1.

Jean-Francois Lyotard
Jean-Francois Lyotard, is one of the most famous philosophers of
postmodernism as well as the most important among other postmodernist
philosophers. Two works that made him famous both in France and abroad, namely
The Postmodernism Condition and The Differend. His work is also either something
or someone who is denied a voice against the dominant ideological system that
determines what is acceptable and what is unacceptable (Zaprulkhan, 2006 320).

Lyotard's thinking about science from the view of modernism which is a big
narrative such as freedom, progress, and so on, according to him, is now
experiencing the same problems as the Middle Ages which gave rise to the terms
religion, nationality, and belief in the superiority of European countries, which are
currently unreliable or lacking exactly the truth. Thus, postmodernism considers a
science should not be directly accepted the truth should be investigated and proven
first. For Lyotard, postmodernism is not merely a tool of ruler, postmodern science
expands our sensitivity to different views and strengthens our ability to tolerate
unwillingness to be compared (Maxum, 2014: 319-321).

2. Michael Foucalt
Michel Foucault, was a postmodernist who rejected the universality of
knowledge. There are several assumptions of enlightenment thought rejected by
Foucault:

● Knowledge is not metaphysical, transcendental, or universal, but unique to

each time and place.

● No knowledge can capture the objective nature of the world, but knowledge
always takes perspective.

● Knowledge is not seen as a neutral and pure understanding, but is always

tied to the ruling regimes (Maksum, 2014 322).

3. Jasques Derrida
Discussing this philosopher cannot be separated from his thoughts on
deconstruction. This term is one of the key concepts of postmodernism. What is
deconstruction? etymologically, deconstruction means breaking down, releasing, and
opening (Maksum, 2014 331).

Derrida created a deconstruction thought, which is one of the keys to

postmodernism, which tries to contribute to theories of knowledge that are
considered very rigid and whose truth cannot be denied, which in this case is
modernism. Derrida tries to examine the truth of a theory of knowledge which for him
can be refuted, in the sense that it can create a new theory as long as it can be
proven true and held accountable.

4. Jean Baudrillard
Jean Baudrillard; his thoughts focused on culture, which he saw underwent a major
revolution and was a catastrophe. The cultural revolution caused the masses to
 become more passive rather than more rebellious as Marxist thinkers thought. Thus,
the mass is seen as a black hole that absorbs all meanings, information,
communication, messages and so on, becoming meaningless. . The masses go their
own way, ignoring efforts aimed at manipulating them. This chaos, apathy, and
lethargy is an appropriate term to describe the saturation of the masses to the signs
of media, simulation, and hypereality (Maksum, 2014 338).

For Jean Baudrillard, his works have contributed to the thought of social
theory for postmodernism which for him is that the object of consumption is the order
of production. So, for him, people live in a simulation which is characterized by
meaninglessness. Because humans have lost their identity and identity, which
happened a lot in contemporary times. This character is famous for calling the world
of postmodernism a hyperreal life.

5. Fredrick Jameson
He is one of the most prominent Marxist literary critics. George Ritzer in
Postmodern Social Theori, places Jameson with Daniel Bell, the feminist and
multicultural theorist. Jameson uses the Marxist mindset to explain the new historical
epoch (postmodernism), which for him is not a modification of capitalism, but an
expansion of it. AThus, it becomes clear that the present historical period is not a
break, but a continuation (Maksum, 2014 339).
According to Jameson, postmodernism has two main characteristics, namely
pastiche and schizophrenia. Jameson begins by explaining that great modernism is
based on a personal or personal style. Individual subjects are not only subjects of the
past, but also myths of subjects that never really existed, only mistification, says
Jameson, all that remains is pastiche. We've lost this positioning capability
historically. Postmodernism has a distinctive concept of time. Jameson, explaining
what he meant by using the theory of schizofrena lacan. Schizophrenia is a separate,
isolated, and failed material marker experience that forms a coherent circuit (Hidayat,
2008: 227).