REVIEWER FOR SCIENCE
American seismologist & geologist,
> TEST 1
PLATE TECTONICS THEORY = states
that Earth's outermost layer is
fragmented on large and small
plates that are moving on another
while riding atop a hotter and more
mobile material known as the
asthenosphere.
● Earth is generally composed
of 58 crustal plates.
● 15 PRIMARY PLATES = African
Plate, Eurasian Plate,
Indo-Australian Plate, North
American Plate, Pacific Plate,
and the South American Plate
w/ Nazea Plate.
● SECONDARY PLATE = Arabian
Plate, Caribbean Plate, Cocos
Plate, Indian Plate, Juan de
Duca Plate, Philippine Sea
Plate, Scotia Plate.
● Tertiary Plates are smaller
parts of primary & secondary
plates that have broken off
and continue being broken
over time.
ISOSTACY = states that whatever
equilibrium exists in the Earth’s
surface, equal mass must underlie
equal surface areas. ISO means
“same” and STATIS means
“standstill”.
= equal or balance land
mass/areas.
CLARENCE EDWARD DUTTON =
proposed the term “isostacy” in
1889.
ABRAHAM ORTELIUS = developed
and published the theory Theatrum
Orbis Terrarum (the 1st world atlas)
on January 1, 1596, which also gave
rise to the Plate Tectonics Theory.
= He noted the similarity between
the coastlines of Africa, Europe and
the America and adopted Plato’s
story of the demise of Atlantis. He
suggested that America was
originally connected to Europe and
Africa and that the projecting parts
of the 2 continents would fit the
recesses of America.
ALFRED WEGENER = German
climatologist who proposed the
Continental Drift Theory in his book,
The Origins of Continents and
Ocean in 1915, which states that the
world was once made up of a single
continent called Pangea (meaning
“All Earth) and really existed during
Permian Period.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY =
hypothesis says that the Earth’s
Continents have moved over
geologic time relative to each other,
or appearing to have drifted across
the ocean bed.
RAISIN THEORY = many scientists
explained the physical attributes of
earth using this theory, where the
Earth is likened to a grape that
contracted to a raisin due to a and then gradually moves away
cooling process that occurred after from the ridge.
the Big Bang about 13.77B yrs ago.
OCEANIC CRUST
= Scientists thought the cooling
process caused contraction and - Can be seen on bodies of
pressure that allowed some parts water.
of the crust to move upward, - Younger than the continental
creating mountains, while other crust.
parts buckled downwards, creating - Thinner than the latter.
ocean basins & other depressions. - Floats on magma
scarcely/barely.
● BOOKS PUBLISHED BY SCIENTISTS ARE - Made up of dense basalt.
HIGHLIGHTED IN PURPLE.
- Has higher density than
continental.
SAN ANDREAS FAULT ZONE = is in - 5-10 km thick.
California.
= a transform fault that connects 2
diverging boundaries, namely the CONTINENTAL CRUST
East Pacific Rise along the Pacific
Ocean and South Gorda in Florida. - Is on land.
- Older than oceanic.
- Thicker.
> TEST 2 - floats on magma freely.
- made up of less dense
HARRY HESS = American geologist, granite.
professor and a military officer who - has lower density than
proposed the Seafloor Spreading oceanic.
Theory in the 1960’s. - 30-50 km thick.

THEIR SIMILARITIES
ROBERT DIETZ = He coined the
term “Seafloor Spreading”. A - Both differ in rock
scientist w/ the US Coast and types.
Geodetic survey in 1961. - Both found on tectonic
plates.
SEAFLOOR SPREADING THEORY = A - Both are less dense
process that occurs at mid-ocean than mantle.
ridges, where new oceanic crust is - Both can shift and
formed through volcanic activity move and grow.
 - Both made up of solid
material.
MAIN BOUNDARIES
CONVERGENT (COLLIDING) = this
type of plate boundary is also
called “Destructive Plate Boundary”.
It occurs where 2 plates are pushing
toward each other.
● SUBDUCTION ZONES - are the
regions where a portion of the
tectonic plates are diving
beneath other plates into the
Earth’s interior.
DIVERGENT (SPREADING) = a zone
also known as “Constructive
Boundary”, where 2 lithospheric
plates move apart/away from each
other.
TRANSFORM FAULT (LATERAL) = a
zone between 2 plates that slide
horizontally against/past one
another and is also called as
“Conservative Boundary”.

3 TYPES OF CONVERGENT
BOUNDARIES

● OCEANIC TO OCEANIC
CONVERGENCE - occurs when
2 oceanic plates meet and 1
oceanic plate is pushed
underneath the other.

● OCEAN TO CONTINENTAL
CONVERGENCE - occurs when
an oceanic plate pushes into
and moves underneath a
continental plate.

● CONTINENTAL TO
CONTINENTAL
CONVERGENCE - occurs when
2 continents meet ahead on.

!! they may create landforms when

colliding !!
> TEST 3

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

FIVE LAYERS :
CRUST
UPPER MANTLE
LOWER MANTLE
OUTER CORE
INNER CORE