CHAPTER 4

CALCULATION OF PERFORMANCE AND REACTIVE POWER

FLOW IN TRANSMISSION LINE WITH AND WITHOUT SERIES
CAPACITOR

4.1. Data Specifications of Tharyargone to Hlawgar 230 kV Transmission Line

3 phase, single circuit ACSR (795 MCM, strand (26/7), Drake) conductor to
transmit 76.3 MW, 50.42 Hz at 0.9 power factor lagging, 221 kV, over distance of 106.2
miles. Conductor separation 23 feet in horizontal configuration.

Receiving end power, PR = 76.3 MW

Receiving end voltage, VR = 221 kV

Power factor, p.f = 0.9 (lagging)

Line length, L = 106.2 miles = 170.9 km

Conductor spacing, D12 = D23 = 11.5 ft = 3.5 m, D13 = 23 ft = 7 m

Conductor’s sectional area, A = 402.56 mm2

Conductor’s diameter, d = 28.03 mm

4.2. Line Constants Calculations

Line constants calculations are as follow;

Geometric Mean Distance, GMD  D eq  3 D12 D 23 D13

 3 (3.5) 2  7

 4.4097 m  4.41 m
 31

Self GMD or GMR, Ds  0.809 r (from Table 3.1, for 26 Aluminum strands)

28.03 103
 0.809 
2
= 0.0113 m = 0.037 ft

(1). Resistance Calculation

ρ  2.83 108 Ωm, A  402.56 m2
DC resistance in 20 C = R dc 20C 

ρ
=
A
2.83 108 Ωm
=
402.56 106 m2
= 0.0703  10 3 Ω /m
= 0.0703 Ω/km
= 0.1131 Ω /mile

To consider the skin effect,

μf
X = 0.063598
R dc

1.0  50.42
= 0.063598
0.0703
= 1.7032 Ω

By using linear interpolation from Table;

(X  x1 )[k(x 2 )  k(x 1 )]
Factor, k (X) = k (x1) +
x 2  x1
(1.7032  1.7)
= 1.04205 + [  (1.0524-1.04205)]
(1.8  1.7)
= 1.0424

R ac(20C)  k R dc(20C)

 1.0424  0.0703  0.0733 Ω km

 32

R  R ac(20C) 170.9 km

 0.0733 Ω km 170.9 km
 12.527 Ω
R  R dc(20C) 170.9 km

 0.0703 Ω km 170.9 km
 12.014 Ω

(2). Inductance Calculation

Deq = 4.41 m
DS = 0.0113 m
Deq
L  2  10 7 ln
Ds
4.41
= 2  10  7 ln
0.0113
= 11.934  10 7 H/m
= 1.1934 m H/km

Total inductance, LT  1.1934 mH km 170.9 km  0.204 H

Inductive reactance, X L  2π f LT
 2π  50.42  0.204
 64.63 Ω

(3). Capacitance Calculation

Deq = 4.41 m
DS = 0.0113 m
ε 0  8.85 10 12 F m

2π ε 0
Cn 
D
ln eq
Ds

2π  8.85  10 12
= = 9.3192  10 12 F/m = 0.00932 µF/km
4.41
ln
0.0113
 33

Total capacitance, CT  0.00932 μ F km 170.9 km  1.593 μF

1
Capacitive reactance, Xc 
2 π f CT
1
=
2π  50.42  1.593  10  6
= 1.982 mΩ

(4). Impedance and Admittance Calculation

Impedance, Z  R  jX L
 12.014  j64.63
 65.737 79.47 Ω

Admittance, Y  j 2π f CT

 j 2π  50.42 1.593 106

 5.047 10 4 90 mho

(5). ABCD Calculation Using Rigorous Method for Long Line

Z Y  65.737 79.47  5.047 10 4 90  0.033 169.47 

Z Y  0.033 169.47  0.182 84.735

Z2 Y 2  0.033 169.47  0.001089   21.06  0.0011   21.06
2

ZY 0.033169.47
= = 0.0165 169.47
2 2
Z2Y 2 0.0011  21.06
= = 4.54  105 169.47
24 2

YZ 3 2 = 0.033169.473 2 = 0.053 74.205

6 6
Z 65.73779.47
= = 360.9   5.265
Y 5.047 10 4 90

Y 5.047 10 4 90

= = 0.0028 5.265
Z 65.737 79.47
 34

ZY Z2 Y 2
cosh YZ  1   approximately
2 24
 1  0.0165 169.47   4.54 10 5   21.06
  
 1   0.0162  j3.015 103  4.237 105  j1.63 105 
 0.984  j2.999 10 3
 0.984  j0.003
 0.984 0.175

sinh Y Z  Y Z 
Y Z3 2 approximately
6
 0.182 84.735  0.053 74.205
 0.0167  j0.181  0.014  j0.051
 0.031  j0.232
 0.234 82.39

A  D  cosh Y Z  0.984 0.175

Z
B sinh Y Z  360.9   5.265  0.234 82.39
Y
 18.813  j82.328
 84.45 77.13

Y
C sinh Y Z  0.0028 5.265  0.234 82.39
Z
 2.68 105  j6.547 104
 6.552 10 4 84.66

4.3. Calculation of Performance and Reactive Power for Uncompensated

Condition
Receiving end power, PR  76.3 MW

Receiving end voltage, VR  221 kV (line to line)

Power factor, p.f = 0.9 (lagging)

 35

PR
Receiving end current, I R 
3 VR cos θ R

76.3 10 6
  cos1 0.9
3  22110  0.9
3

 221.48  25.84
230kV
Receiving end voltage, VR  =127.594 kV (per phase)
3

Sending end voltage;

VS  A VR  B I R

 
 0.9840.175 127.594 103  84.4577.13  221.48  25.84
 137248.632  j14982.688
 138.064 6.23 kV (per phase)
 239.134 6.23 kV (line to line)
Sending end current;
IS  C VR  D I R

 230 103 
  6.552 10 4 87.66    0.9840.175  221.48  25.84
 3 
 155.859  j11.433
 200.14   3.11 A

VS  VR
Voltage regulation, % V.R  100
VR
138.064  127.594
 100  8.2%
127.594
Line losses = 3 I2 R

 3  200.14  12.527  1505.3453 kW

2

Sending end Power;

PS  3 VS IS cos θS

 3138.064 103  200.14  cos6.23  3.11

 82.77 MW
 36

PR
Efficiency; η =  100
PR  Line losses

76.3 106
= 100
76.3 106  1505.3453 103
= 98.065 %

Active power transmitted;

sin δ
VS VR
P
XL

239.134 103  221 103

=  sin (6.23)
64.63
= 88.74 MW

VS (VS  VR cos( ))
Reactive power at sending end, QS 
XL

239.134 106 (239.134  221cos(6.23))


64.63
= 71.93 MVar
VR (VR  VS cos( ))
Reactive power at receiving end, QR 
XL

22110 6 (221  239.134cos(6.23))


64.63
=  57.18 MVar

4.4. Calculation of Performance and Reactive Power for Compensated Conditions

For
R  0.0703 Ω km  12.014 Ω
L  1.1934 mH km  0.204 H
C  0.00932 μF km  1.593 μF

The uncompensated transmission line parameters are evaluated as;

A B 0.984  j0.003 18.813  j82.328
 5 4
C D 2.68 10  j6.547 10 0.984  j0.003
 37

The degree of compensation of is usually chosen in the range 0.3  Kse  0.7 .

For Kse  0.35 ;

XC  Kse XL  0.35  64.63  22.62 Ω

C  0.088 mF

(1). Calculation of Sending-end Location

AC BC 1  jX C A B

CC DC 0 1 C D

1  j22.62 0.984  j0.003 18.813  j82.328

 5 4
0 1 2.68 10  j6.547 10 0.984  j0.003

0.9988  j0.0024 18.88  j60.07

 5 4
2.68 10  j6.547 10 0.984  j0.003

0.9988 0.14 62.967 72.55


0.00066 87.66 0.984 0.17

Sending end voltage;

VS  AC VR  BC I R

 
 0.99880.14 127.594 103  62.96772.55  221.48  25.84
 137003.110 7  j10462.534 4
 137.4 4.37 kV (per phase)
 237.98 4.37 kV (line to line)
Sending end current;
IS  CC VR  DC I R

 221103 
  0.00066 87.66    0.9840.17  221.48  25.84
 3 
 199.865  j10.265
 200.128   2.94 A

VS  VR
Voltage regulation, % V.R  100
VR
 38

137.4  127.594
 100  7.685 %
127.594
Line losses = 3 I2 R

 3  200.128  12.527  1505.1648 kW

2

Sending end Power;

PS  3 VS IS cos θS

 3137.4 103  200.128  cos4.37  2.94

 82.47 MW
PR
Efficiency; η =  100
PR  Line losses

76.3 106
= 100
76.3 106  1505.1648 103
= 98.065 %

Active power transmitted;

VS VR
PC  sin δ
1  Kse  X L
237.98 103  221103
=  sin (4.37)
1  0.35 64.63
= 95.39 MW
2VS VR K se
Reactive power, Q C  (1  cos δ)
X L 1  K se 
2

2  239.134  221  106  0.35

= (1  cos(4.37))
64.631  0.35
2

= 3.94 MVar

(2). Calculation of Receiving-end Location

AC BC A B 1  jX C

CC DC C D 0 1

0.984  j0.003 18.813  j82.328 1  j22.62

 5 4
2.68 10  j6.547 10 0.984  j0.003 0 1
 39

0.984  j0.003 18.88  j60.07

 5 4
2.68 10  j6.547 10 1.132  j0.0024

AC BC 0.984 0.17 62.967 72.55


CC DC 0.00066 87.66 1.132 0.12

Sending end voltage;

VS  AC VR  BC I R

 
 0.9840.17 127.594 103  62.96772.55  221.48  25.84
 135114.547 3  j10523.659 1
 135.524 4.45 kV (per phase)
 234.73 4.45 kV (line to line)
Sending end current;
IS  CC VR  DC I R

 221103 
  0.00066 87.66    1.1320.12  221.48  25.84
 3 
 229.3142 - j24.662
 230.637   6.14 A

VS  VR
Voltage regulation, % V.R  100
VR
135.524  127.594
 100  6.22 %
127.594
Line losses = 3 I2 R
 3  230.637  12.527  1999.0621 kW
2

Sending end Power;

PS  3 VS IS cos θS

 3135.524 103  230.637  cos4.45  6.14

 93.73 MW
PR
Efficiency; η =  100
PR  Line losses
 40

76.3 106
= 100
76.3 106  1999.0621 103
= 97.45 %
Active power transmitted;
VS VR
PC  sin δ
1  Kse  X L
234.73  103  221  103
=  sin (4.45)
1  0.35  64.63
= 95.86 MW
2VS VR K se
Reactive power, Q C  (1  cos δ)
X L 1  K se 
2

2  234.73  221  106  0.35

= (1  cos(4.45)) = 4 MVar
64.631  0.35
2

(3). Calculation of Half-end Location

AC BC 1  j X C A B 1  j X C
 2 2
CC DC 0 1 C D0 1

22.62 0.984  j0.003 18.813  j82.328 1  j 22.62

1 j
 2 2.68 10 5  j6.547 10  4 0.984  j0.003 2
0 1 0 1

0.991  j0.0027 18.878  j59.99

 5 4
2.68 10  j6.547 10 0.991  j0.0027

0.991 0.16 62.89 72.53


0.00066 87.66 0.991 0.16

Sending end voltage;

VS  AC VR  BC I R

 
 0.991 0.16 127.594 103  62.89 72.53  221.48  25.84
 135999.609 7  j10488.492 4
 136.4 4.41 kV (per phase)
 236.25 4.41 kV (line to line)
Sending end current;
 41

IS  CC VR  DC I R

 221103 
  0.00066 87.66    0.991 0.12  221.48  25.84
 3 
 201.246  j10.972

IS  201.545   3.12 A

VS  VR
Voltage regulation, % V.R  100
VR
136.4  127.594
 100  6.9 %
127.594
Line losses = 3 I2 R

 3  201.545  12.527  1526.5548 kW

2

Sending end Power;

PS  3 VS IS cos θS

 3136.4 103  201.545  cos4.41  3.12

 82.45 MW
PR
Efficiency; η =  100
PR  Line losses

76.3 106
= 100
76.3 106  1526.5548 103
= 98.04 %

Active power transmitted;

VS VR
PC  sin δ
1  Kse  X L
236.25 103  221  103
=  sin (4.41)
1  0.35  64.63
= 95.57 MW
2VS VR K se
Reactive power, Q C  (1  cos δ)
X L 1  K se 
2
 42

2  236.25  221  106  0.35

= (1  cos(4.41))
64.631  0.35
2

= 3.96 MVar

4.5. Calculation of Compensated Conditions for Kse = 0.55

For
R  0.0703 Ω km  12.014 Ω
L  1.1934 mH km  0.204 H
C  0.00932 μF km  1.593 μF

The uncompensated transmission line parameters are evaluated as;

A B 0.984  j0.003 18.813  j82.328

C D 2.68 10 5  j6.547 10  4 0.984  j0.003

The degree of compensation of is usually chosen in the range 0.3  Kse  0.7 .

For K se  0.55 ;

XC  Kse XL  0.55  64.63  35.55 Ω

C  887.93 mF

(1). Calculation of Sending-end Location

AC BC 1  jX C A B

CC DC 0 1 C D

1  j35.55 0.984  j0.003 18.813  j82.328

 5 4
0 1 2.68 10  j6.547 10 0.984  j0.003

1.0072  j0.002 18.92  j47.35

 5 4
2.68 10  j6.547 10 0.984  j0.003

1.0072 0.11 50.99 68.22


0.00066 87.66 0.984 0.17

Sending end voltage;

VS  AC VR  BC I R
 43

 
 1.00720.11 127.594 103  50.9968.22  221.48  25.84
 136.855  j7867.8625
 137.08 3.29 kV (per phase)
 237.43 3.29 kV (line to line)
Sending end current;
IS  CC VR  DC I R

 221103 

  0.00066 87.66    0.9840.17  221.48  25.84
 3 
 199.865  j10.265
 200.128   2.94 A

VS  VR
Voltage regulation, % V.R  100
VR
137.08  127.594
 100  7.43 %
127.594
Line losses = 3 I2 R
 3  200.128  12.527  1505.1648 kW
2

Sending end Power;

PS  3 VS IS cos θS

 3137.08 103  200.128  cos3.29  2.94

 82.299 MW
PR
Efficiency; η =  100
PR  Line losses

76.3 106
= 100
76.3 106  1505.1648 103
= 98.065 %

Active power transmitted;

VS VR
PC  sin δ
1  Kse  X L
 44

237.43 103  221103

=  sin (3.29)
1  0.55 64.63
= 103.54 MW
2VS VR K se
Reactive power, Q C  (1  cos δ)
X L 1  K se 
2

2  237.43  221 10 6  0.55

= (1  cos(3.29))
64.631  0.55
2

QC = 7.27 MVar

(2). Calculation of Receiving-end Location

AC BC A B 1  jX C

CC DC C D 0 1

0.984  j0.003 18.813  j82.328 1  j35.55

 5 4
2.68 10  j6.547 10 0.984  j0.003 0 1

0.984  j0.003 18.92  j47.35


2.68 10 5  j6.547 10  4 0.983 - j0.02

AC BC 0.984 0.17 50.99 68.22


CC DC 0.00066 87.66 0.983  1.17

Sending end voltage;

VS  AC VR  BC I R

 
 0.9840.17 127.594 103  50.9968.22  221.48  25.84
 133894.173  j7984.6854
 134.132 3.41 kV (per phase)
 232.323 3.41 kV (line to line)
Sending end current;
IS  CC VR  DC I R

 221103 
  0.00066 87.66    0.9843  1.17  221.48  25.84
 3 
 197.663  j14.863
 198.22   4.3 A
 45

VS  VR
Voltage regulation, % V.R  100
VR
134.132  127.594
 100  5.12 %
127.594

Line losses = 3 I2 R

 3  198.22  12.527  1476.6014 kW

2

Sending end Power;

PS  3 VS IS cos θS

 3134.132 103 198.22  cos3.41  4.3

 79.75 MW
PR
Efficiency; η =  100
PR  Line losses

76.3 10 6
= 100
76.3 10 6  1476.6014 103
= 98.1 %
Active power transmitted;
VS VR
PC  sin δ
1  Kse  X L
232.323 103  221103
=  sin (3.41)
1  0.55 64.63
= 105.01 MW
2VS VR K se
Reactive power, Q C  (1 - cos δ)
X L 1  K se 
2

2  232.323  221 10 6  0.55

= (1  cos(3.41)) = 7.64MVar
64.631  0.55
2

(3). Calculation of Half-end Location

AC BC 1  j X C A B 1  j X C
 2 2
CC DC 0 1 C D0 1
 46

35.55 0.984  j0.003 18.813  j82.328 1  j 35.55

1 j
 2 2.68 10 5  j6.547 10  4 0.984  j0.003 2
0 1 0 1

0.984  j0.009 18.928  j47.56

 5 4
2.68 10  j6.547 10 0.972  j0.0035

AC BC 0.984 0.52 51.188 68.3


CC DC 0.00066 87.66 0.972 0.21

Sending end voltage;

VS  AC VR  BC I R

 
 0.984 0.52 127.594 103  51.188 68.3  221.48  25.84
 133911.270 7  j8792.8715
 134.1996 3.76 kV (per phase)
 232.44 3.76 kV (line to line)
Sending end current;
IS  CC VR  DC I R

 221103 
  0.00066 87.66    0.972 0.21  221.48  25.84
 3 
 197.535  j8.979
 197.739   2.6 A

VS  VR
Voltage regulation, % V.R  100
VR
134.1996  127.594
 100  5.18 %
127.594
Line losses = 3 I2 R
 3  197.739  12.527  1469.4439 kW
2

Sending end Power;

PS  3 VS IS cos θS

 3134.1996 103 197.739  cos3.76  2.6

 79.59 MW
 47

PR
Efficiency; η =  100
PR  Line losses

76.3 106
= 100
76.3 106  1469.4439 103
= 98.11 %
Active power transmitted;
VS VR
PC  sin δ
1  Kse  X L
232.44 103  22110 3
=  sin (3.76)
1  0.55 64.63
= 115.83 MW
2VS VR K se
Reactive power, Q C  (1 - cos δ)
X L 1  K se 
2

2  232.44  221 10 6  0.55

= (1  cos(3.76))
64.631  0.55
2

= 9.29 MVar

4.6. Calculated Results of Uncompensated and Compensated Series Capacitor

Receiving end power, PR = 76.3 MW
Receiving end voltage, VR = 221 kV (line to line)
Power factor, p.f = 0.9 (lagging)
Receiving end current, I R  221.48   25.84
Frequency, f = 50.42 Hz

For, R  12.014 Ω
L  0.204 H, X L  64.63 Ω
C  1.593 μF, XC  1.982 mΩ
The results of uncompensated and compensated series degree, Kse  0.35 in the
Table 4.1 as follow;
 48

Table 4.1 Calculated Results of uncompensated and compensated series degree,

Kse  0.35

Compensation Degree, Kse  0.35

Uncompensated Sending Receiving Half end or
end end both end

Voltage regulation,
8.2 % 7.685 % 6.22 % 6.9 %
% V.R

Efficiency, η 98.065 % 98.065 % 97.45 % 98.04 %

Active power, P 88.74 MW 95.39 MW 95.86 MW 95.57 MW

Reactive power, Q  57.18 MVar 3.94 MVar 4 MVar 3.96 MVar

The results of uncompensated and compensated series degree, K se  0.4 in the

Table 4.2 as follow;
Table 4.2 Calculated Results of uncompensated and compensated series degree,
K se  0.4

Compensation Degree, K se  0.4

Uncompensated Receiving Half end or
Sending end
end both end
Voltage regulation,
8.2 % 7.62 % 5.94 % 5.46 %
% V.R

Efficiency, η 98.065 % 98.065 % 98 % 98 %

Active power, P 88.74 MW 96.885MW 97.72 MW 45.89 MW

Reactive power, Q  57.18 MVar 4.625 MVar 4.78 MVar 1.06 MVar
 49

The results of uncompensated and compensated series degree, Kse  0.55 in the
Table 4.3 as follow;

Table 4.3 Calculated Results of uncompensated and compensated series degree,

Kse  0.55

Compensation Degree, K se  0.55

Uncompensated Receiving Half end or
Sending end
end both end
Voltage regulation,
8.2 % 7.43 % 5.12 % 5.18 %
% V.R

Efficiency, η 98.065 % 98.065 % 98.1 % 98.11 %

Active power, P 88.74 MW 103.54 MW 105 MW 115.83 MW

Reactive power, Q  57.18 MVar 7.27 MVar 7.64 MVar 9.29 MVar