed to get in-depth of their architecture. In the study the ITS has been sub-divided in four main branches
based of their implementation in different aspects of transportation management i.e. ATIS, APTMS, ATMS and EMC. A
comparison analysis of the different models developed in all four branches have been done to highlight the plus and minus
points of these developed systems and based on that the gaps in the literature have been highlighted.
Last two decades have seen a lot of development in the field of transportation infrastructure even then various traffic
problems are increasing day by day. This is mainly due to the increase in number of vehicles. Almost every country of the
30
Bhupendra Singh, Ankit Gupta (2015). Journal of Transport Literature, 9(2), 30-34, Apr.
world whether developing or developed (The classification of developed and developing countries is based on International
Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook Report, April 2012), facing problems in the management of transportation
facilities (Singh and Gupta, 2013). The focus of the countries all over the world is shifting from infrastructure development
to the best use of the infrastructure facilities available (singh et al., 2014). For the optimum use of the available
transportation infrastructure, ITS is being developed and used all over the world.
ITS is an integrated system that implements a broad range of communication, control, vehicle sensing and electronics
technologies to help in monitoring and managing traffic flow, reducing congestion, providing optimum routes to travelers,
enhancing productivity of the system, and saving lives, time and money. A Technical Note of the World Bank named "ITS for
Developing Countries" addresses the condition of ITS in developing countries, and discusses the long-term, society-wide
benefits that ITS can provide and ways that ITS can provide more immediate benefits to individuals by helping to make
surface transportation more affordable, more reliable, and more efficient (Yokota, T., 2004). It states that ITS proves to be
useful in the following manner:
• Improved mobility for people and freight, including greater access to transportation for the elderly, the disabled, and
people living in remote locations
• Greater compatibility of surface transportation with the environment
• Fewer traffic-related deaths and injuries • A better-managed transportation system.
• Less travel uncertainty, allowing for better planned, quicker, and less expensive travel
• So from the above points we can see that ITS covers and improves almost all the aspects of Transportation engineering.
There are many subsidiaries of the Intelligent Transportation System out of which most important and widely used all
over the world to solve the traffic and transportation problem are as follows:
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2238-1031.jtl.v9n2a6
• Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS)
• Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS)
• Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS), and
• Emergency Management System (EMS)
Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) implements a wide range of technologies, such as internet, telephones,
cellular phones, television, radio, etc. to assist travelers and drivers in making informed decisions regarding trip departures,
optimum routes, and available modes of travel. ATIS provides the drivers both en route and pre-trip information which is
advantageous in many ways. Pre-trip information availability enhances the self-belief of the drivers to use freeways and
allows commuters to make better-informed transit choices (Campbell et al., 2003). En route information and guidance saves
travel time, helps a traveler avoid congestion, can improve traffic network performance. In 1999 a survey was conducted
among the people who were using the Advanced Regional Traffic Interactive Management and Information System
(ARTIMIS) telephone traveler information service in Cincinnati, Ohio. All of them rated the service as beneficial service.
More than 99% of people surveyed in that city said that they were benefited by avoiding traffic problems, saving time,
reducing frustration, and arriving at destinations on time and 81% said that they had recommended the service to someone
else.
Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) is used by traffic police department and traffic regulation authorities as a
tool to manage and control traffic by monitoring the flow of traffic and making appropriate decisions in a timely manner.
Traffic management systems optimize the movement of vehicles, by using real-time information to intervene and adjust
controls such as traffic signals to improve traffic flow.
Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) is concerned with increasing operational efficiency of all public
transportation modes and increasing ridership by making the transportation system more reliable. With the help of APTS
the way public transportation systems operate is transformed, and the nature of the transportation services that can be
offered by public transportation systems is changed.
Emergency Management System (EMS) is the newest research field in intelligent transportation system. EMS is mainly
concerned with the application of different intelligent transportation system technologies to develop a transport system
which can provide help in the emergency conditions.EMS can provide great help in reducing the fatality rate in the accidents.
With the help of ATMS the congested traffic situations at the roads can be managed, APTMS can help to improve the
current situation of public transport by rescheduling and proper management of available fleets to encourage the
commuters to use public transport more as compared to private cars and bikes. ATIS can give the users pre trip and enroute
information so that they can plan their trip properly, it will help in reducing the time spent by the riders on the roads and
also help them to avoid traffic jams on the roads. So in this way A properly designed ITS can help in solving traffic problems.
The present paper aims at highlighting the plus and minus of different ITS developed all over the world by comparing their
architecture and also highlights the gaps in the literature.
Conclusion
From the above discussion it is clear that most of the ITS studies have been based in the developed countries. In
developing countries still much work is needed in this field to solve the emerging traffic related problems. Most of the ITS
systems have been developed on the GIS or WWW platforms. Both the platforms have their own advantages. While GIS
platform provides very powerful spatial analysis techniques whereas WWW platform prove to be very useful in providing
real time information. Some developed systems used integration of both GIS as well as WWW platforms which makes it
possible to use the advantages of both the platforms. Most of the developed systems are based in the urban areas. There is a
great scope of work to be done in rural areas. The GPS is very useful in all the ITS systems. GPS data is 50% more efficient in
terms of manpower. It was found in the literature that with the use of ATMS technology the travel time was reduced around
1.9% - 29.0% and average stop speed reduced around 14.8% - 55.9%. With the use of EMS the responding speed applied to
system is increased around 50% and the total time needed to handle the emergency event was decreased around 40% than
the other traditional method.
In the development of ITS, integration of the different modes of transportation is very necessary. Hence, the work should
be done in this field. In ITS real time information is a very important factor. GPS is one technology which can help in this
direction so the work needed to be done towards making GPS more accurate and economical. In all the developing countries
mixed traffic conditions prevails, so in the development of the ITS mixed traffic conditions should also be considered in
order to make it applicable in developing countries also. In implementation of the ITS especially in developing countries its
installation and operating cost are very big factors. Hence, the work should be done in the direction to make the ITS more
economical.New emerging technologies like Zigbee and RFID can be helpful in this direction. The reach of ITS till now is
limited to few persons so the work should be done in order to make it more accessible and user friendly. The use of mobile
phones can be really helpful in this direction as mobile phones are most commonly used electronic gadget all over the world.
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