1.

1 Real Numbers: Algebra Essentials

1. 

1. ⓐ 111111
2. ⓑ 3131
3. ⓒ −41−41

2. 

1. ⓐ4 (or 4.0), terminating;

2. ⓑ 0.615384¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯,0.615384¯, repeating;
3. ⓒ–0.85, terminating

3. 

1. ⓐrational and repeating;

2. ⓑrational and terminating;
3. ⓒirrational;
4. ⓓrational and terminating;
5. ⓔirrational

4. 

1. ⓐpositive, irrational; right

2. ⓑnegative, rational; left
3. ⓒpositive, rational; right
4. ⓓnegative, irrational; left
5. ⓔpositive, rational; right

5.
N W I Q

a. −357−357 X X

b. 0 X X X

c. 169−−−√169 X X X X

d. 24−−√24

e. 4.763763763... X
6. 

1. ⓐ10
 2. ⓑ2

ⓒ4.5Functions and Function Notation

1. 

1. ⓐyes
2. ⓑ yes (Note: If two players had been tied for, say, 4th place, then the name
would not have been a function of rank.)

2. 

w=f(d)w=f(d)

3. 

yes

4. 

g(5)=1g(5)=1

5. 

m=8m=8

6. 

y=f(x)=x√32y=f(x)=x32

7. 

g(1)=8g(1)=8

8. 

x=0x=0 or x=2x=2

9. 

1. ⓐ yes, because each bank account has a single balance at any given time;
2. ⓑ no, because several bank account numbers may have the same balance;
3. ⓒ no, because the same output may correspond to more than one input.

10. 
 1. ⓐ Yes, letter grade is a function of percent grade;
2. ⓑ No, it is not one-to-one. There are 100 different percent numbers we could get
but only about five possible letter grades, so there cannot be only one percent
number that corresponds to each letter grade.

11. 

yes

12. 

No, because it does not pass the horizontal line test.

3.2 Domain and Range

1. 

{−5,0,5,10,15}{−5,0,5,10,15}

2. 

(−∞,∞)(−∞,∞)

3. 

(−∞,12)∪(12,∞)(−∞,12)∪(12,∞)

4. 

[−52,∞)[ −52,∞ )

5. 

1. ⓐ values that are less than or equal to –2, or values that are greater than or
equal to –1 and less than 3
2. ⓑ {x|x≤−2or−1≤x<3}{ x|x≤−2or−1≤x<3 }
3. ⓒ (−∞,−2]∪[−1,3)(−∞,−2]∪[−1,3)

6. 

domain =[1950,2002] range = [47,000,000,89,000,000]

7. 
domain: (−∞,2];( −∞,2 ]; range: (−∞,0]( −∞,0 ]

8.

3.3 Rates of Change and Behavior of Graphs

1. 

$2.84−$2.315years=$0.535years=$0.106$2.84−$2.315years=$0.535years=$0.106 per year.

2. 

1212

3. 

a+7a+7

4. 

The local maximum appears to occur at (−1,28),(−1,28), and the local minimum

occurs at (5,−80).(5,−80). The function is increasing on (−∞,−1)∪(5,∞)(−∞,
−1)∪(5,∞) and decreasing on (−1,5).(−1,5).
3.4 Composition of Functions

1. 

(fg)(x)=f(x)g(x)=(x−1)(x2−1)=x3−x2−x+1(f−g)(x)=f(x)−g(x)=(x−1)−
(x2−1)=x−x2(fg)(x)=f(x)g(x)=(x−1)(x2−1)=x3−x2−x+1(f−g)(x)=f(x)−g(x)=(x−1)−
(x2−1)=x−x2

No, the functions are not the same.

2. 

A gravitational force is still a force, so a(G(r))a(G(r)) makes sense as the acceleration

of a planet at a distance r from the Sun (due to gravity), but G(a(F))G(a(F)) does not
make sense.

3. 

f(g(1))=f(3)=3f(g(1))=f(3)=3 and g(f(4))=g(1)=3g(f(4))=g(1)=3

4. 

g(f(2))=g(5)=3g(f(2))=g(5)=3

5. 
 1. ⓐ 8
2. ⓑ 20

6. 

[−4,0)∪(0,∞)[ −4,0 )∪(0,∞)

7. 

Possible answer:

g(x)=4+x2−−−−−√h(x)=43−xf=h∘gg(x)=4+x2h(x)=43−xf=h∘g

3.5 Transformation of Functions

1.
b(t)=h(t)+10=−4.9t2+30t+10b(t)=h(t)+10=−4.9t2+30t+10
2. 

The graphs of f(x)f(x) and g(x)g(x) are shown below. The transformation is a

horizontal shift. The function is shifted to the left by 2 units.

Linear Functions

1. 

m=4−30−2=1−2=−12;m=4−30−2=1−2=−12; decreasing because m<0.m<0.

2.
m=1,868−1,4422,012−2,009=4263=142 people per
yearm=1,868−1,4422,012−2,009=4263=142 people per year
3. 

y=−7x+3y=−7x+3

4. 

H(x)=0.5x+12.5H(x)=0.5x+12.5

5.
6. 

Possible answers include (−3,7),(−3,7), (−6,9),(−6,9), or (−9,11).(−9,11).

7.
8. 

(16,0)(16,0)

9. 

1. ⓐ f(x)=2x;f(x)=2x;
2. ⓑ g(x)=−12xg(x)=−12x

10. 

y=–13x+6y=–13x+6

4.2 Modeling with Linear Functions

1. 
ⓐ C(x)=0.25x+25,000C(x)=0.25x+25,000
ⓑ The y-intercept is (0,25,000)(0,25,000). If the company does not produce a single
doughnut, they still incur a cost of $25,000.

2. 

ⓐ41,100 ⓑ2020

3. 

21.57 miles

4.3 Fitting Linear Models to Data

1. 

54°F54°F

2. 

150.871 billion gallons; extrapolation

4.1 Section Exercises

1. 

Terry starts at an elevation of 3000 feet and descends 70 feet per second.

3. 

d(t)=100−10td(t)=100−10t

5. 

The point of intersection is (a,a).(a,a). This is because for the horizontal line, all of
the yy coordinates are aa and for the vertical line, all of the xx coordinates are a.a. The
point of intersection is on both lines and therefore will have these two characteristics.

7. 

Yes

9. 
Yes

11. 

No

13. 

Yes

15. 

Increasing

17. 

Decreasing

19. 

Decreasing

21. 

Increasing

23. 

Decreasing

25. 

27. 

–2

29. 

y=35x−1y=35x−1

31. 

y=3x−2y=3x−2
33. 

y=−13x+113y=−13x+113

35. 

y=−1.5x−3y=−1.5x−3

37. 

perpendicular

39. 

parallel

41. 

f(0)=−(0)+2f(0)=2y−int:(0,2)0=−x+2x−int:(2,0)f(0)=−(0)+2f(0)=2y−int:
(0,2)0=−x+2x−int:(2,0)

43. 

h(0)=3(0)−5h(0)=−5y−int:(0,−5)0=3x−5x−int:
(53,0)h(0)=3(0)−5h(0)=−5y−int:(0,−5)0=3x−5x−int:(53,0)

45. 

−2x+5y=20−2(0)+5y=205y=20y=4y−int:
(0,4)−2x+5(0)=20x=−10x−int:(−10,0)−2x+5y=20−2(0)+5y=205y=20y=4y−int:
(0,4)−2x+5(0)=20x=−10x−int:(−10,0)

47. 

Line 1: m = –10 Line 2: m = –10 Parallel

49. 

Line 1: m = –2 Line 2: m = 1 Neither

51. 

Line 1: m=–2   Line 2: m=–2   ParallelLine 1: m=–2   Line 2: m=–2   Parallel
53. 

y=3x−3y=3x−3

55. 

y=−13t+2y=−13t+2

57. 

59. 

y=−54x+5y=−54x+5

61. 

y=3x−1y=3x−1

63. 

y=−2.5y=−2.5

65. 

67. 

69. 

71.
 The path passes
through the origin and has vertex at (−4,7),(−4,7), so h(x)=–716(x+4)2+7.h(x)=–
716(x+4)2+7. To make the shot, h(−7.5)h(−7.5) would need to be about 4 but h(–
7.5)≈1.64;h(–7.5)≈1.64; he doesn’t make it.

2. 

g(x)=x2−6x+13g(x)=x2−6x+13 in general form; g(x)=(x−3)2+4g(x)=(x−3)2+4 in

standard form

3. 

The domain is all real numbers. The range is f(x)≥811,f(x)≥811, or [811,∞).[ 811,∞ ).

4. 

y-intercept at (0, 13), No x-x- intercepts

5. 

1. ⓐ3 seconds
2. ⓑ256 feet
3. ⓒ7 seconds

5.2 Power Functions and Polynomial Functions

1. 
f(x)f(x) is a power function because it can be written as f(x)=8x5.f(x)=8x5. The other
functions are not power functions.

2. 

As xx approaches positive or negative infinity, f(x)f(x) decreases without bound:

as x→±∞, f(x)→−∞x→±∞, f(x)→−∞ because of the negative coefficient.

3. 

The degree is 6. The leading term is −x6.−x6. The leading coefficient is −1.−1.

4. 

As x→∞, f(x)→−∞; as x→−∞, f(x)→−∞.x→∞, f(x)→−∞; as x→−∞, f(x)→−∞. I
t has the shape of an even degree power function with a negative coefficient.

5. 

The leading term is 0.2x3,0.2x3, so it is a degree 3 polynomial. As xx approaches

positive infinity, f(x)f(x) increases without bound; as xx approaches negative
infinity, f(x)f(x) decreases without bound.

6. 

y-intercept (0,0);(0,0); x-intercepts (0,0),(–2,0),(0,0),(–2,0), and (5,0)(5,0)

7. 

There are at most 12 x-x- intercepts and at most 11 turning points.

8. 

The end behavior indicates an odd-degree polynomial function; there are 3 x-
x- intercepts and 2 turning points, so the degree is odd and at least 3. Because of the
end behavior, we know that the lead coefficient must be negative.

9. 

The x-x- intercepts are (2,0),(−1,0),(2,0),(−1,0), and (5,0),(5,0), the y-intercept
is (0,2),(0,2), and the graph has at most 2 turning points.

5.3 Graphs of Polynomial Functions

1. 

y-intercept (0,0);(0,0); x-intercepts (0,0),(–5,0),(2,0),(0,0),(–5,0),(2,0), and (3,0)
(3,0)

2. 

The graph has a zero of –5 with multiplicity 3, a zero of -1 with multiplicity 2, and a zero
of 3 with multiplicity 4.

3.

3.
4. ⓓ25
5. ⓔ26

7. 

1. ⓐ11, commutative property of multiplication, associative property of

multiplication, inverse property of multiplication, identity property of multiplication;
2. ⓑ33, distributive property;
3. ⓒ26, distributive p

roperty;