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Chapter 3 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions
Chapter 3 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions
Chapter 3 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions
−1 ⎛ d ⎞ 1 ⎛d ⎞
3.1 β = ⋅⎜ ρ κ= ⋅⎜ ρ
ρ ⎝ dT ⎠ ρ ⎝ dP ⎠
P T
At constant T, the 2nd equation can be written:
dρ ⎛ ρ2 ⎞ −6 −1
= κ ⋅ dP ln ⎜ = κ ⋅ ∆P κ := 44.18⋅ 10 ⋅ bar ρ 2 = 1.01⋅ ρ 1
ρ ⎝ ρ1 ⎠
ln ( 1.01)
∆P := ∆P = 225.2 bar P2 = 226.2⋅ bar Ans.
κ
3
cm
3.4 b := 2700⋅ bar c := 0.125⋅ P1 := 1⋅ bar P2 := 500⋅ bar
gm
V
⌠ 2
Since Work = −⎮ P dV a bit of algebra leads to
⌡V
1
P
⌠ 2 P
Work := c⋅ ⎮ dP J
⎮ P+b Work = 0.516 Ans.
⌡P gm
1
⎛ ⎛ P2 + b ⎞ ⎞ J
Work := c⋅ ⎜ P2 − P1 − b⋅ ln ⎜ Work = 0.516 Ans.
⎝ ⎝ P1 + b ⎠ ⎠ gm
−6 −1 −9 −2
3.5 κ = a + b⋅ P a := 3.9⋅ 10 ⋅ atm b := −0.1⋅ 10 ⋅ atm
3
P1 := 1⋅ atm P2 := 3000⋅ atm V := 1⋅ ft (assume const.)
21
3.6 β := 1.2⋅ 10− 3⋅ degC− 1
kJ
CP := 0.84⋅ M := 5⋅ kg
kg⋅ degC
3
1 m
V1 := ⋅ P := 1⋅ bar t1 := 0⋅ degC t2 := 20⋅ degC
1590 kg
With beta independent of T and with P=constant,
3.8 7 5
P1 := 8⋅ bar P2 := 1⋅ bar T1 := 600⋅ K CP := ⋅R CV := ⋅R
2 2
kJ
∆H := CP⋅ ∆T ∆H = −15.28 Ans.
mol
22
γ −1
γ
CP ⎛ P2 ⎞
γ := T2 := T1⋅ ⎜ T2 = 331.227 K ∆T := T2 − T1
CV ⎝ P1 ⎠
∆U := CV⋅ ∆T ∆H := CP⋅ ∆T
kJ kJ
W and ∆U = −5.586 Ans. ∆H = −7.821 Ans.
mol mol
7 5
3.9 P4 := 2bar CP := R CV := R
2 2
R ⋅ T1 −3 m
3
P1 := 10bar T1 := 600K V1 := V1 = 4.988 × 10
P1 mol
R
CP
⎛ P4 ⎞
Step 41: Adiabatic T4 := T1⋅ ⎜ T4 = 378.831 K
⎝ P1 ⎠
3 J
W41 := ∆U41 W41 = 4.597 × 10
mol
R ⋅ T2 m
3
P2 := 3bar T2 := 600K V2 := V2 = 0.017
P2 mol
J J
Step 12: Isothermal ∆U12 := 0 ∆U12 = 0
mol mol
J
∆H12 := 0⋅ J
mol ∆H12 = 0
mol
23
⎛ P2 ⎞ 3 J
Q12 := −R⋅ T1⋅ ln ⎜ Q12 = 6.006 × 10
⎝ P1 ⎠ mol
3 J
W12 := −Q12 W12 = −6.006 × 10
mol
P3⋅ V3
P3 := 2bar V3 := V2 T3 := T3 = 400 K
R
R ⋅ T4 m
3
P4 = 2 bar T4 = 378.831 K V4 := V4 = 0.016
P4 mol
3 3
P1 := 1⋅ bar P2 := 12⋅ bar V1 := 12⋅ m V2 := 1⋅ m
24
⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
(a) Work = n⋅ R⋅ T⋅ ln ⎜ Work := P1⋅ V1⋅ ln ⎜
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠
Work = 2982 kJ Ans.
P 2⋅ V i − P 1⋅ V 1
W1 := W1 = 3063 kJ
γ−1
γ
⎛ V1 ⎞
Pi := P1⋅ ⎜ (intermediate P) Pi = 62.898 bar
⎝ V2 ⎠
P i ⋅ V 2 − P 1⋅ V 1
W1 := W1 = 7635 kJ
γ−1
25
Step 2: heat at const V2 to P2 W2 = 0
Ans.
Work := W1 Work = 1100 kJ
⎛ V1 ⎞
Work = n⋅ R⋅ T⋅ ln ⎜ but n⋅ R⋅ T = P2⋅ V2
⎝ V2 ⎠
3 4 3
V1 := 4⋅ m V2 := ⋅m P2 := 6⋅ bar
3
⎛ V1 ⎞
Work := P2⋅ V2⋅ ln ⎜ Work = 878.9 kJ Ans.
⎝ V2 ⎠
7 5 CP
CP := ⋅R CV := ⋅R γ :=
2 2 CV
kJ kJ kJ
∆U12 = 3.679 ∆H12 = 5.15 W12 = 3.679 Ans.
mol mol mol
26
kJ kJ
∆H23 = −5.15 ∆U23 = −3.679 Ans.
mol mol
kJ kJ
Q23 = −5.15 W23 = 1.471 Ans.
mol mol
kJ kJ
Q = −1.094 Work = 1.094
mol mol
(b) If each step that is 80% efficient accomplishes the same change of state,
all property values are unchanged, and the delta H and delta U values
are the same as in part (a). However, the Q and W values change.
W12 kJ
Step 12: W12 := W12 = 4.598
0.8 mol
kJ
Q12 := ∆U12 − W12 Q12 = −0.92
mol
W23 kJ
Step 23: W23 := W23 = 1.839
0.8 mol
kJ
Q23 := ∆U23 − W23 Q23 = −5.518
mol
kJ
Step 31: W31 := W31⋅ 0.8 W31 = −3.245
mol
Q31 := −W31 kJ
Q31 = 3.245
mol
27
FOR THE CYCLE:
kJ kJ
Q = −3.192 Work = 3.192
mol mol
⎛ V1 ⎞ V1
(a) Isothermal: Work = n⋅ R⋅ T1⋅ ln ⎜ P2 := P1⋅
⎝ V2 ⎠ V2
⎛ V1 ⎞
Work := P1⋅ V1⋅ ln ⎜ Work = −1609 kJ Ans.
⎝ V2 ⎠
γ
⎛ V1 ⎞ P2 V 2
(b) Adiabatic: P2 := P1⋅ ⎜ T2 := T1⋅ ⋅
⎝ V2 ⎠ P1 V 1
P2⋅ V2 − P1⋅ V1
Work := Work = −994.4 kJ Ans,
γ−1
(c) Restrained adiabatic: Work = ∆U = −Pext⋅ ∆V
P 1⋅ V 1
n := ∆U = n⋅ CV⋅ ∆T
R ⋅ T1
Work
T2 := + T1 T2 = 442.71 K Ans.
n⋅ CV
V 1 T2
P2 := P1⋅ ⋅ P2 = 147.57 kPa Ans.
V 2 T1
28
3.20 T1 := 423.15⋅ K P1 := 8⋅ bar P3 := 3⋅ bar
7 5
CP := ⋅R CV := ⋅R T2 := T1 T3 := 323.15⋅ K
2 2
kJ kJ
Step 12: ∆H12 := 0⋅ ∆U12 := 0⋅
mol mol
V1 V1 T 1 P3
If r= = Then r := ⋅ W12 := R⋅ T1⋅ ln ( r)
V2 V3 T 3 P1
kJ kJ
W12 = −2.502 Q12 := −W12 Q12 = 2.502
mol mol
kJ kJ kJ
Q23 = −2.079 ∆U23 = −2.079 ∆H23 = −2.91
mol mol mol
kJ
Process: Work := W12 + W23 Work = −2.502 Ans.
mol
kJ
Q := Q12 + Q23 Q = 0.424 Ans.
mol
kJ
∆H := ∆H12 + ∆H23 ∆H = −2.91 Ans.
mol
kJ
∆U := ∆U12 + ∆U23 ∆U = −2.079 Ans.
mol
29
gm 1 2
3.21 By Eq. (2.32a), unit-mass basis: molwt := 28 ∆H + ⋅ ∆u = 0
mol 2
7 R m m
CP := ⋅ u1 := 2.5⋅ u2 := 50⋅ t1 := 150⋅ degC
2 molwt s s
2 2
u2 − u1
t2 := t1 − t2 = 148.8 degC Ans.
2⋅ CP
7 5
3.22 CP := ⋅R CV := ⋅R T1 := 303.15⋅ K T3 := 403.15⋅ K
2 2
kJ kJ
∆U = 2.079 Ans. ∆H = 2.91 Ans.
mol mol
⎛ P3 ⎞
W23 := R⋅ T2⋅ ln ⎜ Work := W23
⎝ P2 ⎠
kJ
Work = 6.762 Ans.
mol
Q := ∆U − Work
kJ
Q = −4.684 Ans.
mol
30
(b) P2 := P1 T2 := T3 ∆U12 := CV⋅ ( T2 − T1)
kJ
W12 := ∆U12 − Q12 W12 = −0.831
mol
⎛ P3 ⎞ kJ
W23 := R⋅ T2⋅ ln ⎜ W23 = 7.718
⎝ P2 ⎠ mol
kJ
Work := W12 + W23 Work = 6.886 Ans.
mol
kJ
Q := ∆U − Work Q = −4.808 Ans.
mol
⎛ P2 ⎞
(c) T2 := T1 P2 := P3 W12 := R⋅ T1⋅ ln ⎜
⎝ P1 ⎠
∆H23 := CP⋅ ( T3 − T2) Q23 := ∆H23
kJ
Work := W12 + W23 Work = 4.972 Ans.
mol
kJ
Q := ∆U − Work Q = −2.894 Ans.
mol
∆U = 1.247 ∆U = 2.079
(a) Work = 6.762 Q = −5.515
(b) Work = 6.886 Q = −5.639
(c) Work = 4.972 Q = −3.725
31
3.23 T1 := 303.15⋅ K T2 := T1 T3 := 393.15⋅ K
7 5
P1 := 1⋅ bar P3 := 12⋅ bar CP := ⋅R CV := ⋅R
2 2
kJ kJ
∆U = 1.871 ∆H = 2.619 Ans.
mol mol
T1 ⎛ P2 ⎞
Step 12: P2 := P3⋅ W12 := R⋅ T1⋅ ln ⎜
T3 ⎝ P1 ⎠
kJ kJ
W12 = 5.608 Q12 := −W12 Q12 = −5.608
mol mol
kJ
Step 23: W23 := 0⋅ Q23 := ∆U
mol
kJ kJ
Q := Q12 + Q23 Work = 5.608 Q = −3.737 Ans.
mol mol
W = R⋅ T1⋅ ln ⎛⎜
P⎞
Also Therefore
⎝ P1 ⎠
T2 − T1
ln ⎛⎜
P⎞
= T2 := 350⋅ K T1 := 800⋅ K P1 := 4⋅ bar
⎝ P1 ⎠ T1
⎛ T2 − T1 ⎞
P := P1⋅ exp ⎜ P = 2.279 bar Ans.
⎝ T1 ⎠
32
3 ∆P
3.25 VA := 256⋅ cm Define: = r r := −0.0639
P1
∆P −V A −VA⋅ ( r + 1) 3
= VB := VB = 3750.3 cm Ans.
P1 VA + VB r
7 CP
3.26 T1 := 300⋅ K P1 := 1⋅ atm CP := ⋅R CV := CP − R γ :=
2 CV
γ −1
γ
⎛ P2 ⎞
(a) P2 := 1.25⋅ atm TB := T1⋅ ⎜ (2)
⎝ P1 ⎠
( )
P2
TA := 2⋅ T1⋅ − TB Q = nA⋅ ∆UA + ∆UB
P1
q := CV⋅ ( TA + TB − 2⋅ T1)
Q
Define q= (3)
nA
kJ
TB = 319.75 K TA = 430.25 K q = 3.118 Ans.
mol
33
(b) Combine Eqs. (1) & (2) to eliminate the ratio of pressures:
⎛ TA + TB ⎞
P2 := P1⋅ ⎜ (1) P2 = 1.24 atm Ans.
⎝ 2⋅ T1 ⎠
q := CV⋅ ( TA + TB − 2⋅ T1)
kJ
q = 2.993 Ans.
mol
P2
TA := 2⋅ T1⋅ − TB (1) TA = 469 K Ans.
P1
q := CV⋅ ( TA + TB − 2⋅ T1)
kJ
q = 4.032 Ans.
mol
kJ q⋅ P1
q := 3⋅ P2 := + P1 P2 = 1.241 atm Ans.
mol 2⋅ T1⋅ CV
γ −1
γ
⎛ P2 ⎞
TB := T1⋅ ⎜ (2) TB = 319.06 K Ans.
⎝ P1 ⎠
P2
TA := 2⋅ T1⋅ − TB (1) TA = 425.28 K Ans.
P1
34
3 6
cm cm
3.30 B := −242.5⋅ C := 25200⋅ T := 373.15⋅ K
mol 2
mol
P1 := 1⋅ bar P2 := 55⋅ bar
B
B' := −3 1
R⋅ T B' = −7.817 × 10
bar
2
C−B
C' := −5 1
2 2 C' = −3.492 × 10
R ⋅T 2
bar
(a) Solve virial eqn. for initial V.
R⋅ T
Guess: V1 :=
P1
P 1⋅ V 1 3
V1 := Find ( V1)
B C cm
Given = 1+ + V1 = 30780
R⋅ T V1 V 2 mol
1
Solve virial eqn. for final V.
R⋅ T
Guess: V2 :=
P2
P 2⋅ V 2 3
V2 := Find ( V2)
B C cm
Given = 1+
+ V2 = 241.33
R⋅ T V2 V 2 mol
2
Eliminate P from Eq. (1.3) by the virial equation:
V2
⌠ ⎛ B C⎞ 1
Work := −R⋅ T⋅ ⎮ ⎜ 1 + + ⋅ dV kJ
Work = 12.62 Ans.
⎮ ⎝ V V2 V
⎠ mol
⌡V
1
(b) Eliminate dV from Eq. (1.3) by the virial equation in P:
P
⎛ −1 ⎞ ⌠ 2 ⎛ −1 + C'⋅ P⎞ dP
dV = R⋅ T⋅ ⎜ + C' ⋅ dP W := −R⋅ T⋅ ⎮ ⎜
⎝P
2
⎠
⎮
⌡P ⎝P ⎠
1
kJ
W = 12.596 Ans.
mol
35
Note: The answers to (a) & (b) differ because the relations between the two
sets of parameters are exact only for infinite series.
T
3.32 Tc := 282.3⋅ K T := 298.15⋅ K Tr := Tr = 1.056
Tc
P
Pc := 50.4⋅ bar P := 12⋅ bar Pr := Pr = 0.238
Pc
ω := 0.087 (guess)
3 6 3
cm cm R⋅ T cm
(a) B := −140⋅ C := 7200⋅ V := V = 2066
mol 2 P mol
mol
Given P⋅ V B C
= 1+ +
R⋅ T V V2
3
cm P⋅ V
V := Find ( V) V = 1919 Z := Z = 0.929 Ans.
mol R⋅ T
0.422
(b) B0 := 0.083 − B0 = −0.304
1.6
Tr
0.172 −3
B1 := 0.139 − B1 = 2.262 × 10
4.2
Tr
3
Pr Z⋅ R ⋅ T
(
Z := 1 + B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ ) Tr
Z = 0.932 V :=
P
V = 1924
cm
mol
Ans.
Ψ ⋅ α ( Tr )
q ( Tr) :=
− 0.5
α ( Tr) := Tr Table 3.1 Eq. (3.54)
Ω ⋅ Tr
Ω ⋅ Pr
β ( Tr , Pr) := Eq. (3.53)
Tr
36
Calculate Z Guess: Z := 0.9
2
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
q ( Tr) :=
(
Ψ ⋅ α Tr , ω ) Eq. (3.54) β ( Tr , Pr) :=
Ω ⋅ Pr
Eq. (3.53)
Ω ⋅ Tr Tr
Z − β ( T r , Pr )
Z = 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅
( Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ) ⋅ ( Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) )
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 0.928 V := V = 1918 Ans.
P mol
2
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
q ( Tr) :=
(
Ψ ⋅ α Tr , ω ) Eq. (3.54) β ( Tr , Pr) :=
Ω ⋅ Pr
Eq. (3.53)
Ω ⋅ Tr Tr
37
Calculate Z Guess: Z := 0.9
Z − β ( T r , Pr )
Z = 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅
( Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ) ⋅ ( Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) )
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 0.92 V := V = 1900.6 Ans.
P mol
T
3.33 Tc := 305.3⋅ K T := 323.15⋅ K Tr := Tr = 1.058
Tc
P
Pc := 48.72⋅ bar P := 15⋅ bar Pr := Pr = 0.308
Pc
ω := 0.100 (guess)
3 6 3
cm cm R⋅ T cm
(a) B := −156.7⋅ C := 9650⋅ V := V = 1791
mol 2 P mol
mol
Given P⋅ V B C
= 1+ +
R⋅ T V V2
3
cm P⋅ V
V := Find ( V) V = 1625 Z := Z = 0.907 Ans.
mol R⋅ T
0.422
(b) B0 := 0.083 − B0 = −0.302
1.6
Tr
0.172 −3
B1 := 0.139 − B1 = 3.517 × 10
4.2
Tr
3
Pr Z⋅ R ⋅ T
(
Z := 1 + B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ ) Tr
Z = 0.912 V :=
P
V = 1634
cm
mol
Ans.
38
Ψ ⋅ α ( Tr )
q ( Tr) :=
− 0.5
α ( Tr) := Tr Table 3.1 Eq. (3.54)
Ω ⋅ Tr
Ω ⋅ Pr
β ( Tr , Pr) := Eq. (3.53)
Tr
2
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
q ( Tr) :=
(
Ψ ⋅ α Tr , ω ) Eq. (3.54) β ( Tr , Pr) :=
Ω ⋅ Pr
Eq. (3.53)
Ω ⋅ Tr Tr
Z − β ( T r , Pr )
Z = 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅
( Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ) ⋅ ( Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) )
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 0.907 V := V = 1624.8 Ans.
P mol
39
2
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
q ( Tr) :=
(
Ψ ⋅ α Tr , ω ) Eq. (3.54) β ( Tr , Pr) :=
Ω ⋅ Pr
Eq. (3.53)
Ω ⋅ Tr Tr
Z − β ( T r , Pr )
Z = 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅
( Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ) ⋅ ( Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) )
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 0.896 V := V = 1605.5 Ans.
P mol
T
3.34 Tc := 318.7⋅ K T := 348.15⋅ K Tr := Tr = 1.092
Tc
P
Pc := 37.6⋅ bar P := 15⋅ bar Pr := Pr = 0.399
Pc
ω := 0.286
(guess)
3 6 3
cm cm R⋅ T cm
(a) B := −194⋅ C := 15300⋅ V := V = 1930
mol 2 P mol
mol
Given P⋅ V B C
= 1+ +
R⋅ T V V2
3
cm P⋅ V
V := Find ( V) V = 1722 Z := Z = 0.893 Ans.
mol R⋅ T
0.422
(b) B0 := 0.083 − B0 = −0.283
1.6
Tr
40
0.172
B1 := 0.139 − B1 = 0.02
4.2
Tr
3
Pr Z⋅ R ⋅ T
(
Z := 1 + B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ ) Tr
Z = 0.899 V :=
P
V = 1734
cm
mol
Ans.
Ψ ⋅ α ( Tr )
q ( Tr) :=
− 0.5
α ( Tr) := Tr Table 3.1 Eq. (3.54)
Ω ⋅ Tr
Ω ⋅ Pr
β ( Tr , Pr) := Eq. (3.53)
Tr
q ( Tr) :=
(
Ψ ⋅ α Tr , ω ) Eq. (3.54) β ( Tr , Pr) :=
Ω ⋅ Pr
Eq. (3.53)
Ω ⋅ Tr Tr
41
Calculate Z Guess: Z := 0.9
Given Eq. (3.52)
Z − β ( T r , Pr )
Z = 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅
( Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ) ⋅ ( Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) )
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 0.895 V := V = 1726.9 Ans.
P mol
(e) For Peng/Robinson EOS:
2
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
q ( Tr) :=
(
Ψ ⋅ α Tr , ω ) Eq. (3.54) β ( Tr , Pr) :=
Ω ⋅ Pr
Eq. (3.53)
Ω ⋅ Tr Tr
3 6
cm cm R⋅ T
(a) B := −152.5⋅ C := −5800⋅ V := (guess)
mol 2 P
mol
P⋅ V B C
Given = 1+ + V := Find ( V)
R⋅ T V V2
3
P⋅ V cm
Z := V = 2250 Z = 0.931 Ans.
R⋅ T mol
42
(b) Tc := 647.1⋅ K Pc := 220.55⋅ bar ω := 0.345
T P 0.422
Tr := Pr := B0 := 0.083 −
Tc Pc 1.6
Tr
Tr = 0.808 Pr = 0.082 B0 = −0.51
Pr
B1 := 0.139 −
0.172
4.2
B1 = −0.281 (
Z := 1 + B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ ) Tr
Tr
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
V := Z = 0.939 V = 2268 Ans.
P mol
3
gm cm
(c) Table F.2: molwt := 18.015⋅ V := 124.99⋅ ⋅ molwt
mol gm
3
cm
or V = 2252 Ans.
mol
3 6 9
cm cm cm
3.37 B := −53.4⋅ C := 2620⋅ D := 5000⋅ n := mol
mol 2 3
mol mol
T := 273.15⋅ K
P⋅ V B C D
Given = 1+ + + f ( P , V) := Find ( V)
R⋅ T V V2 V3
i := 0 .. 10 Pi := 10 ( − 10 )
+ 20⋅ i ⋅ bar Vi :=
R⋅ T
(guess)
Pi
f ( P i , V i ) ⋅ Pi
Zi := Eq. (3.12)
R⋅ T
B ⋅ Pi 1 1 B ⋅ Pi Eq. (3.39)
Z1i := 1 + Eq. (3.38) Z2i := + +
R⋅ T 2 4 R⋅ T
43
1·10 -10 Zi = Z1i = Z2i =
20 1 1 1
40 0.953 0.953 0.951
60 0.906 0.906 0.895
80 0.861 0.859 0.83
Pi = 100 bar 0.819 0.812 0.749
120 0.784 0.765 0.622
140 0.757 0.718 0.5+0.179i
160 0.74 0.671 0.5+0.281i
180 0.733 0.624 0.5+0.355i
200 0.735 0.577 0.5+0.416i
0.743 0.53 0.5+0.469i
Note that values of Z from Eq. (3.39) are not physically meaningful for
pressures above 100 bar.
0.9
Zi
0.8
Z1 i
Z2 i 0.7
0.6
0.5
0 50 100 150 200
−1
Pi⋅ bar
44
3.38 (a) Propane: Tc := 369.8⋅ K Pc := 42.48⋅ bar ω := 0.152
Ψ ⋅ α ( Tr )
q ( Tr) :=
− 0.5
α ( Tr) := Tr Table 3.1 Eq. (3.54)
Ω ⋅ Tr
Ω ⋅ Pr
β ( Tr , Pr) := Eq. (3.53)
Tr
Given
⎛ 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − Z ⎞
( )(
Z = β ( T r , Pr ) + Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅ Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅ ⎜ )
⎝ q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⎠
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 0.057 V := V = 108.1 Ans.
P mol
45
T
Rackett equation for saturated liquid: Tr := Tr = 0.847
Tc
3
cm
Vc := 200.0⋅ Zc := 0.276
mol
⎡( 1−Tr) 0.2857⎤ 3
V := Vc⋅ Zc⎣ ⎦ cm
V = 94.17 Ans.
mol
0.422
B0 := 0.083 −
1.6 B0 = −0.468
Tr
0.172
B1 := 0.139 −
4.2 B1 = −0.207
Tr
3
R⋅ T Tc
V :=
P
(
+ R⋅ B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ )
Pc
V = 1.538 × 10
3 cm
mol
Ans.
46
Parts (b) through (t) are worked exactly the same way. All results are
summarized as follows. Volume units are cu.cm./mole.
R/K, Liq. R/K, Vap. Rackett Pitzer
(a) 108.1 1499.2 94.2 1537.8
47
3.39 (a) Propane Tc := 369.8⋅ K Pc := 42.48⋅ bar ω := 0.152
T P
Tr := Tr = 0.847 Pr := Pr = 0.323
Tc Pc
σ := 1 ε := 0 Ω := 0.08664 Ψ := 0.42748
2
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
q ( Tr) :=
(
Ψ ⋅ α Tr , ω ) Eq. (3.54) β ( Tr , Pr) :=
Ω ⋅ Pr
Eq. (3.53)
Ω ⋅ Tr Tr
Given
⎛ 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − Z ⎞
( )(
Z = β ( T r , Pr ) + Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅ Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅ ⎜ )
⎝ q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⎠
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 0.055 V := V = 104.7 Ans.
P mol
Given
Z − β ( T r , Pr )
Z = 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅
( Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ) ⋅ ( Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) )
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 0.78 V := V = 1480.7 Ans.
P mol
48
Parts (b) through (t) are worked exactly the same way. All results are
summarized as follows. Volume units are cu.cm./mole.
SRK, Liq. SRK, Vap. Rackett Pitzer
(a) 104.7 1480.7 94.2 1537.8
49
3.40 (a) Propane Tc := 369.8⋅ K Pc := 42.48⋅ bar ω := 0.152
T P
Tr := Tr = 0.847 Pr := Pr = 0.323
Tc Pc
σ := 1 + 2 ε := 1 − 2 Ω := 0.07779 Ψ := 0.45724
q ( Tr) :=
(
Ψ ⋅ α Tr , ω ) Eq. (3.54) β ( Tr , Pr) :=
Ω ⋅ Pr
Eq. (3.53)
Ω ⋅ Tr Tr
Given
⎛ 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − Z ⎞
( )(
Z = β ( T r , Pr ) + Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅ Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅ ⎜ )
⎝ q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⎠
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 0.049 V := V = 92.2 Ans.
P mol
Given
Z − β ( T r , Pr )
Z = 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅
( Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ) ⋅ ( Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) )
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 0.766 V := V = 1454.5 Ans.
P mol
50
Parts (b) through (t) are worked exactly the same way. All results are
summarized as follows. Volume units are cu.cm./mole.
PR, Liq. PR, Vap. Rackett Pitzer
(a) 92.2 1454.5 94.2 1537.8
51
gm
3.41 (a) For ethylene, molwt := 28.054 Tc := 282.3⋅ K Pc := 50.40⋅ bar
mol
ω := 0.087 T := 328.15⋅ K P := 35⋅ bar
T P
Tr := Pr := Tr = 1.162 Pr = 0.694
Tc Pc
Z := Z0 + ω ⋅ Z1 Z = 0.841
18⋅ kg Z⋅ n⋅ R⋅ T 3
n := Vtotal := Vtotal = 0.421 m Ans.
molwt P
3
(b) T := 323.15⋅ K P := 115⋅ bar Vtotal := 0.25⋅ m
T P
Tr := Tr = 1.145 Pr := Pr = 2.282
Tc Pc
P⋅ Vtotal
Z := Z0 + ω ⋅ Z1 Z = 0.493 n := n = 2171 mol
Z⋅ R⋅ T
mass := n⋅ molwt mass = 60.898 kg Ans.
B ⋅ P2 R ⋅ T 1⋅ Z 2 3 cm
3
Z2 := 1 + Z2 = 0.611 V2 := V2 = 3.046 × 10 Ans.
R⋅ T1 P2 mol
52
T
3.43 T := 753.15⋅ K Tc := 513.9⋅ K Tr := Tr = 1.466
Tc
3
R⋅ T Tc
V :=
P
(
+ B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ R⋅)Pc
V = 989
cm
mol
Ans.
3
R⋅ T cm
For an ideal gas: V := V = 1044
P mol
⎡( 1−Tr) 0.2857⎤ 3
Vliq := Vc⋅ Zc⎣ ⎦ cm
Vliq = 96.769
mol
3 0.8⋅ Vtank
Vtank := 0.35⋅ m mliq := mliq = 127.594 kg Ans.
Vliq
molwt
0.422
B0 := 0.083 − B0 = −0.449
1.6
Tr
0.172
B1 := 0.139 − B1 = −0.177
4.2
Tr
53
3
R⋅ T Tc
Vvap :=
P
(
+ B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ R⋅
Pc
) Vvap = 1.318 × 10
3 cm
mol
0.2⋅ Vtank
mvap :=
Vvap mvap = 2.341 kg Ans.
molwt
T
3.45 T := 298.15⋅ K Tc := 425.1⋅ K Tr := Tr = 0.701
Tc
P
P := 2.43⋅ bar Pc := 37.96⋅ bar Pr := Pr = 0.064
Pc
3 gm
ω := 0.200 Vvap := 16⋅ m molwt := 58.123⋅
mol
0.422
B0 := 0.083 − B0 = −0.661
1.6
Tr
0.172
B1 := 0.139 − B1 = −0.624
4.2
Tr
3
R⋅ T Tc
V :=
P
(
+ B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ R⋅ )
Pc
V = 9.469 × 10
3 cm
mol
Vvap
mvap := mvap = 98.213 kg Ans.
V
molwt
T
3.46 (a) T := 333.15⋅ K Tc := 305.3⋅ K Tr := Tr = 1.091
Tc
P
P := 14000⋅ kPa Pc := 48.72⋅ bar Pr := Pr = 2.874
Pc
3 gm
ω := 0.100 Vtotal := 0.15⋅ m molwt := 30.07
mol
54
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Z0 + ω ⋅ Z1 Z = 0.459 V := V = 90.87
P mol
Vtotal
methane := methane = 49.64 kg Ans.
V
molwt
(b) Vtotal
V := P := 20000⋅ kPa P⋅ V = Z ⋅ R ⋅ T = Z ⋅ R ⋅ T r ⋅ T c
40⋅ kg
α P⋅ V mol
or Tr = where α := α = 29.548
Z R ⋅ Tc kg
0.889 P
Whence Tr = at Pr := Pr = 4.105
Z Pc
Whence T := Tr⋅ Tc
55
This equation giving Pr as a function of Z and Eq. (3.57) in conjunction with
Tables E.3 & E.4 are two relations in the same variables which must be
satisfied at the given reduced temperature. The intersection of these two
relations can be found by one means or another to occur at about:
Vtotal 3
3 cm
3.48 mwater := 15⋅ kg Vtotal := 0.4⋅ m V := V = 26.667
mwater gm
T1
3.49 T1 := 298.15⋅ K Tc := 305.3⋅ K Tr1 := Tr1 = 0.977
Tc
P1
P1 := 2200⋅ kPa Pc := 48.72⋅ bar Pr1 := Pr1 = 0.452
Pc
3
Vtotal := 0.35⋅ m ω := 0.100
From Tables E.1 & E.2: Z0 := .8105 Z1 := −0.0479
Z⋅ R⋅ T1 cm
3
Z := Z0 + ω ⋅ Z1 Z = 0.806 V1 := V1 = 908
P1 mol
T2
T2 := 493.15⋅ K Tr2 := Tr2 = 1.615
Tc
Assume Eq. (3.38) applies at the final state.
0.422
B0 := 0.083 − B0 = −0.113
1.6
Tr2
0.172
B1 := 0.139 − B1 = 0.116
4.2
Tr2
R⋅ T2
P2 :=
Tc P2 = 42.68 bar Ans.
(
V1 − B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ R⋅) Pc
56
T
3.50 T := 303.15⋅ K Tc := 304.2⋅ K Tr := Tr = 0.997
Tc
3 gm
Vtotal := 0.5⋅ m Pc := 73.83⋅ bar ω := 0.224 molwt := 44.01⋅
mol
0.422
B0 := 0.083 − B0 = −0.341
1.6
Tr
0.172
B1 := 0.139 − B1 = −0.036
4.2
Tr
Vtotal 3
V := 3 cm
V = 2.2 × 10
⎛ 10⋅ kg ⎞
⎜ mol
⎝ molwt ⎠
R⋅ T
P :=
Tc P = 10.863 bar Ans.
(
V − B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ R⋅ ) Pc
P
P := 1⋅ atm Pc := 34.0⋅ bar Pr := Pr = 0.03
Pc
gm
ω := 0.038 molwt := 28.014⋅ 3
mol Vliq := 34.7⋅ cm
0.422
B0 := 0.083 −
1.6 B0 = −0.842
Tr
0.172
B1 := 0.139 − B1 = −1.209
4.2
Tr
Pr
(
Z := 1 + B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ ) Tr
Z = 0.957
57
P⋅ Vliq −3
nvapor := nvapor = 5.718 × 10 mol
Z⋅ R ⋅ Tn
Final conditions:
2⋅ Vliq cm
3
ntotal := 1⋅ mol + nvapor V := V = 69.005
ntotal mol
T
T := 298.15⋅ K Tr := Tr = 2.363
Tc
R⋅ T
Pig := Pig = 359.2 bar
V
α ( Tr) = 0.651
− .5
Ω := 0.08664 Ψ := 0.42748 α ( Tr) := Tr
Ψ ⋅ α ( Tr ) ⋅ R ⋅ Tc
2 2
Ω ⋅ R⋅ Tc
a := Eq. (3.42) b := Eq. (3.43)
Pc Pc
3
3 bar⋅ cm 3
a = 0.901 m cm
2 b = 26.737
mol mol
R⋅ T a
P := − Eq. (3.44) P = 450.1 bar Ans.
V − b V ⋅ ( V + b)
3
cm
3.52 For isobutane: Tc := 408.1⋅ K Pc := 36.48⋅ bar V1 := 1.824⋅
gm
T1 P1 T2 P2
Tr1 := Pr1 := Tr2 := Pr2 :=
Tc Pc Tc Pc
58
From Fig. (3.17): ρ r1 := 2.45
The final T > Tc, and Fig. 3.16 probably should not be used. One can easily
show that
3
cm
Vc := 262.7⋅ ω := 0.181 Z0 := 0.3356 Z1 := −0.0756
mol
P 2⋅ V c
Z := Z0 + ω ⋅ Z1 Z = 0.322 ρ r2 := ρ r2 = 1.774
Z⋅ R ⋅ T2
ρ r1 cm
3
Eq. (3.75): V2 := V1⋅ V2 = 2.519 Ans.
ρ r2 gm
gm
3.53 For n-pentane: Tc := 469.7⋅ K Pc := 33.7⋅ bar ρ 1 := 0.63⋅
3
cm
T1 := 291.15⋅ K P1 := 1⋅ bar T2 := 413.15⋅ K P2 := 120⋅ bar
T1 P1 T2 P2
Tr1 := Pr1 := Tr2 := Pr2 :=
Tc Pc Tc Pc
ρ r2 gm
By Eq. (3.75), ρ 2 := ρ 1⋅ ρ 2 = 0.532 Ans.
ρ r1 cm
3
T
3.54 For ethanol: Tc := 513.9⋅ K T := 453.15⋅ K Tr := Tr = 0.882
Tc
P
Pc := 61.48⋅ bar P := 200⋅ bar Pr := Pr = 3.253
Pc
3
cm gm
Vc := 167⋅ molwt := 46.069⋅
mol mol
59
ρr
From Fig. 3.16: ρ r := 2.28 ρ = ρ r⋅ ρ c =
Vc
ρr gm
ρ := ρ = 0.629 Ans.
Vc 3
cm
molwt
P
Pc := 112.8⋅ bar P := 857⋅ kPa Pr := Pr = 0.076
Pc
3
cm
Vc := 72.5⋅ Zc := 0.242 ω := 0.253
mol
⎡( 1−Tr) 0.2857⎤ 3
Vliquid := Vc⋅ Zc⎣ ⎦ cm
Eq. (3.72): Vliquid = 27.11
mol
0.422
B0 := 0.083 −
1.6 B0 = −0.627
Tr
0.172
B1 := 0.139 − B1 = −0.534
4.2
Tr
3
R⋅ T Tc
Vvapor :=
P
(
+ B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ R⋅ )
Pc
Vvapor = 2616
cm
mol
3
cm
∆V := Vvapor − Vliquid ∆V = 2589 Ans.
mol
60
Alternatively, use Tables E.1 & E.2 to get the vapor volume:
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Vvapor := Vvapor = 2591
P mol
3
cm
∆V := Vvapor − Vliquid ∆V = 2564 Ans.
mol
3 P⋅ V
V := 1400⋅ ft n := n = 3.689 lbmol
R⋅ T
For methane at 3000 psi and 60 degF:
T
Tc := 190.6⋅ 1.8⋅ rankine T := 519.67⋅ rankine Tr := Tr = 1.515
Tc
P
Pc := 45.99⋅ bar P := 3000⋅ psi Pr := Pr = 4.498
Pc
ω := 0.012
Z⋅ n⋅ R⋅ T 3
Vtank := Vtank = 5.636 ft Ans.
P
61
3.59 T := 25K P := 3.213bar
Calculate the effective critical parameters for hydrogen by equations (3.58)
and (3.56)
43.6
Tc := ⋅K Tc = 30.435 K
21.8K
1+
2.016T
20.5
Pc := ⋅ bar Pc = 10.922 bar
44.2K
1+
2.016T
ω := 0
P T
Pr := Pr = 0.294 Tr := Tr = 0.821
Pc Tc
3
R⋅ T cm
Initial guess of volume: V := V = 646.903
P mol
0.422 0.172
B0 := 0.083 − B0 = −0.495 B1 := 0.139 − B1 = −0.254
1.6 4.2
Tr Tr
Pr
(
Z := 1 + B0 + ω ⋅ B1 ⋅ ) Tr
Z = 0.823 Ans. Experimental: Z = 0.7757
Ψ ⋅ α ( Tr )
α ( Tr) := Tr q ( Tr) :=
− 0.5
Table 3.1 Eq. (3.54)
Ω ⋅ Tr
Ω ⋅ Pr
β ( Tr , Pr) := Eq. (3.53)
Tr
62
Calculate Z Guess: Z := 0.9
T := ⎡⎢( 60 − 32) ⋅
At standard condition:
5 ⎤
+ 273.15⎥ K T = 288.706 K
⎣ 9 ⎦
Pitzer correlations: P := 1atm
T P
Tr := Tr = 1.515 Pr := Pr = 0.022
Tc Pc
0.422 0.172
B0 := 0.083 − B0 = −0.134 B1 := 0.139 − B1 = 0.109
1.6 4.2
Tr Tr
Pr Pr
Z0 := 1 + B0⋅ Z0 = 0.998 Z1 := B1⋅
Tr Tr Z1 = 0.00158
3
Z⋅ R⋅ T m
Z := Z0 + ω ⋅ Z1 Z = 0.998 V1 := V1 = 0.024
P mol
T := ⎡⎢( 50 − 32) ⋅
(a) At actual condition:
5 ⎤
+ 273.15⎥ K P := 300psi
⎣ 9 ⎦
Pitzer correlations:
T = 283.15 K
T P
Tr := Tr = 1.486 Pr := Pr = 0.45
Tc Pc
0.422
B0 := 0.083 − B0 = −0.141
1.6
Tr
0.172
B1 := 0.139 − B1 = 0.106
4.2
Tr
63
Pr Pr
Z0 := 1 + B0⋅ Z0 = 0.957 Z1 := B1⋅ Z1 = 0.0322
Tr Tr
3
Z⋅ R⋅ T m
Z := Z0 + ω ⋅ Z1 Z = 0.958 V2 := V2 = 0.00109
P mol
3 V2 3
6 ft 6 ft
q1 := 150⋅ 10 q2 := q1⋅ q2 = 6.915 × 10 Ans.
day V1 day
q1
(b) n1 := 3 kmol
V1 n1 = 7.485 × 10 Ans.
hr
π 2 2
(c) D := 22.624in A := D A = 0.259 m
4
q2 m
u := u = 8.738 Ans.
A s
64
⎛ 0.012 ⎞ ⎛ 0.286 ⎞
3.62 ⎜ ⎜ Use the first 29 components in Table B.1
⎜ 0.087 ⎟ ⎜ 0.281 ⎟ sorted so that ω values are in ascending
⎜ 0.1 ⎟ ⎜ 0.279 ⎟ order. This is required for the Mathcad
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ slope and intercept functions.
⎜ 0.140 ⎟ ⎜ 0.289 ⎟
⎜ 0.152 ⎟ ⎜ 0.276 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.181 ⎟ ⎜ 0.282 ⎟
⎜ 0.187 ⎟ ⎜ 0.271 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.19 ⎟
⎜ 0.267 ⎟
⎜ 0.191 ⎟ ⎜ 0.277 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
0.194 0.275
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.196 ⎟ ⎜ 0.273 ⎟
⎜ 0.2 ⎟ ⎜ 0.274 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.205 ⎟ ⎜ 0.273 ⎟
⎜ 0.21 ⎟ ⎜ 0.273 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
ω := ⎜ 0.21 ⎟ ZC := ⎜ 0.271 ⎟
⎜ 0.212 ⎟ ⎜ 0.272 ⎟ ( )
m := slope ω , ZC = ( −0.091)
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.218 ⎟ ⎜ 0.275 ⎟ (
b := intercept ω , ZC = ( 0.291))
⎜ 0.23 ⎟ ⎜ 0.272 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ( )
r := corr ω , ZC = ( −0.878)
2
r = 0.771
⎜ 0.235 ⎟ ⎜ 0.269 ⎟
⎜ 0.252 ⎟ ⎜ 0.27 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.262 ⎟ ⎜ 0.264 ⎟ 0.29
⎜ 0.28 ⎟ ⎜ 0.265 ⎟ ZC
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 0.28
⎜ 0.297 ⎟ ⎜ 0.256 ⎟ m⋅ ω+b 0.27
⎜ 0.301 ⎟ ⎜ 0.266 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 0.26
⎜ 0.302 ⎟ ⎜ 0.266 ⎟
⎜ 0.303 ⎟ ⎜ 0.263 ⎟ 0.25
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
ω
⎜ 0.31 ⎟
⎜ 0.263 ⎟
⎜ 0.322 ⎟ ⎜ 0.26 ⎟ The equation of the line is: Ans.
⎜ ⎜ Zc = 0.291 − 0.091ω
⎝ 0.326 ⎠ ⎝ 0.261 ⎠
65
7 5 Cp
3.65 Cp := R Cv := R γ := γ = 1.4
2 2 Cv
T1 := 298.15K P1 := 1bar
P2 := 5bar
T3 := T1 P3 := 5bar
kJ
W12 := ∆U12 W12 = 3.618 Ans.
mol
Step 2->3 Isobaric cooling
66
⎛ P1 ⎞ kJ
Q31 := −R⋅ T3⋅ ln ⎜ Q31 = 3.99 Ans.
⎝ P3 ⎠ mol
kJ
W31 := −Q31 W31 = −3.99 Ans.
mol
For the cycle
kJ
Qcycle := Q12 + Q23 + Q31 Qcycle = −1.076 Ans.
mol
kJ
Wcycle := W12 + W23 + W31 Wcycle = 1.076 Ans.
mol
W12 kJ
W12 := W12 = 4.522 Ans.
η mol
kJ
Q12 := ∆U12 − W12 Q12 = −0.904 Ans.
mol
Step 2->3 Isobaric cooling
W23 kJ
W23 := W23 = 1.809 Ans.
η mol
kJ
Q23 := ∆U23 − W23 Q23 = −5.427 Ans.
mol
Step 3->1 Isothermal expansion
kJ
W31 := η ⋅ W31 W31 = −3.192 Ans.
mol
kJ
Q31 := ∆U31 − W31 Q31 = 3.192 Ans.
mol
For the cycle
kJ
Qcycle := Q12 + Q23 + Q31 Qcycle = −3.14 Ans.
mol
kJ
Wcycle := W12 + W23 + W31 Wcycle = 3.14
mol Ans.
67
3.67 a) PV data are taken from Table F.2 at pressures above 1atm.
⎛ 125 ⎞ ⎛ 2109.7 ⎞
⎜ ⎜
⎜ 150 ⎟ ⎜ 1757.0 ⎟
⎜ 175 ⎟ ⎜ 1505.1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
1316.2 ⎟ cm3
P := ⎜
200 ⎟ ⎜
kPa V := ⋅ T := ( 300 + 273.15)K
⎜ 225 ⎟ ⎜ 1169.2 ⎟ gm
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 250 ⎟ ⎜ 1051.6 ⎟ M := 18.01
gm
⎜ 275 ⎟ ⎜ 955.45 ⎟ mol
⎜ ⎜
⎝ 300 ⎠ ⎝ 875.29 ⎠
⎯⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯→
P⋅ V ⋅ M 1
Z := ρ := i := 0 .. 7
R⋅ T V⋅ M
If a linear equation is fit to the points then the value of B is the y-intercept.
Use the Mathcad intercept function to find the y-intercept and hence, the
value of B
3
Zi − 1 cm
Yi := Xi := ρ i B := intercept ( X , Y) B = −128.42 Ans.
ρi mol
6
5 cm
A := slope ( X , Y) A = 1.567 × 10
2
mol
Below is a plot of the data along with the linear fit and the extrapolation to
the y-intercept.
68
115
120
(Z-1)/p
125
130
2 .10 4 .10 6 .10 8 .10
5 5 5 5
0
p
(Z-1)/p
Linear fit
⎛ 125 ⎞ ⎛ 2295.6 ⎞
⎜ ⎜
⎜ 150 ⎟ ⎜ 1912.2 ⎟
⎜ 175 ⎟ ⎜ 1638.3 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
1432.8 ⎟ cm3
P := ⎜
200 ⎟ ⎜
kPa V := ⋅ T := ( 350 + 273.15)K
⎜ 225 ⎟ ⎜ 1273.1 ⎟ gm
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 250 ⎟ ⎜ 1145.2 ⎟ M := 18.01
gm
⎜ 275 ⎟ ⎜ 1040.7 ⎟ mol
⎜ ⎜
⎝ 300 ⎠ ⎝ 953.52 ⎠
⎯⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯→
P⋅ V ⋅ M 1
Z := ρ := i := 0 .. 7
R⋅ T V⋅ M
If a linear equation is fit to the points then the value of B is the y-intercept.
Use the Mathcad intercept function to find the y-intercept and hence, the
value of B
3
Zi − 1 cm
Yi := Xi := ρ i B := intercept ( X , Y) B = −105.899 Ans.
ρi mol
69
6
5 cm
A := slope ( X , Y) A = 1.784 × 10
2
mol
90
95
(Z-1)/p
100
105
110
2 .10 4 .10 6 .10 8 .10
5 5 5 5
0
p
(Z-1)/p
Linear fit
⎛ 125 ⎞ ⎛ 2481.2 ⎞
⎜ ⎜
⎜ 150 ⎟ ⎜ 2066.9 ⎟
⎜ 175 ⎟ ⎜ 1771.1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
1549.2 ⎟ cm3
P := ⎜
200 ⎟ ⎜
kPa V := ⋅ T := ( 400 + 273.15)K
⎜ 225 ⎟ ⎜ 1376.6 ⎟ gm
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 250 ⎟ ⎜ 1238.5 ⎟ M := 18.01
gm
⎜ 275 ⎟ ⎜ 1125.5 ⎟ mol
⎜ ⎜
⎝ 300 ⎠ ⎝ 1031.4 ⎠
70
⎯⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯→
P⋅ V ⋅ M 1
Z := ρ := i := 0 .. 7
R⋅ T V⋅ M
If a linear equation is fit to the points then the value of B is the
y-intercept.
Use the Mathcad intercept function to find the y-intercept and hence,
the value of B
3
Zi − 1 cm
Yi := Xi := ρ i B := intercept ( X , Y) B = −89.902 Ans.
ρi mol
6
5 cm
A := slope ( X , Y) A = 2.044 × 10
2
mol
70
75
(Z-1)/p
80
85
90
2 .10 4 .10 6 .10 8 .10
5 5 5 5
0
p
(Z-1)/p
Linear fit
71
( Z − 1) ⋅ Z⋅ Tr Pr
3.70 Create a plot of vs
Pr Z⋅ Tr
Data from Appendix E at Tr = 1
⎛ 0.01 ⎞ ⎛ 0.9967 ⎞
⎜ 0.05 ⎜ 0.9832
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.10 ⎟ ⎜ 0.9659 ⎟
Pr := ⎜ 0.20 ⎟ Z := ⎜ 0.9300 ⎟ Tr := 1
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.40 ⎟ ⎜ 0.8509 ⎟
⎜ 0.60 ⎟ ⎜ 0.7574 ⎟
⎜ ⎜
⎝ 0.80 ⎠ ⎝ 0.6355 ⎠
⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
Pr ( Z − 1) ⋅ Z⋅ Tr
X := Y :=
Z⋅ Tr Pr
0.28
Y 0.3
Slope⋅ X+Intercept
0.32
0.34
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
X
72
3.71 Use the SRK equation to calculate Z
T
Tc := 150.9⋅ K T := ( 30 + 273.15) ⋅ T
Kr := Tr = 2.009
Tc
P
Pc := 48.98⋅ bar P := 300⋅ bar Pr := Pr = 6.125
Pc
ω := 0.0
2
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
q ( Tr) :=
(
Ψ ⋅ α Tr , ω ) Eq. (3.54) β ( Tr , Pr) :=
Ω ⋅ Pr
Eq. (3.53)
Ω ⋅ Tr Tr
Z − β ( T r , Pr )
Z = 1 + β ( T r , Pr ) − q ( T r ) ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ⋅
( Z + ε ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) ) ⋅ ( Z + σ ⋅ β ( T r , Pr ) )
3
Z⋅ R ⋅ T cm
Z := Find ( Z) Z = 1.025 V := V = 86.1 Ans.
P mol
This volume is within 2.5% of the ideal gas value.
3.72 After the reaction is complete, there will be 5 moles of C 2H2 and 5 moles of
Ca(OH)2.
73
Use SRK equation to calculate pressure.
T
Tc := 308.3⋅ K T := ( 125 + 273.15) ⋅ K Tr := Tr = 1.291
Tc
Pc := 61.39⋅ bar ω := 0.0
2
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
q ( Tr) :=
(
Ψ ⋅ α Tr , ω ) Eq. (3.54)
Ω ⋅ Tr
a := Ψ ⋅
( )
α Tr , ω ⋅ R ⋅ Tc
2 2
Eq. (3.45) b := Ω ⋅
R⋅ Tc
Eq. (3.46)
Pc Pc
3
3 bar⋅ cm 3
a = 3.995 m cm
2 b = 36.175
mol mol
R⋅ T a
P := − P = 197.8 bar Ans.
V − b V ⋅ ( V + b)
0.422 0.172
B0 := 0.083 − Eq. (3-65) B1 := 0.139 − Eq. (3-66)
1.6 4.2
Tr Tr
B0 = −0.564 B1 = −0.389
74
Pr
Z := 1 + ( B0 + ω ⋅ B1) ⋅ Z = 0.981
Tr
Z⋅ n⋅ R⋅ T 7 3 3
Vt := Vt = −2.379 × 10 m m
P
3
This would require a very large tank. If the 6
D := ⋅ Vt D = 32.565 m
tank were spherical the diameter would be: π
b) Calculate the molar volume of the liquid with the Rackett equation(3.72)
(1−Tr)0.2857 3
Vliq := Vc⋅ Zc cm
Vliq = 85.444
mol
P
P := 6.294atm Pr := Pr = 0.15
Pc
Pr
Z := 1 + ( B0 + ω ⋅ B1) ⋅
Tr Z = 0.878
Z⋅ R ⋅ T 3
Vvap := 3 cm
P Vvap = 3.24 × 10
mol
Guess: Vtank := 90%⋅ Vliq⋅ n
Vtank Vtank
Given 90%⋅ + 10% = n Vtank := Find ( Vtank)
Vliq Vvap
3
Vtank = 75.133 m
75