CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Review on Series Compensation of Transmission Line

The increasing population and industrialization leads to increase in electrical
energy demand. Therefore, transmission systems must be flexible to react to more
diverse generation and load patterns. In addition, the economical utilization of
transmission system assets is of vital importance to enable electric utilities in
industrialized countries to remain competitive and to survive. In developing countries,
the optimized use of transmission system investments is also important to support
industry, create employment, and efficiently utilize the scarce economic resources. As
it is increasingly difficult to secure new rights-of-the way, existing transmission lines
will have to be overloaded in the face of generation expansion.
Use of series capacitors for compensation part of the inductive reactance of long
transmission lines will increase the transmission line capacity. It also increases transient
stability margins, optimizes load-sharing between parallel transmission lines and
reduces system losses. Transmission line compensation implies a modification in the
electric characteristic of the transmission line with the objective of increase power
transfer capability. In the case of series compensation, the objective is to reduce the
transfer reactance of the line at power frequency by means of series capacitors. This
result is an enhanced system stability, which is evidenced with an increased power
transfer capability of the line, a reduction in the transmission angle at a given level of
power transfer and an increased virtual natural load.
The fixed series compensations of lines are normally used for better utilization
on the existing power transmission systems. It is presented as the best choice, because
not only does it increase the power transmission capacity but also it stabilizes that the
interconnected networks by reducing net transmission line impedance. Also
significantly increases the distance over which AC power can be transmitted.
 2

Series capacitors may be installed at one or both line ends. Line ends are typical
capacitor locations, because it is generally possible to use space available in the
substation only. In turn, this also reduces installation cost. Another possibility is to
install the series capacitors at some central location on the line. Midpoint series
compensation is more effective in case of very long transmission lines. Series
capacitors located at the line ends create more complex protection problems than those
installed at the center of the line.
According to the International Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE)
Standard, maximum system voltages above 1kV are divided into four voltage classes.
1. Medium Voltage ( MV ) - >1kV and  72.5kV
2. High Voltage ( HV ) - > 72.5 kV and  242kV
3. Extra - High Voltage (EHV) - >242kv and <1000kV
4. Ultra - High - Voltage (UHV) -  1000kV
This thesis is based on the electrical design of 230kV overhead transmission
line from Tharyargone to Hlawgar Substation. The theories and suitable databases are
used for the calculation of the performance of electrical transmission system and the
voltage stability of transmission system by using series compensation. This thesis
attempts to discuss and explain about the result data by using hand calculation.

1.2. Aim and Objectives

The main aim of this thesis is to study the voltage stability of 230 kV overhead
transmission line from Tharyargone to Hlawgar Substation by using series
compensation. The specific objectives of this thesis are summarized as follows;
1. To calculate the parameters such as resistance (R), inductance (L), and
capacitance (C) and then finding impedance (Z) and admittance (Y).
2. To calculate the constants of overhead transmission line.
3. To describe the basic requirements, performance of overhead transmission
line.
4. To calculate the active power and reactive power transferred.
5. To compare the result of calculation with uncompensated and compensated
series capacitor conditions with three different locations and three different
series compensation degree.
 3

1.3. Scope of Thesis

This mini-thesis describes the general requirements and theories used in voltage
stability for high voltage AC transmission line from Tharyargone to Hlawgar
Substation (106.25 miles). Also consist considerations of overhead transmission lines
by calculating the requirements.

1.4. Methodology
The implementation of this thesis is carried out by the following producers;
1. Studying about overhead transmission line and circuit of transmission line.
2. Calculating the constants of transmission line.
3. Calculating the series capacitor value to determine the voltage regulation,
efficiency on uncompensated and compensated series capacitors conditions.
4. Finding the power transfer capacity and reactive power by comparing with two
conditions and three different series compensation degree.

1.5. Outline of Thesis

This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one expresses an introduction to
this mini-thesis. Chapter two includes review on voltage stability, reactive power
compensation of transmission line and it impacts on the performance of transmission
system. Chapter three describes the equation of HVAC overhead transmission line and
voltage stability of transmission system by using series compensation. Chapter four
expresses the calculation of the performance of overhead transmission line with
uncompensated and compensated series capacitor conditions of 230 kV overhead
transmission line from Tharyargone to Hlawgar Substation. Chapter five describes
discussion and conclusion of this thesis.