BASI

CTERMSI
NLI
NGUI
STI
CS

Pr
escr
ipt
ivegr
ammar
: 

Thegr
ammart
hatwear
etaughti
nschool
.Ty
pical
l
yapr
escr
ipt
ivegr
ammari
saboutt
he
"
shoul
dsandshoul
dn'
ts"i
nal
anguager
athert
hanadescr
ipt
ionofwhatspeaker
sact
ual
l
y
knowwhent
heyknowal
anguage.Pr
escr
ipt
ivegr
ammar
sty
pical
l
yref
lectt
hegr
ammarofa
wr
it
tenst
andar
dandar
econcer
nedwi
thmaki
ngdet
ermi
nat
ionsaboutt
he"
cor
rect
"choi
ce
whent
her
ear
epot
ent
ial
var
iant
s(e.
g.i
nEngl
i
sh,
wecanchooset
oei
thersepar
atea
pr
eposi
ti
onf
rom t
henouni
tmodi
fi
es[
Whatdi
dyoupl
aywi
th?
]ornott
odoso[
Wit
hwhat
di
dyoupl
ay]
).Thepr
escr
ipt
ivegr
ammarofEngl
i
shsay
sthatonl
yoneoft
hosei
s"cor
rect
"
ev
ent
houghal
lspeaker
sofEngl
i
shhav
etheopt
ion.

St
andar
dlanguage:
 

Thev
ari
etyofal
anguaget
hatser
vesast
hemodel
forwhati
s"cor
rect
"and"
incor
rect
"fora
gi
venl
anguage.Thest
andar
dlanguagei
sgener
all
ytheonet
hati
swr
it
ten.

Di
alect
:Av
ari
etyofal
anguagewi
thagr
ammart
hatdi
ff
ersi
npr
edi
ctabl
eway
sfr
om ot
her
v
ari
eti
esoft
hel
anguage.I
nmanypl
aces,
“di
alect
s”ar
eespeci
all
yti
edt
odi
ff
erentr
egi
ons
orgeogr
aphi
car
eas.

Gener
ati
vegr
ammar
:Thei
deat
hataf
ini
tesetofr
ulesorconst
rai
ntscangener
ate[
e.g.
pr
oduceasanout
put
]ani
nfi
nit
enumberofut
ter
ances,
manyoft
hem nov
el.Thi
smodel
showst
hatnat
ivespeaker
sofal
anguageacqui
reasetofr
ulesandal
exi
conr
athert
han
speci
fi
csent
ences.

Phonet
ics:
Thest
udyoft
hesoundsweuset
opr
oduce/
int
erpr
etspeech.
Phonol
ogy
:Thest
udyoft
hesoundst
hatoccuri
nspeci
fi
clanguagesandt
her
ulesor
const
rai
ntst
hatgov
ernwhent
heyoccur
.

Mor
phol
ogy
:Thest
udyoft
heuni
tsofmeani
ng(
wor
ds,
pref
ixeset
c.)i
nal
anguageandt
hei
r
pat
ter
nsofoccur
rence.

Lexi
con:
Thesetofmor
phemesi
nal
anguage.

Root
:Themai
nmeani
ngmor
phemei
nawor
dandt
hemor
phemet
owhi
chaf
fi
xesat
tach
(
e.g.i
n'unt
ie'
,t
her
ooti
s't
ie'
).

I
nfl
ect
ion:
Themor
phol
ogyt
hatgov
ernsgr
ammat
ical
rel
ati
onshi
psbet
weenwor
ds(
e.g.t
he
3r
dper
son,
presentv
erbmar
keri
nEngl
i
sh[
-s]t
ell
sussomet
hingaboutt
her
elat
ionshi
p
bet
weent
henounandt
hev
erb)
.

Der
ivat
ion:
Themor
phol
ogyt
hatgov
ernshownewmeani
ngsar
ecr
eat
ed(
e.g.i
fIat
tacht
he
pr
efi
x'un-
'toav
erbl
i
ke'
ti
e'
,Icr
eat
eanewmeani
ng-
-namel
ytheopposi
teoft
heor
igi
nal
wor
d).

Sy
ntax:
Thest
udyoft
heconst
ruct
ionofsent
encesi
nal
anguage.Thi
sincl
udest
hel
i
near
or
der(
e.g.Subj
ectVer
bObj
ectv
s.Subj
ectObj
ectVer
b)aswel
last
her
elat
ionshi
ps
bet
weent
hepar
tsoft
hesent
ence.
Semant
ics:
Thest
udyofmeani
ng(
e.g.whatdoes"
open"mean)
.

Pr
agmat
ics:
Thest
udyofmeani
ngi
ncont
ext(
e.g."
thedoori
sopen"canhav
edi
ff
erent
i
nter
pret
ati
onsdependi
ngont
hecont
ext
).

Di
achr
oni
c:Thest
udyofl
anguageacr
osst
ime(
e.g.t
hehi
stor
yoft
hechangesi
na
l
anguage)
.

Sy
nchr
oni
c:Thest
udyofl
anguageataspeci
fi
cpoi
nti
nti
me.

Pi
dgi
n:Al
anguaget
hatof
tenhasasi
mpl
i
fiedgr
ammarandl
exi
conandt
hati
susedasa
ki
ndofl
i
nguaf
rancaamongspeaker
swhodon'
tshar
eanat
ivel
anguage.Pi
dgi
nsar
e
t
ypi
cal
l
ynotany
one'
snat
ivel
anguage.

Cr
eol
e:Api
dgi
nthathasbeenexpandedt
oful
fi
ll
all
thef
unct
ionsofahumanl
anguageand
t
hathasbecomesomegr
oupofspeaker
s'nat
ivel
anguage.Ofsomepot
ent
ial
conf
usi
oni
s
t
hef
actt
hatcr
eol
esar
eof
tencal
l
edpi
dgi
nsbyt
hei
rspeaker
s.