Senior High School

NOT

EARTH SCIENCE
Quarter 1 - Module 3

Minerals and Its Importance to Society

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippine

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Earth Science- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 3: Minerals and Its Importance to Society
First Edition, 2020

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 SeniSoernH
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Earth Science
Quarter 1 - Module 3
Minerals and Its Importance to Society

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
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We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This module is for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials
(i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are
owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them. Sincerest appreciation to those who have made3significant contributions to this module.
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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About .................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ............................................................................................................. ii
How to Learn from this Module ............................................................................................. ii

Icons of this Module .............................................................................................................. iii

What I Know ......................................................................................................................... iii

Lesson 1:
Important Minerals to Society .................................................................................... 1
What I Need to Know.................................................................................................. 1
What Is It: List of Important Ore Minerals and Its Metals, Industrial Minerals
and Gems ................................................................................................ 2
What’s More: Let’s Fit those Important Minerals................................................. 3
What Is It: Importance of Minerals in the Society………………………….....4
What’s More: Let’s Connect Minerals to Its Importance in Modern
Society…………………………………………………………… 6
What’s New: Let’s Read Mind-erals …. ................................................................. 7
What I Can Do: I Can Write a Song........................................................................ 10

Lesson 2:
How Ore Minerals are Found, Mined and Processed for Human
Use .............................................................................................................................................................. 11
What’s In: ..................................................................................................................... 11
What I Need to Know................................................................................................. 11
What’s New: Situational Simulation ......................................................................... 12
What Is It: What are Ore Minerals? ....................................................................... 12
What’s More: Getting to Know M’Ore Minerals................................................... 13
What Is It: Ore Mining and Processing ..................................................................14
What’s New: Let’s Do SEE-quencing of Thoughts ........................................... 15
What Is It: Mining Site and Methods in Region X.............................................. 16
What’s New: Concept Mining ................................................................................ 17
What I Have Learned: Word Power...................................................................... 17
What I Can Do: Slogan Making ............................................................................ 18
Summary..................................................................................................................................................... .19
Assessment: (Post-Test) ................................................................................................................... 20
Key to Answers .................................................................................................................................... 21
References ............................................................................................................................................ 27
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 Module 3
Minerals and Its Importance to Society

What This Module is About

Welcome to the module that explains the importance of minerals to society and how
these mineral ores are found, mined and processed for human use. Several studies have
found that the common tao have always used mineral resources from the earth since time
immemorial. Ores and gems are minerals mined from the Earth to provide humans
advantages.

Each of these minerals are described well to give the reader information with regards
to its usage and importance to civilization. Likewise, a portion of this module will discuss where
we can find these ore minerals, how to extract them from the ground and in what manner it
will be converted into products that would benefit mankind. Indeed, this module will truly rock
your brainpowers for it contains activities solely crafted to let you stay on the hook and enjoy.

Moreover, this Module contains the most essential competencies of the subject Earth
Science in which the most reasonable, adequate, and lifelong ideas are developed. This is
aimed in identifying concepts related to minerals indispensable to humans and discussing
processes of how these mineral ores are found, mined and processed for human use. Basic
concepts and terminologies will be presented as we go along in the module.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

Lesson 1: Important Minerals to Society;

Lesson 2: How Ore minerals are Found, Mined, and Processed for Human Use.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. identify the minerals important to society (S11/12ES-Ic-7); and

2. describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use
(S11/12ES-Ic-d-8).

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How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I Can Do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

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 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Directions: Read carefully each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Which of the following statements is true?

a. All rocks contain minerals but minerals do not contain rocks.
b. All minerals are rocks, but not all rocks are minerals.
c. There is no relationship between rocks and minerals.
d. Rocks and minerals do not go together.
2. Which of the following minerals is considered the hardest on the Earth?
a. Talc b. Gold c. Iron d. Diamond
3. Which of the following minerals is considered as the softest?
a. Fluorine b. Talc c. Gypsum d. Halite
4. What mineral is used to make cement, concrete, pottery, and bricks?
a. Halite b. Gravel c. Clay d. Corundum
5. A process of ore genesis that happen on the surface of Earth, like erosion.
a. Internal process
b. Hydrothermal process
c. Surficial process
d. Fragments from solar system
6. What mineral maintains a healthy immune system?
a. Zinc b. Copper c. Iron d. Calcium
7. What mineral does the window glass made of?
a. Halite b. Talc c. Chromite d.Quartz
8. What mineral is used in water purification process?
a. Zeolite b. Chalcopyrite c. Bentonite d. Borax
9. It is a process used to extract metals in their pure form.
a. Mining b. biomining c. metallurgy d. biotechnology
10. What do you call the process when ore minerals are created/ deposited?
a. ore genesis b. ore deposition c. ore demolition d. ore segregation
11. Ore is a resource.
a. Renewable b. nonrenewable c. infinite d. limitless
12. A process of ore genesis that includes geologic activity such as when
volcanoes bring ore from deep in the planet to the surface.
a. Internal process
b. Hydrothermal process
c. Surficial process
d. Fragments from solar system
13. What type of mining is characterized when minerals are extracted near the
Earth’s surface?
a. surface mining b. underground mining c. roasting d. grinding
14.What method of metal extraction uses heat to separate the metal from the rest
of the ore and requires another chemical, to separate metal from its ore?
a. Smelting b. electrolysis c. hammering d. exploding
15. What method uses electricity and acid to separate metal from the ore?
a. Smelting b. electrolysis c. hammering d. exploding

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 Lesson Important Minerals to Society
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What I Need to Know

Minerals have different properties thus, offers various applications. Almost all
ingredients of the products we use at home and the various improvements in infrastructures
have used minerals. Its utilization has given ample benefits to humanity and the society as a
whole. Moreover, there are certain minerals that our body need so we can grow healthy and
strong. Indeed, life would not be comfortable and pleasant in the absence of minerals due to
its significance to our daily life.
As a senior high school student, you know that the facilities around you need minerals
specially in constructing durable buildings and asphalts in building roads. But have you tried
asking yourself these questions? What are concrete and asphalt made of? How do people
exactly use crashed stone, gravel, and sand to make concrete? What are the minerals
needed by my body for me to function normally and for me to become a functional member of
the society?
In your previous lessons in Science, you have learned that mineral ore’s are solid,
naturally formed by inorganic process, has specific chemical composition, and has
crystalline structure. Likewise, you know that these minerals are most commonly connected
with rocks due to the presence of minerals within the rock though they are not equivalent to
rocks. Rocks as you know, are clear aggregates of one or more minerals and constitute the
basic unit of which the solid Earth is composed (Carmichael, 2019, 3). Moreover, you also
learned that ore minerals, industrial minerals and gems are the classifications of minerals.
At this time, we will be learning about the list of important minerals as well as its
importance to society. Thus, a thorough discussion will be provided in this lesson for us to
identify and understand its uses and, significance to the community we live in. It is imperative
to learn the lesson because minerals play a very important role in ensuring our world’s demand
for energy, building infrastructure, advancing science and technology, sustaining the global
food supply, predicting and reacting to natural disasters, and everything in between.
Regardless of your economic status in the society, gaining such information is critical to both
your future and your survival.
Sit, relax, and prepare yourself for a lot of important information that will be
downloaded right to your system. Remember, you are a mineralogist in the making, allow me
to join you in your journey!

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 What Is It

Ore minerals, industrial minerals, and the gems are the general classifications of
minerals that have been giving people in the community an unending list of benefits. Ore
minerals such as bauxite, rutile, hematite, and chalcopyrite are the sources of our most
important metals. Metallic minerals such as aluminum, copper, and magnesium are
extracted from these ores. On the other hand, clays, gypsum, potash, mica, calcium
carbonate, talc, halite and zeolite are a few well known industrial minerals that offer a wide
array of domestic and industrial applications.
Industrial minerals are defined as rocks or resources from the Earth that are utilized
because of their physical and chemical characteristics (Schumaker et al. 1975,12) and not
because of their metal content and which are energy sources (Christidis, 2011,2). Clays,
gypsum, potash, phosphates, mica, calcium carbonate, talc, and zeolite are a few well known
industrial minerals.
Gems on the other hand like diamond, corundum varieties (ruby and sapphire), beryl
varieties (emerald, aquamarine, and kunzite) and many other semiprecious gems are
unearthed and valued for their sparkle, beauty and its contribution to jewelry, cosmetics and
medicine.
Presented in a table below is the list of important minerals that includes ore minerals
and their metals, industrial minerals and the gems. Read closely so you can learn something
new from it.

Table 2. List of Important Minerals to Society

Ore Mineral and Their Metals Industrial Mineral Gems
Metal Ore Mineral
Aluminum Bauxite Alumina Garnet
Chromium Chromite Kaolin Amethyst
Copper Chalcopyrite Feldspar Aquamarine
Bornite
Chalcocite
Gold Native Gold Titanium Dioxide Diamond
Iron Hematite Soda Ash Sapphire
Magnetite
Limonite
Lead Galena Phosphates Emerald
Magnesium Magnesite Limestone (Marble) Agate
Dolomite
Mercury Cinnabar Petalites Opal, Mother of Pearl,
Alexandrite Emerald
Molybdenum Molybdenite Sepiolite, Bentonite Onyx
Nickel Pentlandite Gypsum Peridot, Spinel Carnelian
Platinum Native Platinum Halites Sapphire Chrysolite
Silver Native Silver Zeolites Tourmaline Beryl
Argentite
Tin Cassiterite Bentonite Yellow Topaz, Citrine
Titanium Ilmenite Titanium dioxide Turquoise, Blue Topaz,
Rutile
Tungsten Wolframite Graphite
Scheelite
Uranium Uraninite Sand, Silica

Zinc Sphalerite Rare Earth Elements(Lanthanum, Cerium,

Praseodymium, Neodymium, Europium)

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 What’s More

Activity 1: Let’s Fit Those Minerals!

Direction: Fit each word into a mineral-word shape puzzle. Beside those precious
boxes are helpful clues for you to complete the task. Enjoy fitting minerals in those boxes!

talc gold zinc copper potash calcite quartz phosphates bauxite clay

1.This mineral maintains a healthy immune system.

2. This metallic mineral is used as plating materials for

peacemakers, as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis,
other autoimmune disorders and cancer patients.

3. This is used as a fertilizer to encourage water

retention in plants, increase crop yields, improve taste
and help plants resist disease.

4.It is use to produce fertilizers and also used in animal

feed supplements, food preservatives, anti-corrosion
agents, cosmetics, fungicides, ceramics, water
treatment and metallurgy.

5. It is the world’s main source of aluminum and

gallium.

6. It is the softest mineral on Earth that is used in pulp, paper

and board industry. It is also used in talcum products and
ingredients in a range of personal care products.

7. It is found in pennies, MRI scanners and the Statue of

Liberty's skin. This metal is also needed for firm skin,
cartilage and ligaments. It has been used to disinfect wounds
and treat infections.

8. It is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's

continental crust, after feldspar.

9. It was used in World War II for gun sights, specifically in

bomb sights and anti-aircraft weaponry. Also, experiments
have been conducted to use this for a cloak of invisibility.
Moreover, it has a wide range of applications, such as soil
remediation, soil stabilization and concrete repair.

10. Without this mineral, soil would be poor and incapable of

holding nutrient elements like potassium, nitrogen, and
phosphorous, which are necessary for plant growth.

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 What Is It
Importance of Minerals to Society

With the advent of modern technologies, ore minerals and their metals, industrial
minerals and gems are carefully studied and converted into products to provide society with
more than a handful of benefits (Carambo 2017,7).
In medicine, minerals and metals are important elements and components in making
advancements in today’s biomedical enterprise. The elements like calcium (Ca), iron (Fe),
sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), aluminum (Al) and titanium oxide (TiO) are
utilized to create drugs and devices. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is a dietary supplement to
be used when the amount of calcium in the diet is not enough. We know that calcium is needed
by the body for healthy bones, muscles, nervous system, and heart. Heartburn, acid
indigestion and an upset stomach can be relieved using calcium carbonate. Copper is used in
MRI scanners. Likewise, it also kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi on contact thus, hospitals
utilize it for critical surfaces like door handles, bed rails, and chair armrests. Another mineral
with significant medical benefits is silver, an active ingredient in some topical antibiotics,
wound dressings, and medical devices. Silver prevents bacterial growth and promotes
healing. A small amount of silver makes E. coli bacteria significantly more sensitive to
commonly prescribed antibiotics like penicillin. Moreover, the metal titanium is a critical
component in artificial joints because it is strong yet light and works well as a substitute for
bone. This metal is preferably used in the field of dentistry specially in performing oral implants
due to its biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion and mechanical properties (Ozcan and
Hammerle, 2012,5).
In agriculture a lot of minerals like gypsum (CaSO 4), zinc (Zn), potassium (K),
phosphate (PO43-), potash (KOH), and sulfur (S) are commonly utilized as fertilizers to help
crops yield better. Similarly, some of them are used as micronutrients in tissue culture and
researches in biotechnology. Clay mineral is also important in agriculture because it enriches
the soil by holding nutrient elements like potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorous, which are
necessary for plant growth. In addition, clay was utilized in medicine because of its
antibacterial properties (Williams and Haydel 2010,745-770). In cosmetic industries, talc
(Mg3Si4O10(OH)2), bentonite, and steatite are the usually used minerals. These minerals are
needed in making talcum powders, lotions, creams, and other products. Talc which is the
softest mineral, adsorbs microorganisms and other proteins. Bentonite adsorbs heavy metal.
Steatite provides luster required for a shiny skin. In in the Middle East, Far East and North
Africa, eye kohl, an ancient eye cosmetic has been used by girls and mature women
cosmetically for eye makeup and eye treatments against some diseases. Most of these eye
cosmetics that were sold from came the Libyan markets comes from Africa, Asia and Middle
East and all are made
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from stones containing elemental substances such lead, nickel, cadmium, and sulfur (Hardy,
Walton and Ragini 2004, 2).
Metal-equipment industries have used metals to make many automobile devices
and machineries that helped everyone in the society. Metals are chosen due to their properties
like hardness, ability to resist temperature and easily gets cold. These metals include copper
(Cu), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al) and titanium (Ti). Moreover,
metals are environmentally friendly. In the glass-making industries, minerals like antimony,
feldspar, lead, lithium, quartz, silica, sodium carbonate, tantalum, calcite, gypsum, muscovite
mica and orthoclase are the raw materials to be used. Sand is primarily composed of quartz
or silica is the main ingredient of glass.
At present, the energy needs of the First World countries are becoming a challenge for
they entirely rely on one energy source, the nuclear power. Radioactive minerals like uranium
(U) and plutonium(P) are utilized to generate nuclear power. Increasingly, physicians are
opposing the mining of uranium because it has a potential to cause a spectrum of adverse
health effects like renal failure, weaken bone growth and damage DNA (Dewar 2016, 469-
471).
Plaster of Paris, granite, marble stone, rocks, sand, and gravel and some other
native metals are used in home construction. The glass in windows is made up of a mineral
called quartz and the tiles are made up of clay minerals. Cement on the other hand, is made
up of various minerals like clay and gypsum. Gypsum is needed to harden the cement and
stay intact with pressure. Also, the use of by-product gypsum is an important alternative in
concrete design (Baohong Guan et al.2009, 1). The plumbing systems have used copper
instead of lead because of the potential hazards and poisons given off by the lead. Also,
copper is used in electrical installations at home. Likewise, a lot of household items are by
products of minerals. For example, a can opener is made up of ore minerals called hematite,
chromite, galena, and chalcopyrite.
The earliest finding of jewelry was dated around 25,000 years ago in a cave in Monaco.
Jewelry in the past was made of feathers, bones, shells, and colored pebbles and was worn
as amulets to protect oneself from failures and diseases. These colored pebbles were called
gems and have been esteemed and prized in the jewelry business because of their beauty
and durability (LeGrand 2012,2). Several jewelry items that are manufactured today began as
functional objects. The clasps that held clothing together gave rise to the creation of pins and
brooches. A person’s identification, rank, and authority in the community were made known
to society because of rings and pendants. Diamonds were not well-known until people in
Europe in the year 1300’s learned how to cut them to show their brilliance. Ruby (corundum),
sapphire, emerald (beryl), and diamond are some of the traditional list of gemstones that
were considered precious. Diamond (C) is a hardest well- known gem that is a solid mineral
form of pure carbon. Ruby and sapphire tie for the second- hardest precious stone with a
hardness of 9.0 as measured on Mohs scale. Both ruby and sapphire are made from the
mineral corundum (Hughes 2016,452). Many people believed that the gem’s beauty
possesses an ounce of miraculous power. With the hope of conquering love, gaining wealth
and power, achieving emotional stability and regaining back health, some people all over the
world need to own gems.
These are few of minerals that have contributed much to the society. With this
tremendous list of importance, we can infer how vital the minerals are in sustaining societal
progress and development. Indeed, these minerals have made modern urbanization,
industrialization and communication systems very simple.
Now that you have gained ample information about the list of important minerals and
some details of its uses to medicine, agriculture, cosmetics, metal-equipment industries, glass
production, power generation and home construction, let us again rock your brain powers by
learning further.
Let us explore and mine more!

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 What’s More

Activity 2: Let’s Connect Minerals to its Importance in Modern Society

Direction: Match the mineral in column A to its importance to society in column B. Write the
letter of your answer in the space provided.

Column A Column B

1. Copper a. Firefighters used this in face shields of fire fighters,

medical and dental equipment, and jewelry.
2. Zinc b. This is used for electrical conductors, motors,
appliances, piping and in metal alloys.
3. Nickel c. Utilized in steel making procedure
4. Silver d. Used as electrical conductors and photography
5. Aluminum e. To prevent sunburn and coating for steel,
6. Borax f. Used in fiberglass, high temperature glass, ceramics,
and fertilizers
7. Titanium g. Used in many high strength, low weight metal alloys.
8.Talc h. Used in insulation, food processing, domestic utensils
9. Clay i. Used to manufacture stainless steel
10. Phosphates j. Carbonate of potassium that is used in fertilizers,
medicines and the chemical industry.
11. Potash k. utilized to create cement and concrete, which is used
to build roads, buildings, housing foundations and
even driveways
12. Rare Earth Elements l. Used in paper manufacture, in paint manufacture and
in plastics and the cosmetic industry.
13.Iron m. Used in petroleum refining, computers, televisions,
industry, metallurgical applications, ceramics and
lighting.
14.Gold n. Used to produce phosphoric acid for fertilizers, feed
additives for livestock
o. Produced slag

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 What’s New

Activity 3: Let’s Read Mind-erals!

Directions: Let’s invigorate more our brain powers by completing the table below. Read
the paragraphs about “Some Important Minerals in the Society” so you can complete the task.
Write the name of the minerals in column 1. In column 2, tell whether the identified mineral is
an ore mineral, industrial mineral, or gem. In column 3 write its use or importance.
Your eyes and mind are fueled by the minerals copper, chromium, magnesium,
selenium, sulfur and zinc. Read with zing!
Table 4. Some Important Minerals in the Society

Name of Minerals Ore/ Industrial Use and Importance In the Society

Mineral/ Gem

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Activity 4: Let’s Decode these Important Minerals

Directions: Use the number code provided below to decode what minerals are
important to some facilities in the society. Write the corresponding letter in the boxes in each
sentences.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

For the global economy, valuable metals like 7 15 12 4 16 12 1 20 9 14 21 13

1 14 4 19 9 12 22 5 18
were considered as the world’s most precious metals.

In today’s quest for 5G Revolution or the fifth generation of wireless network technology, the

metal 3 5 19 9 21 13
is the most sought metal of all. These metals are

extracted from ore minerals.

Ore minerals like 3 18 1 12 3 15 16 25 18 9 20 5 3 1 12 3 9 20 5 3 12 1 25

and feldspar have some domestic and industrial applications. 8 1 12 9 20 5

,also

known as rock salt is an essential nutrient that the human body needs. Moreover, the human

body needs 26 9 14 3
, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium,

and 9 18 15 14 to function normally.

is the hardest metal and the most expensive gemstone.

4 9 1 13 15 14 4

Since it is the hardest of all mineral, it is then utilized in cutting glass and drilling rocks.

Everyone loves it because last forever.

4 9 1 13 15 14 4

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Activity 5: Let’s Play Scrabble of Use-ful Minerals!

Direction: Arranged the scrambled letters properly to find the exact word/name of the
mineral by using its use and importance as clue.

Name of Uses /Importance

Minerals

Iiteah It is an essential nutrient for humans and animals. It adds flavors

to food. It is commonly known as “rock salt”

dogl It is used as electrical conductors, face shields of fire fighters to

reflect the heat of a fire.

amondid It is the hardest substance and is used to cut glass and drill rocks.

riteab It is important in oil drilling, filler in paint, toothpaste and glass

toniteben It is important in well drilling

raxob It is used to make fiberglass, high temperature glass, cleaning

agents, ceramics, wood preservatives, corrosion inhibitors and
fertilizers.

lact It is used in paper, paint, plastics and cosmetic industries.

fluotire It is important in making steel.

etirypocchal It is important in making electrical wires, metal alloys, motors, and

appliances.

lizeote It is used in water purification processes.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 6: I Can Write A Song!

Direction: You are task to write a song about minerals and its importance to society
using the TUNE of the famous ALPHABET SONG. Please be guided by the song requirement
guide below for you to write the song smoothly. Enjoy writing!

SONG REQUIREMENT GUIDE

Title • Must be creative and catchy to hook the reader’s attention
• Must be repeated in the chorus at least twice
Structure • Must have three (3) stanzas (including the chorus)
• Each stanza must contain 5 sentences.
• The first stanza must contain the lists of the important minerals
• The second stanza would be the chorus that emphasizes the
importance of these minerals to society. The chorus must be
repeated twice, that means that after the third stanza, is a
Note: Repeat Chorus
• The third stanza must contain the list of minerals not mentioned in
the first stanza

Rubric for Song Creation

Criteria Poor Fair Average Good Excellent

(5) (10) (15) (20) (25)

very little minimal some

Quality good evidence superior
evidence of evidence of evidence of
of work effort. effort. effort.
of effort. evidence of
effort.
Reflects
Reflects average Reflects
Reflects poor Reflects good
little/fair understandi excellent
understanding understanding
Content understanding ng of understanding of
of minerals and of minerals and
of song its importance
of minerals and minerals
its importance
minerals and its
its importance and its importance to
to society. to society.
to society. importance society.
to society.
Use of Uses 6 or
Uses 4 or
facts about Uses 2 or more more facts Uses 8 or more Uses 10 or more
more facts
facts about about facts about facts about
minerals about minerals
minerals and its minerals minerals and its minerals and its
and its and its
importance to and its importance to importance to
importance importance to
society importance society society
to society society to society

Total Score:75/75

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 How Ore Minerals are Found,
Lesson Mined and Processed for
2 Human Use

What’s In

In lesson 1, we have learned the list of important minerals in the society and its
significant use in our lives. We also begin to appreciate its critical role in making
advancements in various areas of the society. The developments made in the field of
information technology, modern medicine, agriculture, commerce, jewelry, industries, and
many others have created a wonderful influence on the country’s economy. With the various
benefit that these minerals have given, one could not help himself thinking of how comfortable
life is at present. However, the information on how ore minerals are found, mined, and
processed are still vague thus, it will be discussed for us in this lesson.

What I Need to Know

Inside the Earth’s crust are ore deposits containing minerals of great economic
advantage. Ore minerals such as bauxite, rutile, hematite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite are
the sources of our most important metals. Aluminum, a metal that is used in aluminum foil, in
medicine containers, and other products, is extracted from an ore called bauxite. Copper
which is used as electrical wire because it is an excellent conductor of electricity, is taken-out
from ore called chalcopyrite. Titanium, the strongest metal that is used in aircraft, armor
plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles is extracted from an ore rutile.
With this information, the intelligent tao is driven by his quest to find the exact depot
of these materials. Though there are many resources that have helped him improved his ways
of living, his future depends on the way these ore minerals are mined, processed and used.
Have you ever visited a mine or a place where ore minerals are processed? What do
you think you will do when you find a rock- containing ore during a mountain trip with your
friends? Will you rush directly to a nearby processing plant for this ore to be checked and
analyzed?
In this lesson you will be learning some facts about mining and processing these ore
minerals from rocks. Thus, at the end of the lesson you are expected to discuss and explain
how these ores are found, mined, and processed for human use.

However, before we will mine deeper, you need to answer the first activity.

Remember that you are a mining engineer in the making. Have fun.

11
 What’s New

Activity 1: Situational Simulation

You need at least three people from your community who have experienced working in
a mining site or in the gold-buying business. In this situation, you need to ask these questions;

1. How long have you been working in the mining site?

2. Can you share the standard operating procedure (SOP) that you have been doing in
the work place?
3. What are the responsibilities you are performing in the working area?
4. What are your experiences inside the work place?
5. If given a chance to choose a job, what do you think is the job that you will choose?
Why?

You can tap assistance from your parents or family members to accomplish this task.
Break a leg!

What Is It

Ores are natural rocks or sediments that hold one or more valuable minerals, mostly
metals, that can be mined, processed and sold at a great price (Thalhammer 2008, 10). They
are contained inside the Earth in a limited quantity because its creation and deposition would
take millions of years. Ore genesis, the process by which a deposit of ore is created has three
major types: internal processes, hydrothermal processes, and surficial processes. Internal
processes include geologic activity such as when volcanoes bring ore from deep in the planet
to the surface. Hydrothermal process happens when seawater circulates through cracks in
Earth’s crust and deposits minerals in the areas around hydrothermal vents. Hydrothermal
vents are cracks on the seafloor where seawater meets magma. Finally, ore can accumulate
through processes that happen on the surface of Earth, like erosion. This type of ore genesis
is referred to as surficial process (Evans 1993, 403).
12
 Aside from ore genesis, ore minerals can also be deposited to the Earth because of the
rocky fragments or debris that fall from the solar system. These pieces of fragments, that enter
the Earth’s atmosphere are called meteorites or what we know as “shooting stars”. Countless
meteorites contain large amounts of iron ore where we could extract metallic iron for industry
and infrastructure purposes.
Moreover, ore minerals can be found in the Earth's surface or to its crust and at the
ocean floor. Quarts, mica, and olivine are some of the silicate rocks that are frequently
found on the surface of the Earth. Likewise, igneous rocks (granite, gabbro and basalt),
metamorphic rocks (gneiss, schist and amphibolite), and sedimentary rocks (sandstone,
shale, and limestone) can also be found on the Earth’s crust (Williams 2013, 3).
In the ocean floor or the “seabed”, the presence of various ore minerals can also be
found since the ocean floor itself is made up of crystallized matter from silicate magma known
as mafic rocks. Furthermore, numerous Volcanic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposits, can be
observed in the ocean floor which are rich in ore that can be mined for its resources. Minerals
found under the seabed include gabbro, basalt, serpentine, peridotite, olivine, and ore
minerals from Volcanic Massive Sulfide deposits. Franklin, J.M.; Sangster, D.M.; Lydon,
J.W.; 1981,485-627)

Now that we have learned new inputs, let us try to answer the activity below.

What’s More

Activity 2: Getting to Know MOre Minerals!

Direction: Fill in the needed information below. You can mine information from the
concepts discussed above.

What Are Ores and Where to Find These Minerals

Ores are:
How ore mineral deposits are created?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Where can we find these ore minerals?

Ocean
Floor

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.

13
 What Is It

Ore is a nonrenewable resource and since modern societies rely so much on its use
in infrastructure and industry, miners need to find new ore deposits to withstand its increasing
demand. With this, mining enthusiasts have trekked every part of the world and even
explored the ocean’s depth in search for these ores.
Mining is the process of extracting valuable materials from the Earth. In the
Philippines, mining is a growing and promising industry. According to the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau’s (MGB) Mining Facts and Figures, our country is acknowledged as the
largest copper-gold deposit of the world and the fifth mineral-rich country in the world for
gold, copper, nickel and chromite. In 2018, our country was the world’s second-largest
producer of nickel ore and sold most of its output to its top buyer, China. The Northern
Central and Southern part of Mindanao were identified as rich in chromium, copper, and gold
deposits. Also, there are about 40 metallic mines and 62 non-metallic mines operating in the
Philippines. However, only 1.4% of these were covered by mining permits according to the
2016 record of the bureau. These mining companies are using the two main methods in
mining: surface mining and underground mining.
In surface mining, minerals are extracted near the Earth’s surface. This includes six (6)
processes: strip mining, placer mining, mountain top, hydraulic mining, dredging, and open
pit. In an underground mining, ores are taken out from the ground by digging. This includes
five (5) processes: slope mining, hard-rock, drift mining, shaft and bore-hole process.

These mining techniques have unearthed a lot of mineral deposits from the Earth and have
given man countless benefits. A fact is that, an ore is always mixed with unwanted rocks and
minerals known as gangue. However, the two can still be separated by mechanical or
manual processes (Hassan 2010,2).
Metallurgy is a process used to extract metals in their pure form. A substance called flux is
added to remove the gangue (impurities). There are classifications under the metallurgical
process. The first process in metallurgy is crushing and grinding of ores into a fine powder
(pulverization) in a crusher or ball mill. Second process is called ore dressing or the process
of removing impurities from ore. Third is the hydrolytic method wherein ores are poured
over a sloping and vibrating corrugated table with grooves to which a jet water flowed over
the surface. This allows the denser particles to settle in the grooves and wash away the
impurities. Fourth is the magnetic separation in which the crushed ore is placed on a
conveyor belt with two wheels. One of the wheels is magnetic therefore, it attracts magnetic
particles, and those non-magnetic particles just fall apart. The fifth classification is called
froth floatation, in which the crushed ore are placed in a large tank that contains oil and
water. Then, a current of compressed air will pass through to wet the ore which will separate
the impurities in the form of froth. Because the ore is lighter, it floats and leaves the
impurities behind. Roasting and calcination, is the last method in which a concentrated
14
ore is heated in the presence of oxygen (roasting) and is usually applied to sulfide ores. For
ores containing carbonate or hydrated oxides, heating is done in the absence of air to melt
the ores, and this process is known as calcination. Chalcocite, galena, sphalerite, and other
metals combined with sulfur are exposed to this process to yield copper, zinc and iron (Gill
2018, 1-5).
After all these processes, utilization follows. Man, further purified or mixed these
metals with other metals like what happens in a copper refinery or steel mill. Others are
utilized by people in jewelry business using the gold ores. Majority of these gold ores are
converted into jewelry. Only a small percentage are processed into electronic equipment,
coins, and dental fillings. Likewise, since these ore minerals generate valuable metals, they
are considered a big help in infrastructure, trade, and industry. This is because they can
boost a country’s economic health status.

What’s New

Activity 3: Let’s Do SEE-quencing of Thoughts

Direction: The sentences below are disorganized and it is all about the principles of
metallurgy. Use the numbers 1-6 to arrange the process in chronological order.
To tickle the brain neurons, the first one is done for you.

Ores are heated using oxygen in the case of sulfide ores and heated in the
absence of oxygen for ores containing carbonates or hydrated oxides.

The crushed ore is placed on a conveyor belt with two wheels; one of which is
magnetic to attract magnetic particles and those non-magnetic ones will fall apart.

_1_ The extracted ores are pulverized in a crusher or ball mill.

The crushed ores are placed in a large tank that contains oil and water that
makes the ore floats and separates impurities in the form of froth.

Impurities from the ores are removed.

The ores are poured over a sloping, vibrating corrugated table with grooves
of which a jet water flowed over the surface to wash away the impurities. The
denser particles settle in the grooves.

15
 What Is It

There are five (5) existing mining sites in Region X as published by Mindanao Journal
of Science and Technology (Vol.13,2015). These mining places are situated at Gango,
Libona, in Bukidnon, Barangay Tumpagon and Barangay Pigsag-an in Cagayan de Oro
City, Nangcaon, Opol, in Misamis Oriental, and Rogongon, Iligan City. The miners in these
sites are using various methods in mining: tunneling, panning /gold washing, flushing,
panning, and flushing.
In the tunneling method, underground excavations are made to get the mineral ore.
In mining, panning is a simple method of separating gold from soil or gravels by washing in a
pan with water. In flushing method, crushed rocks are exposed to a high velocity water to
remove impurities and obtaine the valuable element. Other miners use a combination of
methods with the hope of increasing yield.
Miners from Gango, Libona in Bukidnon have practiced the tunneling method since the
mining location is not near a river system and the area’s geography ranges from flat to very
steep hills. Mining sites that are located along the river system have practiced the gold
panning method, like Barangay Nangcaon, Pigsag-an, Tumpagon, and Rogongon. Veteran
gold miners and the local folks generally use gold panning method as a manual technique of
separating gold from other materials. With this technique, the ground materials pollute the
river system like the Iponan River ecosystem. The deposition of high loads of sediments
shallows the riverbeds and threatens aquatic life. Siltation lessens sunlight dispersion, water
temperature and water habitat productivity.
Most of the miner-respondents practice indigenous ways in their purification method.
Fifty-seven percent (57%) of the miners in Gango, Libona have used leaves (tuog), soap,
water, and vinegar. The use of mercury in their mining activities is strictly forbidden, yet there
are few miners who still use mercury in their mining activities. For the other mining sites
(other than Gango, Libona, Bukidnon), the use of water and bilingan or panning are used as
strainer to remove impurities (Palmes et al. 2015,75-98).
Other mining companies in Mindanao are extensively using the leaching process.
They believe that it is more convenient. It needs less energy and is less harmful because
there are no gaseous emissions involved in the process. The method involves ore treated
with chemicals (cyanide, ammonia, alkali and acid) to convert the valuable metals within into
soluble salts while impurity remain insoluble. It can then be washed out and processed to get
the pure metal and leave the tailings (material left over). However, excessive leaching
releases harmful chemicals to water sources that may affect the community’s drinking water.
There are four types of leaching: cyanide leaching (gold ore), ammonia leaching (crushed
ore), alkali leaching (bauxite ore), and acid leaching (sulfide ore). Another method called
electrolysis, uses electricity and acid to separate metal from the ore. A metal like aluminum
is extracted from bauxite by electrolysis. In this manner, bauxite is placed in a pool of acid
and is run through by an electrical current leaving aluminum in the process.
Since mining industry is a promising business in the Philippines, the government has
imposed laws like the Republic Act (R.A.) No. 7942, generally acknowledged as the
"Philippine Mining Act of 1995. This act gives benefits to both the government and the
contractor. Health and safety measures have also been given priority. Generally, mining
knowhow and safety habits have been advanced by innovative companies and were
encouraged by governmental legislation (Glover and Morse 2000, 18).
Later, biomining was introduced in the mining business wherein special bacteria,
prokaryotes, and fungi are used to mine valuable metals from ore minerals without the
drilling and blasting of rocks (Aggangan 2018, 1).

16
 What’s New

Activity 4: Concept Mining

Direction: Complete the concept map on types of mining using the information above.
You need keen eyesight in this mining activity. Enjoy!

Strip Mining

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
E
S
_

Types of Mining

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
_ E
S

Bore hole

What I Have Learned

Activity 4A: Word Power

Direction: Give the definition of the italicized words given below.

Definition:
Leaching

Definition:

Metallurgy

Definition:
Biomining

Definition:
Mining

17
 What I Can Do

Activity 5: Slogan Making

Directions: You are task to make a slogan about how ore minerals are found, mined,
processed for human use. A slogan is a memorable expression of an idea or purpose, with
the goal of persuading citizens in the society. Please be guided by the steps below on how to
make an effective slogan. A rubric is provided below for further details. Enjoy crafting!

Steps in Making an Effective Slogan

1. Highlight your significant idea/point.
2. Keep it short.
3. Give your point some 3 R’s; rhythm, rhyme and ring

These 3 steps can help you create a slogan that is pleasing to the ear.

Rubric for Slogan Making

Criteria Excellent Good Fair Poor

(20) (15) (10) (5)

Craftmanship The slogan is The slogan is The slogan is The slogan is

exceptionally attractive in acceptably distractingly
attractive in terms terms of attractive messy.
of neatness. Well neatness. Good though it may
-constructed and construction and be a bit
not messy. not very messy. messy.

Creativity Slogan is Slogan is Slogan is The slogan

exceptionally creative and a creative and does not
creative. A lot of good amount of some thought reflect any
thought and effort thought was put was put into degree of
was used to make into decorating decorating it. creativity.
it it.

Originality Exceptional use Good use of Average use of No use of new

of new ideas and new ideas and new ideas and ideas and
originality to originality to originality to originality to
create the slogan. create the create the create the
slogan. slogan. slogan.

Total Score= 60/60

18
Summary
1. Minerals are ore, solid, naturally formed by inorganic process, has specific chemical
composition and has crystalline structure.
2. Minerals are classified as ore minerals, industrial minerals and gems are the
classifications of minerals.
3. Ore is a nonrenewable resource. Ore minerals such as galena, sphalerite,
pentlandite, bauxite, rutile, hematite, chalcopyrite, bastnaesite, monazite, and
loparite are carefully fragmented and chemically processed to yield useful metals.
4. Clays, gypsum, potash, mica, calcium carbonate, talc, halite and zeolite are a
few well known industrial minerals that offer a wide array of domestic and industrial
applications.
5. Gems on the other hand like diamond, corundum varieties (ruby and sapphire),
beryl varieties (emerald, aquamarine, and kunzite) and many other semiprecious
gems are unearthed and valued for their sparkle, beauty and its contribution to
jewellery, cosmetics and health.
6. The human body cannot produce all of these essential minerals; thus, obtains all of
these from a well-balanced diet.
7. Bentonite ore (Al2H2Na2O13Si4) is the principal source of tin and important in well
drilling. Fluorite is important in making steel. Barite (BaSO4) is used in oil drilling,
filler in paint, glass and toothpaste. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is used to make electrical
wiring, motors, appliances, piping and in metal alloys. Galena (PbS) is used in
automotive batteries, paint and additive in gasoline. Limestone (CaCO3) is used as
building stone, for kitchen surfaces, sculpture and cement. Sand (SiO2) has
domestic and industrial application. Halite, normally branded as rock salt, is a type of
salt with the mineral form of sodium chloride (NaCl). Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) is
primarily used in making wallboard and an ingredient in cement.
8. Our appliances, gadgets and smartphones have used the rare Earth elements like
Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd) and Europium
(Eu).
9. Diamond is the hardest metal and thus, it used in cutting glass and drilling rocks. It
is also considered as most expensive gemstone that everyone loves because
diamond lasts forever.
10. Ore genesis, the process by which a deposit of ore is created has three major
types: internal processes, hydrothermal processes, and surficial processes.
11. Mining is the process of extracting the valuable materials from the Earth.
12. In 2018, our country was the world’s second-largest producer of nickel ore.
13. The Northern Central and Southern part of Mindanao were identified as rich in
chromium, copper and gold deposits.
14. In surface mining, minerals are extracted near the Earth’s surface. This includes six
(6) processes; strip mining, placer mining, mountain top, hydraulic mining, dredging
and open pit.
15. In an underground mining, ores are taken out from the ground by digging. This
includes five (5) processes; slope mining, hard-rock, drift mining, shaft and bore-
hole process.
16. Metallurgy is a process used to extract metals in their pure form.
17. Crushing and grinding, ore dressing, hydrolytic method, magnetic separation and
roasting and calcination are the classifications under metallurgical process.
18. There are five (5) existing mining sites in Region X and are situated at Gango,
Libona, in Bukidnon, Barangay Tumpagon and Barangay Pigsag-an in Cagayan de
Oro City, Nangcaon, Opol, in Misamis Oriental, and Rogongon, Iligan City.
19. Tunneling, panning /gold washing, flushing, panning and flushing were the
mining methods used that affect the CDO River systems specially the Iponan River.
20. Other mining companies in Mindanao are using extensively the leaching process
that contaminates the water supply of the residents. Leaching is a process by
which ores are treated with chemicals; cyanide, ammonia, alkali and acid.

19
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice. Directions: Read carefully each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Which of the following statements is true?

a. All rocks contain minerals but minerals do not contain rocks.
b. All minerals are rocks, but not all rocks are minerals.
c. There is no relationship between rocks and minerals.
d. Rocks and minerals do not go together.
2. Which of the following minerals is considered the hardest on the Earth?
a. Talc b. Gold c. Iron d. Diamond
3. Which of the following minerals is considered as the softest?
a. Fluorine b. Talc c. Gypsum d. Halite
4. What mineral is used to make cement, concrete, pottery, and bricks?
a. Halite b. Gravel c. Clay d. Corundum
5. A process of ore genesis that happen on the surface of Earth, like erosion.
a. Internal process
b. Hydrothermal process
c. Surficial process
d. Fragments from solar system
6. What mineral maintains a healthy immune system?
a. Zinc b. Copper c. Iron d. Calcium
7. What mineral does the window glass made of?
a. Halite b. Talc c. Chromite d.Quartz
8. What mineral is used in water purification process?
a. Zeolite b. Chalcopyrite c. Bentonite d. Borax
9. It is a process used to extract metals in their pure form.
a. Mining b. biomining c. metallurgy d. biotechnology
10. What do you call the process when ore minerals are created/ deposited?
a. ore genesis b. ore deposition c. ore demolition d. ore segregation
11. Ore is a resource.
a. Renewable b. nonrenewable c. infinite d. limitless
12. A process of ore genesis that includes geologic activity such as when
volcanoes bring ore from deep in the planet to the surface.
a. Internal process
b. Hydrothermal process
c. Surficial process
d. Fragments from solar system
13. What type of mining is characterized when minerals are extracted near the
Earth’s surface?
a. surface mining b. underground mining c. roasting d. grinding
14.What method of metal extraction uses heat to separate the metal from the rest
of the ore and requires another chemical, to separate metal from its ore?
a. Smelting b. electrolysis c. hammering d. exploding
15. What method uses electricity and acid to separate metal from the ore?
a. Smelting b. electrolysis c. hammering d. exploding

20
21
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Websites

https://www.britannica.com/science/metallurgy

https://juicing-forhealth.com/essentialminerals

https://theteachersinstitute.org/curriculum_unit/minerals-in-society/
https://www.gemselect.com/gem-info/birthstones.php

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encylopia/ore

www.mgb.gov.ph/images/stories/CDAO-Final.pdf

https://republicofmining.com/2019/09/11/philippine-regulator-recommends-lifting-suspension-
on-nickel-miner-reuters-u-s-september-11-2019/
https://republicofmining.com/category/biomining-and-bioremediation/

https://www.slideshare.net/mining-industry-inthe Philippines

cdn3.gbtimes.com/cdn/farfuture/7PzgPjz84jYmAY8pDE9cBgf1A

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=LtY5Hpu1&id=CDD5095BC0CEA
9AA79A36529B885DBD3091ACC5C&thid=OIP.LtY5Hpu1YsnLXTbYK2L76AHaEY&mediau

rl=https%3a%2f%2fmercureaace2013.files.wordpress.com%2f2013%2f0
https://www.Philippine Ore Minerals.bing.com/images

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DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

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