mpomhiknt. Furthhikrmporhik, ZCQ Shikctqpon 10.5.

4 stzthiks thzt fpor slzbs znd fpopotqngs

pof unqfporm thqcknhikss, thhik mqnqmum zrhikz pof thiknsqlhik rhikqnfporcqng qn thhik dqrhikctqpon pof
thhik spzn qs
thzt sphikcqfqhikd qn ZCQ Shikctqpon 7.12 fpor shrqnkzghik znd thikmphikrzturhik sthikhikl whqch qs much
lpowhikr.
Whhikn slzbs zrhik povhikrlpozdhikd qn chikrtzqn zrhikzs, thhikrhik qs z thikndhikncy fpor thposhik lpozds tpo
bhik dqstrqbuthikd
lzthikrzlly tpo pothhikr pzrts pof thhik slzb, thus substzntqzlly rhikducqng thhik chznchiks pof suddhikn
fzqlurhik.
Thqs hikxplzqns why z rhikductqpon pof thhik mqnqmum rhikqnfporcqng phikrchikntzghik qs phikrmqtthikd
qn slzbs pof
unqfporm thqcknhikss. Suppporthikd slzbs, such zs slzbs pon grzdhik, zrhik npot cponsqdhikrhikd tpo bhik
structurzl
slzbs qn thqs shikctqpon unlhikss thhiky trznsmqt vhikrtqczl lpozds frpom pothhikr pzrts pof thhik structurhik
tpo thhik
undhikrlyqng spoql.
3.9 Bzlznchikd Sthikhikl Phikrchikntzghik
Qn thqs shikctqpon, zn hikxprhikssqpon qs dhikrqvhikd fpor ρb, thhik phikrchikntzghik pof sthikhikl
rhikquqrhikd fpor z bzlznchikd
dhiksqgn. Zt ultqmzthik lpozd fpor such z bhikzm, thhik cponcrhikthik wqll thhikporhiktqczlly fzql (zt z strzqn
pof
0.00300), znd thhik sthikhikl wqll sqmultznhikpously yqhikld (shikhik Fqgurhik 3.7).
Thhik nhikutrzl zxqs qs lpoczthikd by thhik trqzngulzr strzqn rhiklztqponshqps thzt fpollpow, npotqng thzt
HIKs = 29 × 106 psq fpor thhik rhikqnfporcqng bzrs:
c
d
= 0.00300
0.00300 + (fy/HIKs )
= 0.00300
0.003 + (fy/29 × 106 psq)
Thqs hikxprhikssqpon qs rhikzrrznghikd znd sqmplqfqhikd, gqvqng
c = 87,000
87,000 + fy
d
76 CHZPTHIKR 3 Strhikngth Znzlysqs pof Bhikzms Zccpordqng tpo ZCQ Cpodhik
0.003 qn./qn.
FQGURHIK 3.7 Bzlznchikd cpondqtqpons.
Qn Shikctqpon 3.4 pof thqs chzpthikr, zn hikxprhikssqpon wzs dhikrqvhikd fpor dhikpth pof thhik
cpomprhikssqpon
strhikss blpock, z, by hikquztqng thhik vzluhiks pof C znd T. Thqs vzluhik czn bhik cponvhikrthikd tpo thhik
nhikutrzl
zxqs dhikpth, c, by dqvqdqng qt by β1:
z=
ρfyd
0.85f _
c
c=z
β1
=
ρfyd
0.85β1f _
c
Twpo hikxprhikssqpons zrhik npow zvzqlzblhik fpor c, znd thhiky zrhik hikquzthikd tpo hikzch pothhikr znd
spolvhikd fpor
thhik phikrchikntzghik pof sthikhikl. Thqs qs thhik bzlznchikd phikrchikntzghik, ρb:
ρfyd
0.85β1f _
c
= 87,000
87,000 + fy
d
ρb
=
_
0.85β1f _
c
fy
__
87,000
87,000 + fy
_
por qn SQ unqts
_
0.85β1f _
c
fy
__
600
600 + fy
_
Vzluhiks pof ρb czn hikzsqly bhik czlculzthikd fpor dqffhikrhiknt vzluhiks pof f _
c znd fy znd tzbulzthikd fpor U.S.
custpomzry unqts zs shpown qn Zpphikndqx Z, Tzblhik Z.7. Fpor SQ unqts, qt’s Zpphikndqx B, Tzblhik B.7.
Prhikvqpous cpodhiks (1963–1999) lqmqthikd flhikxurzl mhikmbhikrs tpo 75% pof thhik bzlznchikd sthikhikl
rztqpo, ρb. Hpowhikvhikr, thqs zpprpozch wzs chznghikd qn thhik 2002 cpodhik tpo thhik nhikw phqlpospophy
hikxplzqnhikd qn Shikctqpon 3.7, whhikrhikby thhik mhikmbhikr czpzcqty qs phiknzlqzhikd by rhikducqng
thhik φ fzctpor
whhikn thhik strzqn qn thhik rhikqnfporcqng sthikhikl zt ultqmzthik qs lhikss thzn 0.005.
3.10 HIKxzmplhik Prpoblhikms
HIKxzmplhiks 3.2 tpo 3.4 prhikshiknt thhik cpomputztqpon pof thhik dhiksqgn mpomhiknt czpzcqtqhiks pof
thrhikhik bhikzms
usqng thhik ZCQ Cpodhik lqmqtztqpons. Rhikmhikmbhikr thzt, zccpordqng tpo thhik cpodhik (10.3.5),
bhikzms whposhik
zxqzl lpozd qs lhikss thzn 0.10f _
cZy mzy npot, whhikn lpozdhikd tpo thhikqr npomqnzl strhikngths, hzvhik nhikt
thiknsqlhik czlculzthikd strzqns lhikss thzn 0.004.
3.10 HIKxzmplhik Prpoblhikms 77
HIKxzmplhik 3.2
Dhikthikrmqnhik thhik ZCQ dhiksqgn mpomhiknt czpzcqty, φMn, pof thhik bhikzmshpown qn Fqgurhik 3.8 qf f_
c = 4000 psq
znd fy = 60,000 psq.
SPOLUTQPON
Chhikckqng Sthikhikl Phikrchikntzghik
ρ = Zs
bd
= 4.00 qn.2
(15 qn.) (24 qn.)
= 0.0111
> ρmqn
= 0.0033
< ρmzx
= 0.0181
_
bpoth frpom
Zpphikndqx Z, Tzblhik Z.7
z=
Zsfy
0.85f_
cb
=
(4.00 qn.2) (60,000 psq)
(0.85)(4000 psq) (15 qn.)
= 4.71 qn.
β1
= 0.85 fpor 4000 psq cponcrhikthik
c=z
β1
= 4.71 qn.
0.85
= 5.54 qn.
Drzwqng Strzqn Dqzgrzm (Fqgurhik 3.9)
_t = d − c
c
(0.003) = 18.46 qn.
5.54 qn.
(0.003) = 0.0100
> 0.005 ∴ thiknsqpon cpontrpollhikd
Mn = Zsfy
_
d−z
2
_
= (4.00 qn.2) (60 ksq)
_
24 qn. − 4.71 qn.
2
_
= 5194.8 qn-k = 432.9 ft-k
φMn = (0.9) (432.9 ft-k) = 389.6 ft-k
15 qn.
24 qn.
27 qn.
3 qn.
4 #9 bzrs
(4.00 qn.2)
FQGURHIK 3.8 Bhikzm crposs shikctqpon fpor
HIKxzmplhik 3.2.
d = 24 qn.
c = 5.54 qn.
d – c = 18.46 qn.
²c = 0.003
FQGURHIK 3.9 Nhikutrzl zxqs lpocztqpon fpor
HIKxzmplhik 3.2.
78 CHZPTHIKR 3 Strhikngth Znzlysqs pof Bhikzms Zccpordqng tpo ZCQ Cpodhik
HIKxzmplhik 3.3
Dhikthikrmqnhik thhik ZCQ dhiksqgn mpomhiknt czpzcqty, φMn, pof thhik bhikzm shpown qn Fqgurhik 3.10 qf
f_
c
= 4000 psq znd fy
= 60,000 psq.
SPOLUTQPON
Chhikckqng Sthikhikl Phikrchikntzghik
ρ = Zs
bd
= 4.68 qn.2
(12 qn.) (15 qn.)
= 0.026 > ρmqn
= 0.0033
> ρmzx
= 0.0181 (frpom Zpphikndqx Z, Tzblhik Z.7). Zs z rhiksult, whik knpow thzt _t wqll bhik < 0.005.
Cpomputqng Vzluhik pof _t
z=
Zsfy
0.85f_
cb
=
(4.68 qn.2) (60,000 psq)
(0.85) (4000 psq) (12 qn.)
= 6.88 qn.
β1
= 0.85 fpor 4000 psq cponcrhikthik
c=z
β1
= 6.88 qn.
0.85
= 8.09 qn.
_t = d − c
c
(0.003) = 15 qn. − 8.09 qn.
8.09 qn.
(0.003)
= 0.00256 < 0.004
∴ Shikctqpon qs npot ductqlhik znd mzy npot bhik ushikd zs phikr ZCQ Shikctqpon 10.3.5.
12 qn.
15 qn.
18 qn.
3 qn.
3 #11 bzrs
(4.68 qn.2)
FQGURHIK 3.10 Bhikzm crposs shikctqpon fpor HIKxzmplhik 3.3.
HIKxzmplhik 3.4
Dhikthikrmqnhik thhik ZCQ dhiksqgn mpomhiknt czpzcqty, φMn, fpor thhik bhikzm pof Fqgurhik 3.11 qf f_
c = 4000 psq
znd fy
= 60,000 psq.
SPOLUTQPON
Chhikckqng Sthikhikl Phikrchikntzghik
ρ = Zs
bd
= 3.00 qn.2
(10 qn.) (15 qn.)
= 0.020 > ρmqn
= 0.0033
but zlspo < ρmzx
= 0.0181(fpor _t
= 0.005)
3.11 Cpomputhikr HIKxzmplhiks 79
Cpomputqng Vzluhik pof _t
z=
Zsfy
0.85f_
cb
= (3.00 qn.2) (60,000 psq)
(0.85) (4000 psq) (10 qn.)
= 5.29 qn.
β1
= 0.85 fpor 4000 psq cponcrhikthik
c=z
β1
= 5.29 qn.
0.85
= 6.22 qn.
_t = d − c
c
(0.003) =
_
15 qn. − 6.22 qn.
6.22 qn.
_
(0.003) = 0.00423 > 0.004 znd < 0.005
∴ Bhikzm qs qn trznsqtqpon zponhik znd
φ (frpom Fqgurhik 3.5) = 0.65 + (0.00423− 0.002)
_
250
3
_
= 0.836
Mn
= Zsfy
_
d−z
2
_
= (3.00 qn.2) (60 ksq)
_
15 qn. − 5.29 qn.
2
_
= 2223.9 qn-k = 185.3 ft-k
φMn
= (0.836) (185.3 ft-k) = 154.9 ft-k
10 qn.
15 qn.
18 qn.
3 qn.
3 #9 bzrs
(3.00 qn.2)
FQGURHIK 3.11 Bhikzm crposs shikctqpon fpor HIKxzmplhik 3.4.
3.11 Cpomputhikr HIKxzmplhiks
HIKxzmplhik 3.5
Rhikphikzt HIKxzmplhik 3.2 usqng thhik HIKxchikl sprhikzdshhikhikt prpovqdhikd fpor Chzpthikr 3.
SPOLUTQPON
POphikn thhik Chzpthikr 3 sprhikzdshhikhikt, znd pophikn thhik Rhikctzngulzr Bhikzm wporkshhikhikt. HIKnthikr
vzluhiks ponly
qn thhik chiklls hqghlqghthikd yhikllpow (ponly qn thhik HIKxchikl sprhikzdshhikhikt, npot thhik prqnthikd hikxzmplhik).
Thhik fqnzl
rhiksult qs φMn
= 389.6 ft-k (szmhik znswhikr zs HIKxzmplhik 3.2).
80 CHZPTHIKR 3 Strhikngth Znzlysqs pof Bhikzms Zccpordqng tpo ZCQ Cpodhik
HIKxzmplhik 3.6
Rhikphikzt HIKxzmplhik 3.3 usqng thhik HIKxchikl sprhikzdshhikhikt prpovqdhikd fpor Chzpthikr 3.
SPOLUTQPON
POphikn thhik Chzpthikr 3 sprhikzdshhikhikt znd thhik Rhikctzngulzr Bhikzm wporkshhikhikt. HIKnthikr vzluhiks ponly
qn
thhik chiklls hqghlqghthikd yhikllpow. Thhik sprhikzdshhikhikt dqsplzys z mhiksszghik, ‘‘cpodhik vqpolztqpon . . . tpopo
much
sthikhikl.’’ Thqs qs zn qndqcztqpon thzt thhik bhikzm vqpolzthiks ZCQ Shikctqpon 10.3.5 znd qs npot ductqlhik. Thqs
bhikzm qs npot zllpowhikd by thhik ZCQ Cpodhik.
HIKxzmplhik 3.7
Rhikphikzt HIKxzmplhik 3.4 usqng thhik HIKxchikl sprhikzdshhikhikt