WIRE LINE OPERATION COURSE

CHAPTER 9

PERFORATOR / BAILER / B.P.V.

CONTENTS

Type A perforator
Running Options
F Collar Stop
F Tubing Stop
F Perforator stop
T Perforator stop / L Collar Locator

Sand Bailing
Pump Bailer
Hydrostatic Bailer

Back Pressure Valves

 OTIS TYPE A PERFORATOR

APPLICATIONS: The Type A Otis Perforator is a mechan-

ically-operated perforator used to perforate standard and
heavy-wall tubing. Perforating procedures are carried
out under pressure with standard wire-line tools.

No explosives are used. The danger of premature perforating

is reduced and the possibility of perforating the casing
is eliminated. Applications have included perforating to :
(I) provide access to casing annulus to circulate or kill
the well.

(11) bring in additional production zones.

(Ill) pennit production through tail pipe that has been

A plugged for remedial procedures and cannot be opened
by regular methods.

(iv) To gas lift old wells that do not have gas lift mandrels.

BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE

(I) Greater tubing penetration.

(11) Positive indication of perforation on removal of tool.

'(Ill) Safety release mechanism used for removal of perforator

from tubing without perforating.
Perforator is designed to withdraw punch and release
automatically after perforating.

(IV) Utilizes upward jarring for perforating action.

(Otis pre - fix (Part No.) is 62AO)

The standard size of hole punched by the perforator is

3/8" but this can be varied :t 1/16" (Le. 5/16 or 7116)by changing the
punch and bushing.

B An alternative is to use the Kinley explosive perforator which can also

be used to install orfice inserts. Otis are licensed to run this device.
PART NAME
'f Body
2 Shear Pin (2)
:3 Bushing
<. Punch
5 Punch Holder
6 Housing Weld.
7 Catch
8 Spring
9 Dowell Pin
10 Soc. Hd. Set Sew.
11 Shear Pin

9 - 2
 TYPE "Au PERFORATOR

~:
1.
Function test perforator by hand. Body should open and close freely. Check
bushingis ti&b1on punch and moves with punch.
2. A ~ pin is placed hi the shear pin hole at the bottom to hold the "Punch
holder"and the "outer housing"together.The punch holder should be in the upward
position.
3. 2 .short prass pins are placed in the yp'p'er shear pin hole to pin the" Body"
to the "punch holder",
4. Ensure "wedge" is well coated with high pressure.g~.

~ration :

The perforator can be run with tubing or collar stops attached (See p 11-4) or the
stop can be set separately prior to running perforator. Assuming a stop has been set:

I, . Make up perforator on standard toolstrlng.

2. Run down well to preset stop. At this point, provided you have not jarred
down, perforator can still be removed WITHOUT PUNCHING HOLE.
3. Jar down GENTLY - pick up each time after jarring. If top 2 pins are sheared

-
body will pick up, extend punch + bushing and push slips against tubing wall.
IF HOLE IS NOT REQUIRED-JAR DOWN HARD TO SHEAR BOTTOM PIN.
"Safety Catch" will lock in "Port BO'and lock perforator out of service.
Pick up (gently in case bottom pins are not sheared and pull out of hole.)

4. TO PERFORATE - Jar \ill. Sit down slowly and jar up again. Continue
jarring up until perforator comes free. At this point the "'Safety Catch" will
lock in "Port A" . Pull out of well.

Precautions:

1. -
The top pins do not take much jar force to shear. Check after each downward
lick.
2. After perforation has commenced DO NOT JAR DOWNW ARD as
this may break the punch.
3. Bushing must be a !igb! fit on punch so that it moves to tubing wall and
supports punch.
4. Hydraulic jars £!!! be used.

9- 3
 PERFORATOR: RUNNING OPTIONS

5. While pressure should equalise as soon as hole is punched and before punch
is withdrawn the operator should be aware that it is P.Qssible to be blown up
the hole. Keep a bind on wire after each upward lick.
6. Check.§~cifications of perforator match tubing weight prior to using.

I. Pre - setting stop 2. Running with stoP.attached.

- 'TYPE"AnPERFORATOR
-

.. ..

STEM SPACER
(Optional)

~- Blind Bo,
Knuckle

Joint
- ~
~

~ 1

'T' Perforator
Stop,

"f" Collar Stop. nF" Tubing SlOp Perforator Stop "LOO Collar
Locator.

Running Tool: S8
Pulling Tool: S8

~,

9- 4
 F COLLAR STOP

The F CQllar StQP is designed tQ be set in the cQllar

recesses .ofEU and NU tubing. .
oil Pin
It is run and pulled .on an sa pulling t.o.ol.

T.o run, place c.ollet in the I.ower positi.on

(as sh.own) and squeeze t.ogether in a vice until
Body springs snap t.ogether.
This h.olds the sh.oulders "retracted" during running.

Pin in the d.ownward positi.on.

Run int.o the tubing t.o bel.oW desired c.ollar.

Pick-up, tripping springs, and set d.own int.o
c.ollar. Jar d.own t.o I.ockand shear .off.

Latch with sa t.opull by jarring upwards.

_Collet
Weldment

Roll Pin

ReleaseSpring.

9- 5
 F TUBING STOP

The F tubing stop is designed to set in all tubing

(except plastic coated) and hold force from the top.

It is run and pulled on an SB.

Run slowly to desired depth then over run slips

to grip tubing wall. If position is incorrect
pick up and re - position. Jar down to set tight
and shear sa.

Slip Mandrel

Slips

Band
- (Welded)

Slip Carrier.

9- 6
 F PERFORATOR COLLET STOP

This stop is designed to screw directly into

base of perforator (or via knuckle -joint).
It is set in the same manner as the F Collar
Stop but by attaching to perforator time
is saved setting and. pulling collet stop.
.',

Shear Pin

Collet Weldment

- Roll Pin
- Release Springs.

9- 7
 T PERFORATOR STOP /COUPLING LOCATOR

.. T perforator stop- is attached to the perforator.

Running in slowly the whole assembly can be
lowered to perforating depth. Rapid downward
movement" over- runs" slips. Stop then
Mandrel provides firm base on which to trip perforator.

Coupling

Slips

Latch
Band

Latch Pin
Spring -
~
-~--~--
.- Slip Carrier

~-
~
----

Latch
Carrier

L collar locator is screwed onto T perforator

stop. It is pinned to extend latch for correct
tubing size. Upper end of latch carrier keeps
.
slips disengaged.. until upward movement locates Housing.
collar and trips latch. shears pin and releases
slips. This, tool ensures perforator does not
punch hole in collar. This would be too thick.
and would damage perforator.

9- 8
 PROJECT 28 - TYPE A PERFORATOR

1. Ust 2 uses of the type n An Perforator.

(1)

(11)

2. What size hole dc:>esa standard perforator punch make?

3. What are 3 different sizes most frequently used.

(1)

(11)

(w)

4. Know how to dis - assemble and assemble this tool and indicate what
componentsare held togetherby :
(1) The top shear pins a) , , , ,..., ,...........

b).....................................................................

. (11) Bottom shear pin a) "...

b)" ,................

5. If we decide to set a stop' fIrst then run the perforator which two stops
can we use:

(1) ...................................................................................

(11) ....................................................................................

6. What are the running/pulling tools for the stops in Question 5 (1) and 5 (11)

7. If we wish to run the stops attached to the perforator which two stops
can we use

(1) , """""'"

(11), ,............

8. What is the purpose of the L collar Locator?

9. ,Why do we sometimes include a stem as spacer below perforator?

i"
9- 9
 SAND BAILING

Occassionally wireline service involves sand bailing prior to the actual pulling
or setting of subsurface flow, controls. Techniques vary, but the operation of sand
pumps are very much the same. After a few trips, the operator should know what
he will have to do to get a bailer full each trip; that is, how long he must stroke
the pump, whether it is necessary to drive down on the bailer (this seldom helps)
or how fast he must work the plunger.

Short bridges in the tubing will require some more precautions due to the
possibility of pressure trapped under a bridge. The most important of these precau-
tions is that the operator should never stroke the pump and stop at the top of the
stroke. He should keep the tools moving on up the tubing until he is sure there is
no pressure, then set the pump back down to make another stroke.

When the bailer falls through a bridge, the tools should be pulled back up
several feet above the point where the bridge was first encountered to make sure
the bridge of sand is completely clear before going deeper.

Sand is prone to become packed tight on the top when pressure has been applied
to the tubing above, which is very often done to keep the pressure equalized
above and below the sand bridge. This makes it difficult to pick up with the sand
pump. In this case, it might be necessary to run a tool to loosen it. This
could. be a pointed tool with barbs welded on it to drive down into the hard
sand and pull back out. A round tool with teeth cut around the bottom edge will
sometimes loosen it enough for the pump to pick it up. (eg. Serrated gauge clltter).

, Sand Bailers are of two basic designs

(1) , Pump Bailers

(11) Hydrostatic Bailers.

,... 9 - 10
 SAND BAILERS
(1) mE PUMP BAILER (50 MO ) is used to remove the bulk of the sand
above the wireline tools/equipment.

Description: It is a hollow tube with a check valve (ball or flapper) at its lower
end which is usually.muleshoed (cut at 45 degree). It contains a piston
and valve attached to a rod which passes through a loose hole
(for fluid by-pass) at the upper end of the tube.' This rod is attached
to the toolstring (See p 11-8)
Qperation : As the bottom of the bailer sits on the sand the weight of the toolstring
pushes piston to the bottom of the tube. As this piston is picked up it .

sucks sand and debri into the bottom of the bailer. This slow" stroking
process" continues until the bailer is full.

(11) HYDROSTATIC BAILERS (50 BO )

A hydrostatic bailer consists of a chamber sealed at atmospheric pressure.

When the bailer reaches the top of the sand and is jarred down, a shear disk is
ruptured, and the bottom hole pressure surging into the chamber sucks up the
sand. A ball check in the bottom serves to trap the sand in the chamber.

These bailers are used to clean off sand or foreign materials from around a
fishing neck very successfully and are not recommended for normal bailing
operations. In soft sand, this bailer will bury itself each time it goes off.
It usually requires a haId object against which to shear the disc.

ALWAYS use pump bailer to remove bulk of sand etc. until the pump bailer is
resting on plug or whatever is to be removed. THEN a hydrostatic bailer can
be used to clean around the fishing neck.

Hydrostatic bailers are not recommended for normal bailing operations because:

(a) Too slow.

(b) High possibility of sticking in sand due to the suction action when the
sealed chamber is opened.
CAUTION

Sand pumps and hydrostatic bailers can be dangerous after pulling them to the surface
and when unloading the sand, due to .pressure trap.ped inside the chamber. Caution
should be taken when removing the check valve on bottom to make sure there is no
pressure inside. This can be determined usually by how hard the bottom is to unscrew.
You should never completely remove the bottom while the bailer is pressured up.
Do not hammer on a bailer to remove sand. These bailers are subject to bottom
hole pressure. It is a good idea to visually inspect these bailers for wear and
wall reduction.

Hydrostatic bailers have pressure relief valves, and some have an automatic
pressure relief valve. . These become plugged easily and can be dangerous to handle,
so observe the above caution when unscrewing bottom.

9 - 11
-'-"'--."-
HYDROSTATIC BAILER. OPERATION

Before running, check the following points:

(I) Upper Manual pressure relief closed (fully IN)

(11) Automatic Pressure relief - check a-Ring and that disc is in position.
(m) Insert shear disc - to ensure 100% sealing it is helpful to wrap teflon
(P.T.F.E.) tape around edge or grease disc.
(IV) Check skirt is tight.

Seguence of Op'erations : Refer to diagram 9.

(I) Hydrostatic is run to solid obstruction. Tubing pressure outside is

much greater than the atmospheric pressure inside. Downward jar action
shears the disc.

(11) The disc IS forced inside the cylinder as the sand, scale and fluid rushes in
to fill the cylinder. The pressure inside and outside is now equalised.

(m) As the bailer is pulled out of the well the tubing pressure decreases near the
surface. Pressure trapped inside by check valve is now greater than tubing
pressure. Automatic relief valve should release excess pressure.

CAUTION: This relief valve can be easily blocked by sand.

(IV) On the surface the maIlual relief valve should be loosened (do not remove
completely) and the ball check pushed off lower seat by a brass rod to ensure
no pressure is trapped inside. Remove lower housing.
-
NOTE: Clean threads and grease before re assembling.

9 - 14
 PROJECT 29 - SAND BAILERS

1. Describe the difference between a "pump bailer" and a "hydrostatic bailer"

2. When do you use:

(1) A pump bailer

(11) A Hydrostatic bailer.

3. What precautions must be taken when using. and emp'!y'ing.sand bailers?
(1)

(11)

4. Describe operation of "pump bailer"

5. Describe operation of "hydrostatic bailer"

6. Why must !the hydrostatic bailer only be used against a solid object:
(1)

(11)
7. Why is an ..extension" used on a pump bailer?

9 - 15
 PERSONAL NOTES

L 9- 16
 BACK PRESSURE VALVES

Back Pressure Valves are installed in the tubing hanger during the following
operations.
MaxO.D. Min.Bore
\ B.P.V. Hangar
(I) Nipple down drilling B.O.P. (or nipple up B.O.P.
2.1 I.940
8 2.020"
(11) Nipple up Xmas tree (or nipple down Xmas tree)
2.2
8 2.485"
(111) Test Xmas tree (2 way check)
3 - 1.
2 3.030" 2.950
(IV) Replace Master Valve.
4 .1 3.980" 3.900
2
The two main types used by P.D.O. are

(I) 3 - 1/2" CameronTY.P~"H" B.P.V. - max 0.0. = 3.030"

min bore through hanger = 2.950"
(11) 5 - 1/2" Otis "SA" Wellhead p'lug- max OD=4.825"/ 5.250 keys expanded
hangar ID.. 4.680"
(I) Cameron Ty'p'e "H" B.P.V. (refer to p 12 - 18).

Cameron Type "H" Back Pressure Valves are used extensively in Cameron
Hangers to safely seal well pressure to 20,000 psi during removal of the blowout
preventer and installation of the Christmas Tree. Fluid may be circulated down
the tubing through the Back Pressure Valve with assurance of automatic reclosure
against well pressure at all times. If the tree above the tubing hanger is to be
pressure tested, the Type "H" Two Way Check Valve may be landed in the tubing hanger for
pressures to 20,000 psi.

The Cameron special shallow threads on Type "H' Back Pressure Valves and Plugs
provide strength for extreme pressures and long service life, with minimum reduction
in bore through the threaded portion.

If during the life of the well it becomes necessary to remove the Christmas
Tree or repair the lower master valve, the back pressure valve can be reinst-
alled in the hanger without killing the well. The" Lubricator" consists of
a rod which works through a yoke provided with two stuffing boxes. By
closing the vent valve and opening the equalizing valve, well pressure acts
on both the top and bottom of the rod. The rod can then be moved up or down by
means of a friction wrench. Experienced operators can utilize the well pressure
in moving the rod by manipulation of the valves.

(11) Otis "SA" Wellhead~- used in 5 - 1/2" L.O.O. Hangers.

Running Tool =41 CO 29

Pulling Tool =40 CO 6

Installed and removed using convention wireline rig up.
This plug holds pressure from both directions.

9- 17
 CAMERON TYPE "H" BACK PRESSURE VALVE
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9 -18

--
 PROJECT 30 - BACK PRESSURE VALVES

1. What are the 2 main types of RP.V:

(I)

(11)

2. In what sizes of tubing hanger are each of the above B.P.V. used?
(I)

(11)
3. When is a B.P.V. Installed in the tubing hanger?
(I)

(11)

(111)

(IV)

4. Can a B.P. V. be installed and removed with full pressure on the well ?

5. What is the maximum0.0. of the 3 - 1/2" CameronType "H" B.P.V.?

6. What is the ID of the hanger for the 3 - 1/2" CameronType" H" B.P.V.?

7. What is the maximum00 of the 5 - 1/2" Otis "SA" wellhead plug?

8. What is the LO. of the 5 - 1/2" L.O.O. Hanger?