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Chapter 3 - Valuing Bonds
Chapter 3 - Valuing Bonds
Valuing Bonds
Slides by
Matthew Will
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-2
Topics Covered
Using The Present Value Formula to
Value Bonds
How Bond Prices Vary With Interest
Rates
The Term Structure of Interest Rates
Explaining the Term Structure
Real and Nominal Rates of Interest
Corporate Bonds and the Risk of
Default
3-3
Valuing a Bond
C1 C2 1,000 C N
PV ...
(1 r )1 (1 r ) 2 (1 r ) N
3-4
Valuing a Bond
Example
If today is October 1, 2010, what is the value of the
following bond? An IBM Bond pays $115 every
September 30 for 5 years. In September 2015 it pays
an additional $1000 and retires the bond. The bond is
rated AAA (WSJ AAA YTM is 7.5%)
Cash Flows
Sept 11 12 13 14 15
115 115 115 115 1115
3-5
Valuing a Bond
Example continued
If today is October 1, 2010, what is the value of the following
bond? An IBM Bond pays $115 every September 30 for 5 years.
In September 2015 it pays an additional $1000 and retires the
bond. The bond is rated AAA (WSJ AAA YTM is 7.5%)
$1,161.84
3-6
Valuing a Bond
Example - France
In December 2008 you purchase 100 Euros of bonds in France
which pay a 8.5% coupon every year. If the bond matures in 2012
and the YTM is 3.0%, what is the value of the bond?
8.5 8.5 8.5 108.5
PV
1.03 1.03 1.03 1.034
2 3
120.44 Euros
3-7
Valuing a Bond
16 16 16 16 216
PV
1.045 1.045 1.045 1.045 1.0455
2 3 4
243.57 Yen
3-8
Valuing a Bond
Example - USA
In February 2009 you purchase a 3 year US Government bond.
The bond has an annual coupon rate of 4.875%, paid semi-
annually. If investors demand a 0.006003% semiannual return,
what is the price of the bond?
$1,107.95
3-9
Valuing a Bond
$918.09
Treasuries
16
14
12
10
Yield , %
0
1900
1906
1912
1918
1924
1930
1936
1942
1948
1954
1960
1966
1972
1978
1984
1990
1996
2002
2008
Year
3-11
110.00
105.00
Bond Price, %
100.00
95.00
90.00
85.00
80.00
0
10
Interest Rates, %
3-12
3,000
2,500
Bond Price, ($)
30 yr bond
2,000 When the interest rate
equals the 5% coupon,
both bonds sell for
1,500 face value
1,000
3 yr bond
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Interest Rates, %
3-13
Duration Formula
duration
Modified Duration volatility (%)
1 yield
3-14
Duration Calculation
Duration
Example (Bond 1)
Calculate the duration of our 6 7/8 % bond @ 4.9 %
YTM
Year CF PV@YTM % of Total PV % x Year
1 68.75 65.54 .060 0.060
2 68.75 62.48 .058 0.115
3 68.75 59.56 .055 0.165
4 68.75 56.78 .052 0.209
5 68.75 841.39 .775
3.875
1085.74 1.00 Duration 4.424
3-16
Duration
Example (Bond 2)
Given a 5 year, 9.0%, $1000 bond, with a 8.5% YTM,
what is this bond’s duration?
3-18
Interest Rates
Short- and long-term interest rates do not always move in
parallel. Between September 1992 and April 2000 U.S. short-
term rates rose sharply while long term rates declined.
Term Structure of Interest 3-19
Rates
YTM (r)
1981
1987 & Normal
1976
Year
1 5 10 20 30
Spot Rate - The actual interest rate today (t=0)
Forward Rate - The interest rate, fixed today, on a loan
made in the future at a fixed time.
Future Rate - The spot rate that is expected in the future
Yield To Maturity (YTM) - The IRR on an interest bearing
instrument
3-20
Yield Curve
U.S. Treasury Strip Spot Rates as of February
2009
4.5
4.0
3.5
Spot rates (%)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2009 Aug 15
2011 Aug 15
2013 Aug 15
2015 Aug 15
2017 Aug 15
2019 Aug 15
2021 Aug 15
2023 Aug 15
2025 Aug 15
2027 Aug 15
2029 Aug 15
2031 Aug 15
2033 Aug 15
2035 Aug 15
2037 Aug 15
Maturity
3-21
3-22
Yield to Maturity
Example
A $1000 treasury bond expires in 5
years. It pays a coupon rate of 10.5%.
If the market price of this bond is
107.88, what is the YTM?
3-23
Yield to Maturity
Example
A $1000 treasury bond expires in 5 years. It
pays a coupon rate of 10.5%. If the market
price of this bond is 107.88, what is the YTM?
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
-1078.80 105 105 105 105 1105
3-24
Term Structure
What Determines the Shape of the Term Structure?
Expectations Theory
Real r
Demand
$ Qty
3-26
Inflation Rates
Annual rates of inflation in the United States from 1900–
2008.
25
20
Annual Inflation (%)
15
10
0
1900
1906
1912
1918
1924
1930
1936
1942
1948
1954
1960
1966
1972
1978
1984
1990
1996
2002
2008
-5
-10
-15
3-27
10.00
Average Inflation, %
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
d
us y
B e 2 3)
Sw da
19 age
n
s
er d
N en
(e ve a
Fr in
ce
k
m
Ca A
ly
nm a
UK
A wa
nd
ut lan
pa
ar
th lan
De ra li
A ic
a
S
Ita
iu
an
na
ed
Sp
r
/
U
Ja
la
22
lg
r
or
Af
So re
Ne zer
I
h
it
Sw
x
y
an
m
er
G
3-28
Q: Why do we care?
A: This theory allows us to understand the Term
Structure of Interest Rates.
Q: So What?
A: The Term Structure tells us the cost of debt.
Interest rate (%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1-Jan-84
1-Apr-85
1-Jul-86
Actual formula
1-Oct-87
1-Jan-89
1-Apr-90
1-Jul-91
1-Oct-92
UK Bond Yields
1-Jul-01
1-Oct-02
1-Jan-04
Debt & Interest Rates
1-Apr-05
1 rnominal (1 rreal ) (1 i )
1-Jul-06
1-Oct-07
1-Jan-09
3-30
3-29
Govt. Bills vs. Inflation (’53- 3-31
’08)
United Kingdom
30.00
25.00 Inflation
20.00
15.00
%
T-Bill Returns
10.00
5.00
0.00
’08)
United States
16.00
14.00
12.00
Inflation
10.00
8.00
T-Bill Returns
6.00
%
4.00
2.00
0.00
-2.00
Govt. Bills vs. Inflation (’53- 3-33
’08)
Germany
12.00
10.00
T-Bill Returns
8.00
6.00
4.00
%
2.00 Inflation
0.00
-2.00
-4.00
3-34
Bond Ratings
Key to bond ratings. The highest-quality bonds are rated triple
A. Bonds rated triple B or above are investment grade. Lower-
rated bonds are called high-yield, or junk, bonds.
3-35
Yield Spread
Yield spreads between corporate and 10-
year Treasury bonds.
7
corporate and government
Yield spread between
6
5
bonds, %
1
Spread on Aaa bonds
0
0.24
0.22
0.22
0.42
0.44
0.58
0.79
0.25
-0.05
-0.01
0.83
0.75
1.21
1.08
1.18
1.38
0.67
0.4
0.5
1.9
-1
Years
3-36
Web Resources
Click to access web sites
Internet connection required
http://cxa.marketwatch.com/finra/BondCenter
www.ft.com
www.smartmoney.com
www.wsj.com
www.finpipe.com
www.investinginbonds.com
www.investorguide.com
http://money.cnn.com/markets/bondcenter
www.federalreserve.gov
www.stls.frb.org
www.ustreas.gov