Experiment No.

4
To investigate the reaction forces produced by the change of momentum of fluid
flow.
Apparatus:
 Hydraulics Bench
 Impact of Jet Apparatus
 Stopwatch

Related Theory
What is Jet?
It is a continuous stream of fluid projected from an orifice or nozzle into the surrounding under
high velocity. Jets can travel long distances without dissipating. Jet fluid has higher momentum
compared to the surrounding fluid medium.

Impact of Jet:
It is the force exerted by fluid on a moving or stationary plate. This impact transfers energy and
momentum. For example, the to and fro motion of gases in cylinder of engine is caused by the
impact of gases.

Derivation:
Consider that a jet of water is coming out of nozzle with the velocity “ v ”. Let “ B ” and “ b ” be
intensive and extensive property. So,
B
b=
m
The net force that will be acting on the plate can be given by Reynold’s Theorem:
 d 
 dt 
F  b  dV   rel dA
b  V
CV CS

As we are considering steady flow, so, the control volume will remain constant, so,
 
F   rel dA
b  V
CS

As, B=, so, b=. So ,

  
 F   V  (V rel ) dA
CS

For single inlet and outlet:

    
  1 1 rel 1 1  2 2 (Vrel )2 dA2
F  V  (V ) dA  V
CS CS
    
 F  V1  1 (Vrel )1 dA1  V2   2 (Vrel )2 dA2
CS CS

As, A1 and V1 are opposite to each other, so,

    
 F  V   (V
1 1 rel )1 dA1  V2   2 (Vrel ) 2 dA2
CS CS
  
 F  V2 m 2  V1m 1
As, m1  m2  m So,
  
  
 F  m (V 2  V1 )

From the figure, the experimental force on deflection by jet will be equal to weight placed in
hanger. So,
(Fz)exp = W
From the fig:
   Qv
 F z  m
 (V 2  V1 )  m(V2 cos  

A
)

As, V 1=V 2 =V . So,


 F z  mV
 (cos   1)

F z   AV 2 (cos   1)

As, F z =−W th ,

So,

 F z   AV 2 (1  cos  )
Experimental setup

Procedure:
 Set up the apparatus as shown in figure.
 Place the mass (m) on the hanger and open the bench valve.
 The flow rate should be adjusted until weight pan datum line levels with the level gauge.
 Now, note the time(t) for the specific volume(v).
  The volumetric flow can be calculated by formula:

v
Qv =
t
Find the velocity ( v) by formula:
Qv
v=
A
Again, increase the mass and repeat the experiment. The experimental and theoretical vertical
force on deflector are:
( F z )exp=mg

( F z )Th= ρA V 2(1−cos α )

Now, change the deflector and repeat the above experiment. Draw the graph between ( F z )exp
and v 2 and ( F z )Th and v 2.

Observations and Calculations:

As we know
V
Volumetric Flow Rate ¿ Q v =
t
Volume collected ¿ V =10 × 10−3 m3
Time ¿ t=34 sec

15× 10−3
So, volumetric flow rate is:¿
34

−4 m3
Q v =4.4 ×10
s
As we know
Qv
Velocity ¿ V =
A
Here,
2
π d 2 π (0.008)
Area of orifice ¿ A= = =5.02× 10−5 m2
4 4
So,
 4.4 ×1 0−3
V=
5.02 ×1 0−5
m
V =8.78
s
As we know

( F z ) exp=mg
( F z ) Th=ρA V 2 (1−cos α )
So,

( F z ) exp=0.05 ×9.81=0.5 N
( F z ) Th=1000 ×5.02 ×10−5 × 8.782(1−cos 30 ° )=0.51 N
Diameter of nozzle = d = 0.008m
2
π d 2 π (0.008)
Area of orifice = Ao = = = 5.02×10-5 m2
4 4

Deflector angle = α = 180°

No. of Mass Volume Time (t) Qv Velocity V2 ( F z )exp (( F z )Th
Obs. Applied Collected (V)
(m) (V)
(kg) (×10-3 m3) (sec) (×10-5 m3/s) (m/s) (m/s)2 (N) (N)
1. 0.1 12.5 60 20.83 4.14 17.17 0.98 1.73
2. 0.2 15 60 25 4.97 24.7 1.96 2.48
3. 0.3 19 60 31.67 6.3 39.69 2.94 3.99
4. 0.4 11 30 36.67 7.3 53.23 3.92 5.35
5. 0.5 13 30 43.33 8.62 74.32 4.9 7.47
Graph between V2 and ( F z )exp
6

4
Axis Title

3
Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
2

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Axis Title

From graph,
3.92−2.94
Slope= =0.072
53.23−39.69

Graph between V2 and ( F z )Th

Fz
8

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
From graph,
3.99−2.48
Slope= =0.1
39.69−24.7
Discussion:
The force on the deflector increases with the increase of flow rate as indicated by the
experiment. In other words, how much momentum will be transferred, depends on volume
flow rate. Comparison of slopes from experimental and theoretical graph shows the accuracy of
experiment. Large differences between slopes indicates greater error and vice versa.