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Ex 2 5 FSC Part2 Ver3 1
Ex 2 5 FSC Part2 Ver3 1
5 (Solutions)Page 79
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 3.1
Question # 1
Difference the following trigonometric functions from the first principles.
(i) sin 2x (ii) tan 3x (iii) sin 2 x + cos 2 x (iv) cos x 2
(v) tan 2 x (vi) tan x (vii) cos x
Solution
(i) Suppose y = sin 2 x
⇒ y + δ y = sin 2( x + δ x)
⇒ δ y = sin 2( x + δ x) − y
= sin 2( x + δ x) − sin 2 x
Dividing both sides by δ x
δ y sin(2 x + 2δ x) − sin 2 x
=
δx δx
2 x + 2δ x + 2 x 2 x + 2δ x − 2 x
2cos sin
2 2
=
δx
2cos ( 2 x + δ x ) sin (δ x )
=
δx
Taking limit as δ x → 0
δy 2cos ( 2 x + δ x ) sin (δ x )
lim
δ x →0 δ x
= lim
δ x →0 δx
dy sin (δ x )
dx
= 2 δlimx →0
cos ( 2 x + δ x ) ⋅
δx
sin (δ x )
= 2 δlim
x →0
cos ( 2 x + δ x ) ⋅ lim
δ x →0 δx
sin θ
= 2 cos ( 2 x + 0 ) ⋅ (1) ∵ lim =1
θ →0 θ
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 2
dy
⇒ = 2cos 2 x
dx
dy sin ( 3δ x ) 1 3
= lim ⋅ ⋅ × ing and ÷ ing 3 on R.H.S
dx δ x →0 δx cos ( 3 x + 3δ x ) cos3 x 3
sin ( 3δ x ) 1
= 3 lim ⋅ lim
δ x →0 3δ x δ x →0 cos ( 3 x + 3δ x ) cos3 x
1
= 3(1) ⋅
cos ( 3 x + 3(0) ) cos3 x
3 3
= =
cos3 x cos3 x cos 2 3x
dy
⇒ = 3sec 2 3 x
dx
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 3
= 2cos ( 2 x + δ x ) sin (δ x ) − 2sin ( 2 x + δ x ) sin (δ x )
Dividing by δ x
δy 1
= 2cos ( 2 x + δ x ) sin (δ x ) − 2sin ( 2 x + δ x ) sin (δ x )
δx δx
Taking limit as δ x → 0
δy 1
lim = lim 2cos ( 2 x + δ x ) sin (δ x ) − 2sin ( 2 x + δ x ) sin (δ x )
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0 δ x
dy sin (δ x ) sin (δ x )
= 2 lim cos ( 2 x + δ x ) lim − 2 lim sin ( 2 x + δ x ) lim
dx δ x →0 δ x →0 δx δ x →0 δ x →0 δx
sin θ
= 2cos ( 2 x + 0 ) ⋅ (1) − 2sin ( 2 x + 0 ) ⋅ (1) Since lim =1
θ →0 θ
dy
⇒ = 2cos 2 x − 2sin 2 x
dx
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 4
Taking limit as δ x → 0
δx
2 δx
2 sin x + δ x
lim
δy
= − lim 2sin x + xδ x + ⋅
2 ⋅ x + δ x
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0
2 δx 2
x+ δ x
2
δx
2 δx 2 sin x + δ x
dy 2 δx
⇒ = − 2 lim sin x + xδ x + ⋅ lim ⋅ lim x +
dx δ x →0
2 δ x →0 δx δ x →0 2
x+ δ x
2
= − 2sin ( x 2 + (0) + (0) ) ⋅ (1) ⋅ ( x + (0) )
dy
⇒ = − 2 x sin x 2
dx
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 5
dy
⇒ = 2 tan x sec 2 x
dx
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 6
x+0+ x
sin
= − 2 ⋅ (1) ⇒
dy
= −
sin x ( )
( x +0 + x) dx 2 x
Question # 2
Differentiate the following w.r.t. the variable involved.
2
(i) x 2 sec 4 x (ii) tan 3 θ sec 2 θ (iii) ( sin 2θ − cos3θ ) (iv) cos x + sin x
Solution
(i) Assume y = x 2 sec 4 x
Differentiating w.r.t x
dy d 2
= x sec 4 x
dx dx
d d
= x 2 sec 4 x + sec 4 x x 2
dx dx
d
= x 2 sec 4 x tan 4 x (4 x) + sec 4 x (2 x)
dx
2
= x sec 4 x tan 4 x(4) + 2 x sec 4 x
= 2 x sec 4 x ( 2 x tan 4 x + 1)
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 7
= 2 ( sin 2θ − cos3θ )( 2cos 2θ + 3sin 3θ )
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 8
dy d 1+ x
= cos
dx dx 1 + 2x
1
1+ x d 1+ x 1 + x d 1 + x 2
= − sin = − sin
1 + 2 x dx 1 + 2 x 1 + 2 x dx 1 + 2 x
−1
1+ x 1 1+ x d 1+ x
2
= − sin ⋅
1 + 2x 2 1 + 2x dx 1 + 2 x
1 1 + 2x d 1 + x − 1 + x d 1 + 2x
1 + x 1 1 + 2x 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) (
dx dx
)
= − sin ⋅ 2
1 + 2x 2 1 + x (1 + 2 x )
1
1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 (1 + 2 x )(1) − (1 + x )( 2 )
= − sin ⋅
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x )
2
1
1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 1 + 2 x − 2 − 2 x
= − sin ⋅
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x )2
1
1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 −1
= − sin ⋅
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x ) 2
1
1
= sin
1+ x
⋅
(1 + 2 x ) 2
2 1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x ) 2− 12
dy 1 1+ x
⇒ = 3 sin
dx 2 1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 1 + 2x
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 9
dx 1
⇒ = −
du csc2 x
= − sin 2 x
Now by chain rule
dy dy dx
= ⋅
du dx du
= ( cos x ) ( − sin 2 x ) = − sin 2 x cos x
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 10
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d π
= − x
dx dx 4
dy
= 0 −1 ⇒ = −1
[
dx
Question # 7
dy
If y = tan x + tan x + tan x + ...∞ , Prove that ( 2 y − 1) = sec2 x .
dx
Solution
Since y = tan x + tan x + tan x + ...∞
Taking square on both sides
y 2 = tan x + tan x + tan x + ...∞
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 11
dy dy dθ
= ⋅
dx dθ dx
1
= 3b sin 2 θ cosθ ⋅ −
3a sin θ cos 2 θ
b
= − tan θ
a
dy dy
⇒ a = − b tan θ ⇒ a + b tan θ = 0
dx dx
Question # 9
dy
Find if x = a ( cos t + sin t ) and y = a ( sin t − t cos t )
dx
Solution
x = a ( cos t + sin t ) and y = a ( sin t − t cos t )
[
Do yourself
Derivative of inverse trigonometric formulas
d 1
(i) Sin −1 x =
dx 1 − x2
See proof on book page 76
d −1
(ii) Cos −1 x =
dx 1 − x2
Proof
Let y = cos −1 x where x ∈ [ 0, π ]
⇒ cos y = x
Diff. w.r.t x
d dx dy
cos y = ⇒ − sin y = 1
dx dx dx
dy 1
=−
dx sin y
−1
= Since sin y is positive for x ∈ [ 0, π ]
2
1 − cos y
−1
=
1 − x2
d 1
(iii) Tan −1 x =
dx 1 + x2
See proof on book at page 77
d −1
(iv) Cot −1 x =
dx 1 + x2
Proof
Let y = cot −1 x
⇒ cot y = x
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 12
Diff. w.r.t x
d d dy
cot y = x ⇒ − csc 2 y = 1
dx dx dx
dy −1
⇒ =
dx csc2 y
−1
= 2
∵ 1 + cot 2 y = csc2 y
1 + cot y
dy 1
⇒ = −
dx 1 + x2
d 1
(v) Sec −1 x =
dx x x2 − 1
Proof
Let y = sec −1 x ⇒ sec y = x
Diff. w.r.t x
d d dy
sec y = x ⇒ sec y tan y = 1
dx dx dx
dy 1
⇒ =
dx sec y tan y
1
= ∵ 1 + tan 2 y = sec2 y
sec y sec 2 y − 1
d 1
⇒ Sec −1 x = ∵ sec y = x
dx x x2 − 1
d 1
(vi) Csc −1 x = −
dx x x2 − 1
See on book at page 77
Question # 10
Differentiate w.r.t. " x "
x x 1 a
(i) Cos −1 (ii) cot −1 (iii) Sin −1
a a a x
−1 x + 1
2
2x
(iv) Sin −1 1 − x 2 (v) Sec 2 (vi) Cot −1 2
x −1 1− x
1 − x2
−1
(vii) Cos 2
1+ x
Solution
x
(i) Let y = Cos −1
a
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d x
= Cos −1
dx dx a
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 13
−1 d x −1 1 d
= = ⋅ x
x
2 dx a
x 2 a dx
1− 1− 2
a a
−1 1 −a 1 −1
= ⋅ (1) = ⋅ = Ans
a2 − x2 a a2 − x2 a a2 − x2
a2
x
(ii) Let y = cot −1
a
Diff w.r.t x
dy d x
= cot −1
dx dx a
−1 d x −1 1 d
= 2
⋅ = 2 2
⋅ ( x)
x dx a a + x a dx
1+
a a2
−a 2 1 −a
= 2 2
⋅ (1) = 2 .
a +x a a + x2
1 a
(iii) Let y = Sin −1
a x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy 1 d a
= Sin −1
dx a dx x
1 1 d a 1 1 d −1
=
a 2 dx x
=
a 2 2
⋅a
dx
x ( )
a x −a
1−
x x2
x x 1 1
=
2 2
− x −2 =( 2
)2
− 2 = −
x 2 2
Ans
x −a x −a x x −a
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 14
x2 + 1
−1
(v) Let y = Sec 2
x −1
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d x2 + 1
= Sec −1 2
dx dx x −1
1 d x2 + 1
= ⋅ 2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
2 dx x − 1
2 2 −1
x −1 x −1
2
1 x(− 1
d 2
dx
x + ) (
1 − x 2
+ 1
d 2
dx
x −1 ) ( ) ( )
= ⋅ 2
x +1
2
(x 2 2
) (
+1 − x −1 2
)
2
x2 − 1 ( )
2
x −1 ( x 2 − 1) 2
x2 − 1 ( 2 x ) − x2 + 1 ( 2x ) ( ) ( )
1
= ⋅
2
x2 + 1 ( 4 2 4 2
) (
x + 2x + 1 − x + 2x + 1 2
x −1 ) ( )
2 ⋅
x − 1 ( x 2 − 1)
(x 2
−1 2x x2 − 1 − x2 − 1
)
2
( )
= ⋅
x + 1 ⋅ x + 2x + 1 − x + 2x − 1
2
2
( 4
) 2 4 2
x 2
− 1 ( )
1 − 4x −2
= ⋅ ( 2 x ( −2 ) ) = = Ans
(
x2 + 1 ⋅ 4x2 ) 2
x + 1 ⋅ 2x 2
x +1 ( ) ( )
(vi) Do yourself as above.
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 15
1 d x −1 x
= x + Tan ⋅ (1)
2 dx y y
1+ x
y
dy
1 y (1) − x x dy y
=x 2 dx + Tan−1 x = y− x +
2 2 2
y +x
2
y y y +x dx x
y2
dy xy x2 dy y
⇒ = 2 2
− 2 2
⋅ +
dx y +x y + x dx x
dy x2 dy xy y x 2 dy y x2
⇒ + 2 2
⋅ = 2 2
+ ⇒ 1 + ⋅ = + 1
dx y + x dx y +x x y 2 + x 2 dx x y 2 + x2
dy y
⇒ = Proved
[
dx x
Question # 12
If y = tan ( pTan −1 x ) , show that (1 + x 2 ) y1 − p (1 + y 2 ) = 0
Solution
Since y = tan ( pTan −1 x ) ⇒ Tan −1 y = pTan −1 x
Differentiating w.r.t x
d d
Tan −1 y = p Tan −1 x
dx dx
1 dy
⇒ 2
1 + y dx
= p⋅
1
1 + x2
⇒ (1 + x ) dy
dx
2
= p 1 + y2 ( )
dy
⇒ (1 + x ) y
2
1 ( )
− p 1 + y2 = 0 Since
dx
= y1
Error Analyst
Muzammil Ahsan (2009-11) Govt. Post Graduate Collage Jauharabad Distt. Khushab
Nain Malik (2012-14)
Muhammad Usman Saleem (2013-15) DPS & IC Jauharabad Distt. Khushab
Faizan Ali (2017) Punjab Group Of Colleges, Sargodha
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