Human Computer Interaction: Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar
REF: Scott Klemmer

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
•Marks Distribution:
• Midterm: 30
• Terminal: 40
• Class participation: 10
• Assignments: 10
• Quizzes: 10
•Website:http:sites.google.com/site/bakhtyarmaheen
•Email:maheen.bakhtyar@gmail.com (ONLY
FOR STUDY RELATED MATTERS. STRICTLY

NOT FOR ASKING MARKS/GRADES)
Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 2

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
HUMAN
COMPUTER
INTERACTION

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
HUMAN
COMPUTER
INTERACTION

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
HUMAN
COMPUTER
INTERACTION

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
Good Design
vs.
Bad Design??

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
Bad Design costs ???

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
Bad Design costs:

- lives
- money
- time

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
Design for People
●People’s tasks, goals, and values drive
development
●Work with users throughout the process
●Assess decisions from the point of users, their
work, and their environment

●Pay attention to people’s abilities and situation
●Talk to the actual experts

HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
THE POWER OF
PROTOTYPING

Power of Prototyping
Prototype of digital camera (no taking picture)

Prototyping is a strategy
for efficiently dealing
with things that are
hard to predict

Focus on Goals
Evolve the Designs

Prototype of a PDA

The rights of a prototype...

●Should not be required to
be complete
●Should be easy to change
●Gets to retire

What Do Prototypes Prototype?

●Feel What might it look like?
●Implementation What might it
work like?
●Role What might the experience
be like?

Prototype of Boeing Interior

“The best way to have a good

idea is to have lots of ideas.”
-Linus Pauling (Chemist)

Prototype of Microsoft Mouse

EVALUATING DESIGNS

Evaluating Designs
How can we measure success?

How do we know?

Evaluating Designs
Why evaluate Designs with

People?

Evaluating Designs
●What are some things you might

want to learn about an interface?
●How would you find them out?

Evaluating Designs
Different Methods
Achieve Different Goals
Some Examples...

Evaluating Designs
USABILITY STUDIES: Bring
people in to your office/lab and let
them use your interface.
Drawbacks: -Office environment is
different than the actual where the
product would be used
- People coming to office know
they have to evaluate. So could be
biased Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 27
Evaluating Designs

Evaluating Designs
Feedback from Experts

Evaluating Designs

Evaluating Designs

Evaluating Designs
Issues to Consider...
●Reliability/Precision
●Generalizability
●Realism
●Comparison
●Work Involved

ORIGIN OF HCI

Origin of HCI
Bush (MIT, Stanford)

Origin of HCI
Memex (Bush 1945)
System to have all knowledge
at a desk.
Idea came up around in 1945
when digital computers were
being built

Origin of HCI
Bush imagined a camera to carry along.

Origin of HCI

Origin of HCI
The Mouse and Hypertext
1968; watch clip 1

Origin of HCI
“The best way to predict the future is to invent it”
Alan Kay's prototype 1970s for real GUI watch

clip 2

NEED FINDING

Need Finding
Participant Observation
Observe people to find users'
needs

Need Finding

Need Finding
“You Can Observe a Lot

Just by Watching”
—Yogi Berra

Need Finding
Tacit Knowledge:
Deep Hanging Out-meet people
to find needs

Need Finding
● What do people do now?

●What values and goals do people
have?
●How are these particular activities
embedded in a larger ecology?

●Similarities and differences across
people and other types of context,

like time of day
Need Finding
Process v. Practice

Need Finding
Set up a partnership with the

people to be observed
●Be taught the steps in the process
●Observe all of the practices
●Validate what you are observing
with those observed as you go

along
Need Finding
INTERVIEWING

Need Finding-Interviewing
Choosing Participants (most important task)

● Representative of target users
● May be current users of a similar system (e.g.
development of better something)

● Might also be the non-users

Say you were designing A lecture support system

Who would you interview?

Say you were designing A lecture support system
Who would you interview?
Find Major User Groups:
● Teacher
● Student
● Teaching staff
● Administrative staff
● Parents
● Fresher or Phd
● Domestic or International Student
● Stronger Student or Weaker Student

Recruiting Participants
● Get a diverse set of stakeholders
● Use incentives (e.g. to earn profit) and
motivation (how important your work will be for

the society)
● Approximate better than nothing

Approximate if Necessary
(may not be ideal, but better than nothing)
Example (System for doctors):
Interview medical students if cannot talk to
doctors to get started

The Importance of Being Curious

● You have to be more creative
● More obvious ---> More creativity
● It is hard to find interesting things from the
obvious ones
● That is why research gap in HCI is usually
difficult to find

What Are Good Questions?

Example (Tell if the question is good?):
“Is the daily update an important feature to you?”

Example (Tell if the question is good?):
“Is the daily update an important feature to you?”
NOT A VERY GOOD QUESTION!!!
● Why would user say “No” to this answer

● Open ended questions usually give more
interesting/detailed answers
e.g. I see from the log file you do not use
the feature of daily update often. Why?
Example: Why would user say “No” to this answer
“What would you like in a tool?”
NOT A GOOD QUESTION!!!
● Open ended question but user is not an expert in

the design as us
● Henry Ford says: If I ask people what they want
in the age of horse and buggy, they would say 'a

faster horse'
● Designer may come up with an idea of a car but
the user may not imagine it

● Ask about people's own life and goals, they are
expert in it and not the design

Other Types of Questions to Avoid:
● What they would do / like / want in hypothetical
scenarios (too hard to know)

● How often they do things (most users over
estimate such questions like how often you

exercise)
● How much they like things on an absolute scale
(what they reply is on average)

● Avoid binary Questions

Good Questions
Open ended are recommended

Conducting An Interview
● Introduce yourself, explain your purpose
● The interview is about them, not you!
● Begin with open, unbiased questions
● Ask the question and let them answer

(a little bit of)

Silence is Golden

CLASS ACTIVITY
● Make groups
● Think of a scenario to interview your users for
need finding
● Choose Participants who you would interview
(Major users' group)

● What means you would use to recruit the
participants
● Is approximation possible or needed?
● Give a list of at least 5 good questions (with
explanation)
● Give a list of at least 5 questions to avoid (with
explanation)
ADDITIONAL NEEDFINDING
STRATEGIES

Additional Need Finding Strategies
Diary Studies
● Give people a diary that they complete at a
specified time or interval

● Structured Task in diary
● Can use journals, cameras, voice, video
● Tailor the recording to the context e.g. while
driving→ can speak and record, during lecture →

write on a paper
● Diary study (limited by amount of material given
to users) can scale better than direct observation

(limited by the time spent with the users)
● Easier tools -> better results
● May require some practice, training, reminding

Experience Sampling
● Beep people at regular interval of time to write
down at that specific time

● Also called pagers studies as initially used
pagers to remind
● People do not have to remember to note down.
Designers remind them

● May use mobile phones, pagers or any
possible alarms
● Like diary studies, it uses information
aggregated from different set of people

● May use a digital form to record e.g. survey but
usually paper is most ubiquitous

Personas
Create personas [absract users created from the
studies (i.e. participant observation, interviewing, diary
studies, experience sampling)]
● A model of a person, an example.
● Includes demographic information, but should also
capture a person’s motivation, beliefs, intentions,

behavior and goals
● Draw a picture of your persona or use a photo
give him or her a name, an occupation, a background, a

social situation, some hopes, dreams, and goals etc.
Give the persona a story to tell
● Knowing what our persona thinks, does, and feel help
build empathy so that you can understand the state of

mind, emotion, philosophy, beliefs, or user point of view
● Empathy leads to insights which leads to design
opportunities Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 67

Ultimately, it’s the design whether need finding

used or not

ASSIGNMENT
● Think of a scenario for need finding
● Suggest the appropriate method (voice,video,
paper etc) to record diary studies in the scenario)

● Define a structure for the diary study
● How can you switch from diary study to
experience sampling in your scenario?

● Describe your persona in your scenario (you
may additionally draw a picture or use a photo

CREATING DESIGN GOALS

Creating Design Goals
Step before creating a design itself and after the
need finding
Herb Simon and the Ant
• An ant’s behavior looks complex, but
the complexity is (mostly) in the
environment.
• So if we change the environment, we
change the behavior.
• Design transforms existing situations
into (hopefully) preferred ones.

• We ought to have a really good sense of what

the existing situations are and what preferred
means for us.
●“preferred” has to do with both the user’s goals
and your point of view as a designer.

• So we have a sense of what people do

and their goals and contexts.
• That’ll help us connect observation to
design.

You’ll be able to
• When you are designing, what matters? What
should it accomplish?
• Estimate whether different designs are
meaningfully different

You’re doing this already

• Design often includes activity analysis implicitly
• Problem: leap to (just) one solution.
• Our goal is to make it explicit

Making this explicit
• This increases your mindfulness as a designer,

connects you to the texture of the domain, and
helps you communicate and discuss with other
stakeholders
• Having this intermediate, conceptual
representation makes it easier to be creative
because you’re taking a couple small leaps
instead of one big one

The outcome of activity analysis

• What are the steps?
• What are the artifacts?
• What are the goals?
(how you’ll measure success)
• What are the pain points?

Example: starting a car
Steps:
• Unlock driver's door
• Take a seat behind the wheel
• Insert key in ignition switch
• Turn key fully clockwise
• When engine starts, release the key
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/isd/cognitive-task-analysis.html

Example: artifacts
• key
• car
- door-lock
- ignition switch

Example: goals
• (your point of view comes in here)
• Turn on the car?
• Pick up bread?
• Make a meal?
• Have a satisfying evening?

Example: pain points
• In the narrow version: necessary to put
the key in? It’s already in the car. Why
not just drive off?
• In the slightly broader framing, the pain
point could be needing a car to get
bread. (Alternatively, bread could be
delivered, or you could walk/bike/...)

Activity analysis helps us create interfaces that...
• Usable Interfaces
• Reflect workflows that are familiar or
comfortable
• Support users’ learning styles
• Are compatible in the users’ working
environment
• Have a consistency of presentation (layout,
icons, interactions) that makes them appear
reliable and easy to learn

●Are the things that your interface is designing

for something that users actually do -- or might
want to do?
●Activities can and do change over time often
evolving along with technology and you don’t

need to just make current paths easy.

Keeping in mind...
• The same person uses the same design to

achieve slightly different things
• Different people may do things slightly
differently
● because they have slightly different
goals, expertise

Recap
• What are the steps?
• What are the artifacts?
• What are the goals?
• What are the pain points?

You can and should adapt this
• More or less formal?
• Diagrams? Text? Pictures? Video?
• Narrow or broad?
• Individual v. group viewpoint?
• Include more or other things like joy points, not
just pain points

Be creative and have fun!

Human Computer Interaction: Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar

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HUMAN COMPUTER

REF: Scott Klemmer

FOR STUDY RELATED MATTERS. STRICTLY

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 2

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 3

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 4

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 5

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 6

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 7

Bad Design costs ???

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 8

Bad Design costs:

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 9

●Assess decisions from the point of users, their

work, and their environment

●Talk to the actual experts

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 10

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 11

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 12

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 13

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 14

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 15

The rights of a prototype...

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 16

What Do Prototypes Prototype?

●Implementation What might it

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 18

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 19

“The best way to have a good

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 20

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 21

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 22

How can we measure success?

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 23

Why evaluate Designs with

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 24

●What are some things you might

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 25

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 26

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 28

Feedback from Experts

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 29

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 30

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 31

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 32

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 33

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Alan Kay's prototype 1970s for real GUI watch

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 39

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 40

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 41

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 42

“You Can Observe a Lot

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 43

Dr. Maheen Bakhtyar 44

● What do people do now?

embedded in a larger ecology?

people and other types of context,