Gpa STD 3132-1984

G P A STD*3L32 84 3824699 0000297 7 -
GPA Standard 3132-84
Natural Gasoline
Specifications and Test Methods
Reprinted 7 980
Revised I984
Gas Processors Association

1812 First Place
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74103
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Copyright Gas Processors Association

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G P A STDa3132 8 4 m 3824699 O000299 O m
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
GPA Specifications and Test Methods for Natural Gasoline.. ............. 4
ASTM D-130-80: Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum

Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test.. ............ 5
ASTM D-156-82: Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products.. ..................13
ASTM D-216-77 (1982): Distillation of Natural Gasoline.. ................. 2 0
ASTM D-323-82: Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products

(Reid Method). .......................... ................. 24
GPA 1 138: Standard Doctor Test for Natural Gasoline.. ..................33
NOTE: ASTM test methods included in this publication have been adopted
by GPA, and are included through a right-to-reprint agreement with,
and by special permission of, the American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa

-.
I
G P A STD*3L32 84 m 3 8 2 4 b ï ï 0000300 3 m
Natural Gasoline
Specifications and Test Methods
Scope: These specifications state the required properties of Natural Gasoline. Natural
gasoline is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons extracted from natural gas, com-
posed principally of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons, although varying
amounts of butanes may be included, depending on the commercial grade.
Natural gasoline is defined further for commerical purposes by the following:
Product Characteristic Specification Test Method
Reid Vapor Pressure 10-34pounds ASTM D-323-82

Percentage evaporated at 140°F 25-85 ASTM D-216-77 (82)
Percentage evaporated a t 275°F not less than 90 ASTM D-216-77 (82)
Ehd point not more than 375°F ASTM D-216-77 (82)
Corrosion not more than classification 1 ASTM D-130-80 (modified)
Color not less than plus 25 (Saybolt) ASTM D-156-82
Reactive sulfur Negative, “sweet” GPA 1138
In addition to the above general specifications, natural gasoline shall be divided into
twenty-four possible grades on a basis of vapor pressure and percentage evaporated
a t 140°F. Each grade shall have a range in vapor pressure of four pounds, and a range in
the percentage evaporated a t 140°F of i 5 percent. The maximum vapor pressure of the
various grades shall be 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, and 34‘pounds respectively. The minimum
percentage evaporated a t 140°F shall be 25, 40, 5 5 , and 70 respectively. Each grade
shall be designated by its maximum vapor pressure and its minimum percentage evap-
orated a t 140”F, as shown in the following table:
GRADES OF NATURAL GASOLINE

Percentage Evaporated a t 140’F
25 40 15 70 85
34
Grade 34-25 Grade 34-40 Grade 34-55 Grade 34-70
7 30
8 26 Grade 26-25 Grade 26-40 Grade 26-51 Grade 26-70
3 22
18
Z Grade 18-25 Grade 18-40 Grade 18-55 Grade 18-70
2 14
10
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G P A STD83132 84 3824699 000030L 5
Nb Designation: D 130 83 - An Amencan National Standard

Federation of Societies for
Paint Tedirology Standard No. Dt-28-65
British Standard 4351
@ Designation: 1%/78
Deutsche Nomi DIN 51759
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Standard Method for
DETECTION OF COPPER CORROSION' FROM
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY THE COPPER STRIP
TARNISH TEST'
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision. the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. This is also a standard of the Institute of Petroleum issued under the fixed designation IP 154. The final number
indicates the year of last revision.
This method was adopted as a joint A S T M - I P standard in 1964.
This merhod has been adopted for use by government agencies to replace Method 5325 of Federal Test Method Standard.No.
791b.
1. Scope tations prior to iise. For specific precautions, see

1.1 This method covers the detection of the 1.2 and Annex A2.
corrosiveness to copper of aviation gasoFine, avia-
2. Applicable Documents
tion turbine fuel, automotive gasoline, natural
gasoline or other hydrocarbons having a Reid 2.1 ASTM Standards:
vapor pressure no greater than 18 psi (1 24 kPa) D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils2
(Caution-see 1.2 and Annex A2.), cleaners D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils'
(Stoddard) solvent, kerosine, diesel fuel, distillate D 1838 Test Method for Copper Strip Corro-
fuel oil, lubricating oil, and certain other petro- sion by Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases3
leum products.
3. Summary ofMethod
1.2 Caution-Some products, particularly
natural gasoline, may have a much higher vapor 3.1 A polished copper strip is immersed in a
pressure than would normally be characteristic given quantity of sample and heated at a temper-
of automotive or aviation gasolines. For this ature and for a time characteristic of the material
reason, extreme caution must be exercised to being tested. At the end of this period the copper
assure that the test bomb containing natural gas- strip is removed, washed, and compared with the
din&or other products of high vapor pressure ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standards.
.are not placed in the 100°C(2 12°F)bath. Samples
having Reid vapor pressures in excess of 18 psi 4. Significance and Use
(134 kPa) may develop sufficient prep.sure at 4.1 Crude petroleum contains sulfur com-
100°Cto cause rupture of the test bomb. For any pounds, most of which are removed during
sample having a Reid vapor pressure above 18
psi (/24 kPa), use Test Method D 1838. ' This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct
1.3 This standard may involve hazardoils ma- responsibility of Subcommittee W2.05 on Physical Analysis of
terials, operations, and equipment. This standard Fuels and Light Distillates.
In the IP. this method is under the jurisdiction of the Stan-
does not piirport to address all of the safetyprob- dardization Committee.
lems associatbd witti its use. It is the respousibil- Current edition approved Oct. 28, 1983. Published January
ity of whoever iises this standard to conriilt -and 1984. Originally published as D I30 - 22 T. replacing former
Last.previous edition D I30 - 80.
establish appropriate safety and health gractices D 89.Annual Book oJASTM Standards, Vol 05.0 I.
and determine tAe applicability of regillatory limi- 'Annital Book of ASThí Standards, Vol 05.02.

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PROBLEM HARD C O P Y
m 3824699 0000302 7 m
G P A STD*3132 84
FROM PETROLEUM
COPPERCORROSION PRODUCTS(ASTMD 130 - IP 154)
refining. However, of the sulfur compounds for protecting corroded strip for close inspec-
remaining in the petroleum product, some can tion or storage (see Appendix),
have a corroding action on various metals and
this corrosivity is not necessarily related di- 6. Materials
rectly to the total sulfur content. The effect can 6.1 Wash Solvent-Any volatile, suifur-free
vary according to the chemical types of sulfur hydrocarbon solvent may be used provided that
compounds present. The copper strip corrosive it shows no tarnish at all when tested at 50°C
test is designed to assess the relative degree of (122°F). Knock tesi grade isooctane is a Suita-
corrosivity of a petroleum product. ble solvent and should be used in case of dis-
pute.
5. Apparatus Danger! Extremely Flammable-see Annex
5.1 Test Tubes, 25 by 150-mm. A2.1.
5.1.1 Provide a bath capable of being main- 6.2 Polishing Materials-Silicon carbide grit
tained at a constant temperature of 50 f 1°C paper of varying degrees of fineness including
(122 f 2°F) or 100 +- 1°C (212 f 2"F), or both, 65-pm (240-grit) paper or cloth; also a supply
and having suitable supports to hold the test of 105-pm (150-mesh) silicon carbide grain and
tubes in a vertical position and immersed to a pharmaceutical grade absorbent cotton (cotton
depth of about 100 mm (4 in.). Either water, wool).
oil, or aluminum block baths are suitable. 6.3 Copper Strips:
5.2 Copper Strip Corrosion Test Bomb, con- 6.3.1 Specipcation-Use strips 12.5 mm (%
structed of stainless steel according to the di- in.) wide, 1.5 to 3.0 mm (%6 to ?hin.) thick, cut
mensions as given in Fig. 1, and capable of 75 mm (3 in.) long from smooth-surfaced, hard-
withstanding a test pressure of 100 psi (689 temper, cold-fmished copper of 99.9 + percent
kPa). Alternative designs for the bomb cap and purity; electrical bus bar stock is generally suit-
synthetic rubber gasket may be used provided able (see Appendix). The strips may be used
that the internal dimensions of the bomb are repeatedly but should be discarded when the
the same as those shown in Fig. 1. Provide a 25 surfaces become deformed on handling.
by 150-mm test tube as a liner for holding the 6.3.2 Surface Preparation-Remove ali sur-
sample. face blemishes from all six sides of the strip
5.2.1 Provide liquid baths capable of being with silicon carbide paper of such degrees of
maintained at 40 A 1°C (104 f 2°F) or 100 f fineness as,are needed to accomplish the de-
1°C (212 f 2"F), or both, and having suitable sired results efficiently. Finish with 65-pn (240-
supports to hold the test bomb in a vertical grit) silicon carbide paper or cloth. removing
position. The bath must be deep enough so that all marks that may have been made by other
the entire bomb will be submerged during the grades of paper used previously. Immerse the
test. As the bath medium, use water or any strip in wash solvent from which it may be
other liquid which ca,n be satisfactorily con- withdrawn immediately for final polishing or
trolled at the specified test temperature. in which it may be stored for future use.
5.3 Thermometers, total immersion, for in- 6.3.2.1 As a practical manual procedure for
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dicating the required test temperature, with surface preparation, place a sheet of the paper
smallest graduations of 1°C (2°F) or less. No on a flat surface, moisten it with kerosine or
more than 25 mm (1 in.) of the mercury thread wash solvent, and tub the strip against the
should extend above the surface of the bath at paper with a rotary motion, protecting the strip
the test temperature. The ASTM 12C (12F) or from contact with the fingers with an ashless
IP 64C (64F) thermometer is suitable. filter paper. Alternatively, the surface of the
5.4 Polishing Vise, for holding the copper strip may be prepared by use of motor-driven
strip firmly without marring the edges while machines using appropriate grades of dry paper
polishing. Any convenient type of holder (see or cloth.
Appendix) may be used provided that the strip 6.3.3 Final Polishing-Remove a strip from
is held tightly and that the surface of the strip the wash solvent. Holding it in the fingers
being polished is supported above the surface protected with ashless filter paper. polish first
of the holder. the ends and then the sides with the 105-pm
5.5 Viewing Test Tubes, flat, are convenient (150-mesh) silicon carbide grains picked up
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G P A STD*3132 84 W 3824699 0000303 9
-
COPPERCORROSION
FROM PETROLEUM (ASTMD 130 - IP 154)
PRODUCTS
from a clean glass plate with a gad of cotton side of each plaque.
(cotton wool) moistewd with a drop of wash 7.1.2 If the surface of the plastic cover shows
solvent. Wipe vigorously with fresh pads of excessive scratching it is suggested that the
cotton (cotton wool) and subsequently handle plaque be replaced.
only with stainless steel forceps; do not couch
with thejìngers. Clamp in a vise and polish the 8. Samples
main surfaces with silicon-carbide grains on 8.1 It is particularly important that all types
absorbent cotton. Rub in the direction of the of fuel samples, which should pass a low-tar-
long axis of the strip, carrying the stroke be- nish strip classification, be collected in clean,
yond the end of the strip before reversing the dark glass bottles, plastic bottles, or other suit-
direction. Clean all metal dust from the strip able containers that will not affect the corrosive
by rubbing vigorously with clean pads of ab- properties of the fuel. Avoid the use of tin plate
sorbent cotton until a fresh pad remains un- cmtainers for collection of samples, since ex-
soiled. When the strip is clean, immediately perience has shown that they may contribute
immerse it in the prepared sample. to the corrósiveness of the sample.
6.3.3.1 It is important to polish the whole 8.2 Fill the containers as completely as pos-
surface of the,strip uniformly to obtain a uni- sible and close them immediately after taking
formly stained strip. If the edges show wear the sample. Take care during sampling to pro-
(surface elliptical) they will likely show more tect the samples from exposure to direct sun-
corrosion than the center. The use of a vise (see light or even diffused daylight. Make the test
Appendix) will facilitate uniform polishing. as soon as possible after receipt in the labora-
tory and immediately after opening the con-
'I. Corrosion Standards tainer.
7.i ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standurds' 8.3 If suspended water (haze) is observed in
consist of reproductions in color of typical test the sample, dry by filtering a sufficient volume
strips representing increasing degrees of tarnish of sample through a medium rapid qualitative
and corrosion. the reproductions being encased filter, into the prescribed clean, dry test tube.
in plastic in the form of a plaque. Carry out this operation in a darkened room or
7.1. I Keep the plastic-encased printed under a light-protected shield.
ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standards pro- 8.3.1 Contact of the copper strip with water
tected from light to avoid the possibility of before, during, or after the completion of the
fading. Inspect for fading by comparing two test run, will cause staining, making it difficult
different plaques, one of which has been care- to evaluate the strips.
fully protected from light (new). Observe both
sets in diffused daylight (or equivalent) first 9. Procedure
from a point directly above and then from an 9. i Those product classes. to which given pro-
angle of 45". If any evidence of fading is ob- cedural variations are intended to be applied, are
served. particularly at the left-hand end of the listed below. Some product classes, being quite
plaque. it is suggested that the one that is the broad, may be tested by more than one set of
more faded with respect to the other be dis- conditions; in such cases the copper strip quality
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carded. requirement for a given product should be lim-

7. I . 1.1 Alternatively, place a 20-nim (!&in.) ited to a single set of conditions. The conditions
opaque strip (masking tape) across the top of of time and temperature' given below are those
the colored portion of the plaque when initially most commonly used and are quoted in the
purchased. At intervals remove the opaque ASTM specifications for these products where
strip and observe. If there is any evidence of such specifications exist. However, other condi-
fading of the exposed portion, it is suggested tions can also be used as and when required by
that the standards be replaced.
7.1. i .2 These plaques are full-color repro-
ductions of typical strips. They have been Availahlc from ASTM Headquariers. 1916 Race Street.
printed on aluminum sheets by a 4-color proc- Philadclphia. Pa. i9 103. Rcqucst Adjunct No. 12-40 1300-00.
Names of suppliers in the United Kingdom can hc ohtaincd
ess and are encased in plastic for protection. from the Instiiutc of Petrolcum. Two master standards arc held
Directions foi. their use are given on the reverse bu the IP for refcrcnce.
-7-
#
PROBLEM HARD COPY
G P A STD*3L32 84 m 3 8 2 4 b î î 0000304 0 W
FROM PETROLEUM
COPPERCORROSION (ASTM D 130 - IP 1.54)
PRODUCTS
specificationsor by agreement between parties. Copper Strap Corrosion Standards. Hold both
9.1. I For aviation gasoline, and aviation tur- the test strip aiid the standard strip plaque in
bine jrel-Place 30 mL of sample, completely such a manner that light reflected from them
clear and free of any suspended or entrained at an angle of approximately 45" wül be ob-
water (see 8.3) into a chemically clean, dry 25 by served.
150-mtn test tube, and within I min after com- 9.2.2 in handling the test strip during the
pleting the final polishing, slide the copper strip inspection and comparison;- the danger of
inta the sample tube. Carefully slide the sample marking or staining can he avoided if it is
tube into the test bomb (Fig. I ) and screw the lid inserted in a flat tube (see Annex AI) which
on tight, Completely immerse the bomb in a can be stoppered with absarbent cotton.
boiling water bath at 100 f 1°C (212 f 2°F). _.
After 2 h _+ 5 min in the bath, withdraw the 10, Interpretation
bomb and immerse for a few minutes in tap 10.1 Interpret the corrosiveness of the sam-
bomb, 'withdraw the test tube ple accordingly as the appearance of the test
and examine the strip as described in 9.2. strip agrees with one of thestrips of the ASTM
9.1.2 For nuriiralgasoline-Carry out the test Copper Strip Corrosion Standards.
exactly as described in 9-1.1 but at 40°C (104°F) 10. I . 1 When a strip is in the obvious transi-
and for 3 h f 5 min. tion state between that indicated by any two
9.1.3 For diesel /irel, fìiel oil, qtitomorive gas- adjacent standard strips, judge the sample by
oline-Place 30 mL of sample, completely dear the more tariiished Standard Strip. Should a.
and free of ahy suspended or entrained water (see strip appear to have a darker orange color.than
8.31, into a chemically clean, dry 25 by 150-mm Standard Strip lb, consider the observed strip
test tube and, within 1 min after completing the as still belonging in Classification 1: however,
fTnal polishing, slide the copper strip into the if any evidence of red CO is observed, the
sample tube. StoppeI; with a vented cork and observed strip belongs in Classification 2,
place in a'bath maintained at 50 i 1°C*(132f 10.1.2 A claret red strip in Classification 2
2°F) (see 5.'1. I).' Protect the contents of the test can be mistaken for a magenta overcast on
tube from strong light,during the test: After 3 h brassy strip in Classification 3 if the brassy
t 5 min in the bath, examine the strip as.de- underlay of the latter is completely masked by
scribed in 9.2. For tests on fuel oil and diesel a magenta overtone. To distinguish, immerse
fuel, to specifications other than' ASTM Specifi- the strip in wash solvept; the former will appear
cations D 396 and D 975, a temperature of 100°C as a dark orange strip while the latter will not
(2 12°F)for 3 h is often used as an alternative set change.
of conditions. 10.1.3 To distinguish multicolored strips in
' 9. I .4 For cleaners (Stoddurd) solvent and ker- Classifications 2 and 3, place a test strip in a 20
osine-Carry out the test exactly as described in by 150-mm test tube and bring to a temperature
9.1.3- but at 100 -L 1°C (212 2 2°F). of 315 to 370°C (600 to 700°F) in 4 to 6 min
9. I .5 For lubricuting oil-Tests may be car- with the tube 1,ying on a hot plate. Adjust to
ried out for varying times and at elevated tem- temperature by observing. a high distillation
peratures other than 100°C (212°F).For the sake thermometer inserted int0.a second test tube. If
of Liniformity, it is suggested that even incre- the strip belongs in Classification 2, it will
ments of 50°F beginning with 350°F (or Celsius assume the color of a silver and then a gold
equivalents ta the nearest whole degree) be used. strip: If in Classification 3 it will take on the
9.2 Strip Examination: ' appearance of a transparent black. etc., as de-
9.2.1 Empty the contents of the test tube into scribed in Classification 4. . .
a 150-mL tall-form beaker, letting the strip 10.1.4 Repeat the lest if blemishes due to
slide in gently so as to avoid breaking the f î g e r prints are observed, or due to spots from
beaker. Immediately withdraw the strip with any particles of water droplets that may have
stainless steel forceps and immerse in wash touched the test strip duting the digestion pe-
solvent. Withdraw the strip at once, dry with riod.
quantitative filter paper (by blotting and not 10.1.5 Repeat the test also if the sharp edges
by wiping), and inspect for evidences of tar- along the flat faces of the strip appear to be in
nishing or corrosion by comparison with the a classificatian higher thans the greater portion
-8-
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G P A STD*3132 84 = 3824bîî 0000305 2
COPPERCORROSION
PROM PETROLEUM (ASTM D 130 - IP 154)
PRODUCTS
of the strip; in this case it is likely that the edges State the duration of the test and the test tem-
were burnished during polishing. perature.
12. Precision
11. Report 12.1 In the-case of pass/fail data no gener-
11. I Report the corrosiveness in accordance aliy accepted method for determining precision
with one of the classifications listed in Table 1. is currently available.
TABLE 1 Copper Strip Classifications

Classification Designation DescriptionA
Freshly polished strip ... 8
I slight tarnish a. Light orange, almost the same as freshly polished strip
b. ûarkorange
2 moderate tarnish a. Claret red

... b. Lavender
... c. Multicolored with lavender blue or silver, or both, overlaid on claret red
... d, Silvery
... e. Brassy or gold
3 dark tarnish a. Magenta overcast on brassy strip

... b. Multicolored with red and green showing (peacock), but no gray
4 corrosion a. Transparent black, dark gray or brown with peacock green barely showing
... b. Graphite or lusterless black
c. Glossy or jet black
~
The ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standard is a colored reproduction of strips characteristic of these descriptions.
A
"The freshly polished strip is included in the series only as an indication of the appearance of a properly polished strip before a
test run: it is not possiblc io duplicate this appearance after a test even with a completely noncorrosive sample.
3.2 WIDE GROOVE FOR PRESSURE RELI' I ,---LIFTING EYE

(VB"1
n
pr
,-KNURLED CAP
li
../- SYNTHETIC RUBBER'O' RING
l!/:-l2 TPI NF THREAD

(OR EQUIVALENT1
i I
\CHAMFER
FREE FROM FREE SULPHUR
INSIDE CAP TO PROTECT

'O' RING WHEN CLOSiNG BOMB
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MAX. TEST PRESSURE 100 LBF/INZ
(7.03Kgkmzl
C
z -1.6 WALL SEAMLESS TUBE
('46-1
MATERIAL: STAINLESS STEEL

WELDED CONSTRUCTION
o
(r
FIG. 1-Copper Strip Corrosion Test Bomb.
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r
G P A STD*313Z 84 3824699 O000306 4 M
COPPERCORROSION
FROM PETROLEWN PRODUCTS (ASTM D 130 - IP 154)
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ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A l . OPTIONAL USEFUL EQUIPMENT
A l . l Viewing Tube and dimensioned in Fig. A I .2.

A I . I . 1 A useful flat glass test tube for holding tar-
nished copper strips for inspection or for storage for Al .3 Copper Qua,ity
later inspection is illustrated and dimensioned in Fig. A l .3. I Hard-temper, cold-finished type-(ETP) elec-
Al.l. trolytic tough pitch copper.’
A1.2 Strip Vise
A 1.2.1 A useful and convenient vise for holding UP
’Conforming to Copper Development Assn. (CD.4). United
States of America. NO. i IO. or to British Standard (BS) 1036:
to four copper strips during final polishing is illustrated 1952. which have proper quality.
MINIMUM DIMENSION
TO BE SUCH THAT A TUBE TO BE WITHOUT
COPPER STRIP 3 2 X 13 STRIAE OR SIMILAR DEFECTS
SECTION WILL ENTER
ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIG. A l Fiat Glass Test Tube
-10-
G P A STD*3L32 84 3 8 2 4 6 9 9 0000307 b
ASTM D 180-80
120 (4%4")
d
i
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SECTION 0 E
SECTION A A WITH .SCREW
SECTION A A
- 1
5
ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES (INCHES)

FIG. A2 MuitistripVise

Provided by IHS under license with GPA
- 11- Licensee=Agencia Nacional De Hidrocarburos/5993362001, User=Tapias, Erik
PRDBLEM HARD C O P Y
G P A STD*3l132 84 m 3824677 0000308 8 m'
COPPERCORROSION
FROM PETROLEUM (ASTM D 130 - IP 154)
PRODUCTS
A2. PRECAUTIOPARY SïAI'EklEh~I'
A2.1 Isooctane paratus and heaters.

Danger-Extremely flammable. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor or spray mist.
Harmful if inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fire. Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact.
Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame.
Keep container closed. A2.4 Gasoline (Whiîe *T Unleaded)
Use with adequate ventilation. Danger-Extremely flammable. Vapors harmful if
Avoid build-up of vapors and eliminate ali sources inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fire.
of ignition, ,especially nonexplosion proof electrical ap- Keep away from k a t , sparks, and open flame.
paratus and heaters. Keep container closed.
Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor or spray mist. Use with adequate ventilation.
Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact. Avoid build-up of vapors and eliminate ail sources
of ignition, especially nonexplosion-proof electrical a p
A2.2 Aviation Turbine Fuel (Jet A or A-1, see ASTM paratus and heaters.
D 1655) Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor or spray mist.
Caution-Combustible. Vapor harmful. Avoid prolonged M repeated skin contact.
Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames.
Keep container closed. A2.5 Kerosine
Use with adequate ventilation. Caution-Combustible. Vapor harmful.
Avoid breathing vapor or spray mist. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame.
Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin. Keep container closed.
!Use with adequate ventilation.
A2.3 Gasoline (Containing Lead) Avoid breathing vapor or spray mist.
Danger-Extremely flammable. Vapors harmful if Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin.
inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fire. Contains toxic
lead antiknock compounds. Harmful if absorbed A2.6 Stoddard Solvent
through skin. Caution-Combustible. Vapor harmful.
Keep away from heat, speaks, and open flame. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame.
Keep container closed. Keep container closed.
Use with adequate ventilation. Use with adequate ventilation.
Avoid build-up of vapors and eliminate all sources Avoid breathing vapor or spray mist.
of ignition, especially nonexpiosion-proof electrical ap- Avoid prolonged'or repeated contact with skin.
The American Society f Ò r Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent righrs asserted in
connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validir).
ofany such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive Tears
and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited eitherf o r revision of this standard or for additional
standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If youfeel that your comments have not received afair hearingyou should
make your views known to the A S T M Committee on Standards, 1916 Race St.. Philadelphia. Pa. 19103.
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G P A S T D x 3 1 3 2 84 3824699 0000309 T m
#lb Designation: D 156 - 82 An American National Standard

Deutsche Norm DIN 51 41 1
Standard Test Method for

SAYBOLT COLOR OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS'
(SAYBOLT CHROMOMETER METHOD)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of originaladoptionor, in the case of revision, theyear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This method has been adopled for use by government agencies to replace Method 4246 of Federal Test Method Standard No.
791b, and Method 101 of Federal Test Method Standard No. 141A.
1. scope matches the appropriate one of three glass

1.1 This method covers the determination of standards and referring to Table 1 of ASTM
the color of refined oils such as undyed motor Method D 156.
and aviation gasoline, jet propulsion fuels,
5. Significance
naphthas and kerosine, and, in addition, petro-
leum waxes and pharmaceutical white oils. 5.1 Determination of the color of petroleum
NOTE 1-For determining the.color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing con-
products darker than Saybolt Color - 16, see ASTM trol purposes and is an important quality char-
Method D 1500, Test for ASTM Color of Petroleum acteristic since color is readily observed by the
Products (ASTM Color Scale).' user of the product. In some cases the color
may serve as a n indication of the degree of
2. Applicable Document refinement of the material. When the color
2.1 ASTM Standard: range of a particular product is known, a vari-
D270 Sam ling Petroleum and Petroleum ation outside, the established range may indi-
ProductsB cate possible contamination with another prod-
D938 Test for Congealing Point of Petro- uct. However, color is not always a reliable
leum Waxes, Including Petrolatum2 guide to product quality and should not be
used indiscriminantly in product specifications.
3. Summary of Method
3.1-The height of a column of sample is 6. Apparatus
decreased by levels corresponding to color 6. I The Saybolt chromometer illustrated in
numbers until the color of the sample is unmis- Fig. 1, consisting of samplc and standard tubes,
takably lighter than that of the standard. The optical system, light source, and color stand-
color number above this level is repoilted, re- ards, is described in deeail in the Annex.
gardless of whether the sample was darker,
questionable, or a match at the higher Level. 7. Standardization of Apparatus
7.1 Remove the glass disk from the bottom
4. Definition of the oil tube. Clean the disk, oil tube, and
4.1 Saybolt color-an empirical defintion of
the color of a clear petroleum liquid based on ' This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com-
a scale of -16 (darkest) to +30 (lightest). The mittee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
number is derived by finding the height of a Current edition approved Aug. 27, 1982. Published Oc-
tober 1982. Originally published as D 156 - 23 T.Last pre-
column of the sample that, when viewed vious edition D 156 - 81.
through the length of the column, visually Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Part 23.
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PROBLEM HARD C O P Y
G P A STDu3132 84 m 3824697 0000310 b m
TEST FOR COLOR OP PETROLEWBI hODUCJ!S 0156)

plain tube. When deposits are not removable the oil appears just slightly darker than the
by wiping or solvent rinsing, wash with soap color standard. From this point, draw the sam-
and water. After cleaning, rinse with distilled ple level down to the nearest depth correspond-
water and with acetone or some other suitable ing to color number as shown in Table 1. If the
solvent, and dry. Assemble the oil tube, and color of the oil observed through the eyepiece
position the tubes in the instrument. is still darker than the color standard, draw the
7.2 Using the specified light source and il- oil down to the next depth given in Table 1,
lumination, observe the comparative light in- and compare. Continue this operation until a
tensity of the two. halves of the optical field, depth is reached where the sample and color
with both tubes empty, and with the 12-mm standard match, or show questionable differ-
diaphragm removed from under the plain tube. ences (Note 3). Aî this point, lower the oil
The intensity of light observed in each half of column to the next specXied.depth and, if the
the optical field must be the same. Adjustment oil is unmistakably lighter than the color stand-
in the position of the light source may be ard, record the color corresponding to the next
necessary to achieve this match. higher level as the Saybolt color.
7.3 Replace the 12-mm diaphragm under NOTE3-Experience in the use of this instrument
the plain tube, and fu1 the oil tube to the 20-in. will obviate the necessity of foliowing the step-by-
(508-mm) mark with distilled water. The inten- step procedure outlined in 8.2 for choosing the proper
sity of the light observed in each half of the color standards for each sample. Examples of the
procedure are given in Table 2.
optical field must be the same, for the instru-
ment to be judged satisfactory for use.3 11. Procedure for Petroleum Wax
8. Sampling 11.1 Heat the wax sample to 15 to 30°F (8
to 17°C) above its congealing point as deter-
8.1 Samples shall be taken in accordance mined in accordance with Method D 938. Pre-
with the instructions in Method D 270. heat the oil tube.
9. Preparation of Sample 11.2 Pour the liquid wax into the oil tube;
turn the heating element off, and, after the heat
9.1 If the sample is turbid, fdter through a waves in the sample can no longer be noted,
sufficient number of qualitative filter papers obtain the required readings as directed in Sec-
until it is clear.
tion 8.
9.2 When preparing petroleum wax for test-
ing do not heat excessively, because oxidation 12. Report
may occur, with consequent discoloration of 12.1 Report the recorded color units as
the sample. “Saybolt color ”; if the sample
10. Procedure for Refined Light Oils and Phar- has been filtered, add the words “(sample fd-
maceutical White Oils tered).”
10.1 Flush the oil tube with a portion of the 13. Precision
sample, taking care to allow the tube to drain 13.1 The precision of this test is not known
thoroughly. Fill the oil tube with the sample to have been obtained in accordance with cur-
(Note 2) and compare with a whole color stand- rently accepted guidelines (for example, in
ard. If the sample is lighter than the color Committee D-2 RR: D02-1007, Manual on
standard, remove the standard and replace it Determining Precision Data for ASTM Meth-
with a half standard. If the sample is darker odsnon Petroleum Products and Lubricants).
than the single whole standard at 6% in. (159 13.2 The precision of the method as ob-
mm), add another whole standard. tained by statistical examination of interlabo-
NOTE 2-It is important that all samples in the ratory test results is as follws:
color tube be free from air bubbles.
13.2.1 Repeatability-The difference be-
10.2 With the proper color standard or tween successive test results obtained by the
standards in place, and the sample in the oil
tube at a level where its colpr is decidedly It is expected after the publication of this version of the
method that a number of instruments will not meet these
darker than that of the color standard, draw off requirements; it is suggested, therefore, that such tubes be
the sample slowly by means of the petcock until replaced with matched tubes, as described in the Appendix.
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G P A STDg3L32 84 m 3 8 2 4 6 9 7 00003LL 8 m
%ST POR COLOROP.PETRO~UM

PRODUCTS
(3156)
same operator with the same apparatus under tween two shgle and independent test results
constant operating conditions on identical test obtained by different opkrators working in dif-
material would, in the long run,in the normal ferent laboratories on identical test material
and correct operation of the test method, exceed would, in the long run, in the normal and
the foliowing value only in one case in twenty: correct operation of the test method exceed the
1 color unit following value only in one case in twenty:
13.2.2 Reproducibility-The difference be- 2 color units
TABLE l Saybolt Colors Corresponding to Depths of Oil

Number “lor
Of
Depth of Oil, in. (mm) Color Number Number of Depth Of Oil’ Color Number
Standards :olor Standards in. (mm)
One-half 20.00 (508) +30 Two 6.00 (152) +6
One-half 18.00 (457) ‘29 Two 5.75 (146) +5
One-haif 16.00 (406) +28 Two 5.50 (139) +4
One-half 14.00-(355) +27 Two 5.25 (133) +3
One-half 12.00 (304) +26 Two 5.00 (127) +2
One 20.00 (508) +25 Two 4.75 (120) +I
One 18.00 (457) + 24 Two 4.50 (114) O
One 16.00 (406) +23 Two 4.25 (107) -1
One 14.30 (355) +22 Two 4.00 (101) -2
One 12.00 (304) +2 I Two 3.75 (95) -3
One 10.75 (273) +20 Two 3.625 (82) -4
One 9.50 (241) + 19 Two 3.50 (88) -5
One 8.25 (209) +18 Two 3.375 (85) -6
One 7.25 (184) + 17 Two 3.25 (82) -7
One 6.25 (158) +i6 Two 3.125 (79) -8
Two 10.50 (266) +15 Two 3.00 (76) -9
Two 9.75 (247) +I4 Two 2.875 (73) -10
Two 9.00 (228) +13 Two 2.75 (69) -11
Two 8.25 (209) +12 Two 2.625 (66) -12
Two 7.75 (196) +Il Two 2.50 (63) -13
Two 7.25 (184) + 10 Two 2.375 (60) -14
Two 6.75 (171) +9 Two 2.25 (57) -15
Two 6.50 (165) +8 Two 2.125 (53) -16
Two 6.25 (158) +7
TABLE 2 Example of Procedure

. ~~~
Using One Using Two

Whole Color Whole
Observation Color
Standard, in.
Standards,
(m) in. ímmì\-----I
Oil darker at depth of 16 (406) 4.5 (102)

Oil darker at depth of 14 (355) 4.25 (107)
Oil questionable at depth 12 (304) 4.0 (101)
of
Oil lighter at depth of 10.75 (273) 3.75 (95)
Saybolt color +2 1 -2
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TEST EOR c O L o l r . . O ~PETBoUEoM PRODUCTS
(D 156)
ANNEX
(MANDATORY INFORMATION)
A l . APPARATUS
A l . l Saybolt Chromometer with a suitable optical viewer head consisting of

A 1.1.1 Oil Sample Tube-For testing liquids, use prisms and an eyepiece containing a lens. Provide
a borosilicate‘ glass tube, or its equivalent in color prisms of a suitble form, matched in their refracting
characteristics (Note Al), having an inside diameter angles and areas, and so mounted as to avoid the
of not less than 16.5 mm nor more than 17.5 mm, possibility of disarrangement. Arrange the prisms so
and an outside diameter of not less than 21.25 mm that the light rays passing through the tubes are
nor more than 22.75 mm. Close the tube at the deflected into an optical head and can be viewed by
bottom with an optical clear plano glass disk 6.25 the eyepiece. The arrangement must be such as to
mm thick, free of striations and scratches. The tube provide a circular field of vision free from distortion
shall be 508 to 5 10 mm long from the upper surface and parallax (Note A2), one half of which is illumi-
of the plano disk to the.top of the tube. Mount the nated by the light transmitted by the sample, and the
tube and disk in a suitable metal color provided with other half by the color standard.
a -etcock to permit controlled drainage of the tube, NOTEA2-An adapter (Fig. A1.3) may be used
Fig. A l . l . Construct the collar in a manner that to locate the light rays passing up through the center
permits removal of the glass disk for cleaning. Grad- of the eyepiece. The adapter consists of a metal coIlar
uate the tube with etched %-in. (3.2-mm) divisions. of such diameter as to fit the outside diameter of the
Etch each inch-line completely around the tube, and eyepiececlosely. It is approximately 50 mm long, and
number them consecutively from the 2-in. (50-mm) closed at one end with a metal diaphragm having a
line, up. centrally located aperture approximately 2.5 mm in
NOTEAl-The condition and the color of the diameter.
glass tubes shall be such that no color difference is A 1.1.6 Illumination-Arrange for the light to be
observed between the plain tube and the oil tube transmitted through the tubes by means of a reflect-
when the tubes are empty, or when the oil tube is ing mirror of either white opal glass or clear glass,
filled with distilled water. Comparisons shall be made with a uniform coating of untarnished silver on one
with the tubes positioned in the instrument in the surface. Fix the mirror at a suitable angle, and so
manner described in Section 5 . arrange it that reflected light of equal intensity of
A 1.1.2 Wax Sample Tube-For testing petroleum radiation will pass through the tubes in parrallel rays.
waxes, use an oil tube that meets the specifications Alternatively, diffused light may be projected directly
prescribed in Al.1.1 and that has a 60-W heater up through the tubes from the base of the instrument.
evenly distributed over its entire length, as shown in A1.1.7 Light-Source-For the light source, use’an
Fig. A 1.2. Alternative means may be used for keeping artificial daylight lamp so arranged as to project a
the wax in a liquid state and providing a means for diffused light up through the tubes. The diffused
readability of the graduated scale. light shall be free of glare or shadows. Interfering
A 1,1.3 Plain Tube-Use a glass tube4 or its equiv- light from all other sources shall be excluded.
alent in color characteristics (Note A i), 483 mm long, A1.2 Color Standards
meeting the diameter specifications given in Al.l.1,
and open at both ends, with one end mounted in a A1.2.1 The whole color standard and the half
suitable metal collar. The over-all length of the tube color standard shall be of such colorimetric charac-
and collar, assembled, shall be 516 to 518 mm. The teristics that the trilinear coordinates x , y, and z, and
collar provides a place to locate the color standards the luminous transmission T,, when calculated from
and a black metal diaphragm with a circular aperture the spectral transmission data using the 1931 ICI
12 mm in diameter in the optical field. International Commission on Illumination Standard
A 1.1.4 Tube Assembly-Mount the tubes securely Illuminant C,5 are as shown in Table Al.l. It is
in a vertical and central position with respect to the convenient, but not necessary, to mount the glasses
opitcal viewer. Cover the upper ends of the tubes in a turret within the collar mounted on the plain
with removable diaphragmed metal caps about 25 tube.
mm in length. The caps shail be of sufficient diameter
to slip easily over the ends of the tubeS.The aperture ‘
Pyrex No. 7740 has been found to be satisfactory. An
in the diaphragm of the cap shall be 14 mm in equivalent may be used.
Judd, D. B., “The 1931 ICI Standard Observer and
diameter. Coordinate System for Colonmetry,” Journal, Optical Soc.
Al. 1.5 Optical Viewer-Provide the chromometer Am.,JOSA, Vol 23, No. 10, October 1933, p. 359.
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AL3 Daylight Lamp and the luminous transmission (Tw),when calculated
A1.3.1 Lamp-Use a lamp bulb rated at 60 W from the spectral transmission data using the 1931
and conforming to the A m e n u n Association of ICI Standard Illuminant A,5 are as shown in Table
Lamp Manufacturers' specification 60A. It shall be A 1.2.
constructed of clear glass, inside frost finish, and shall Note A3-A spectrophotometric test of an ac-
be rated at approximately 13 lm/W and 2750 K'color ceptable filter should indicate a transmission of ra-
temperature. Attach to a standard socket reflector, diant energy not less than 60 percent at 410 nm, with
hemispherical in form, Fig. Al. I , the interior surface a smooth curve down to a transmission below 10
ofwhich is finished with a brilliant aluminum bronze percent at 700 nm. This curve furthermore, should
powder, free from mica and other adulterants, and not have the pronounced hump that is characteristic
applied with a heat-resistant bronzing liquid sprayed of excess cobalt. The typical cobalt curve has an
uniformly over the surface. This finish shall be such increased transmission at a wavelength of 570 nm
as to be free from selective absorption, and have an above a straight line drawn between the points 540
initial reflectivity above 65 %. nm and 590 nm, and also a transmission band in the
A1.3.2 Daylight Filter Glass (Note A3), concave- red for wavelengths of 600 nm and greater. This
convex in form, and dust-tight, shall fit closely over variation in an acceptable filter shall not, at 570 nm,
the opening in the hemispherical reflector, Fig. Al. 1. exceed 0.03 above the straight line drawn between
The glass filter shall be finished on its concave surface 540 nm and 590 nm, nor shall the transmission for
by sand-blasting and acid-smoothing or fortifying. wavelength 700 nrn exceed the transmission for any
An acceptable daylight filter shall possess such char- shorter wavelength, such as 600 nm, by more than
acteristics that the trilinear coordinates ( x , y, and z), 0.03.
TABLE Al.1 Characteristics of Color Standards TABLE A1.2 Characteristics of Daylight Filter
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Limits with: Color Characteristics Limits

Color Char-
acteristics Whole Color One-half Co!or TU 0.107 to 0.160
Standard Standard X 0.3 14 to 0.330
Y 0.337 to 0.341
TU
l 0.860 to 0.865 0.888 to 0.891 2 0.329 to 0.349
X 0.342 to 0.350 0.327 to 0.331
Y 0.367 to 0.378 0.344 to 0.350
z 0.272 to 0.291 0.319 to 0.330
FIG. Al.l ASTM Saybolt Chromometer and Artificial

Daylight Lamp

PROBLEM HARD COPY
I
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G P A STD*3132 84 3824699 0000314 3
(D156)
PRODUCTS
TESTPOR COLOXOE PETROLEUM
,€q=
o- HA OLL
NOTL- HAWOLC IS f U T D l f D TO "Da
@-
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G P A STDS3132 84 m 3824699 O000315 5
TESTPOR COLOROF PETROLEUM

PRODUCTS
(D 156)
I I
FIG. AL3 Adapter
The American Socieiy for Tesiing and Maierials takes no position respeciing ihe validity of any paient rights asseried in
connection wiih any item meniioned in ihis standard. Users of ihis siandard are expressly advised thaf determination of ihe validity
of any such paient righis, and ihe risk of infringemeni of such righfs, are eniirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject io revision ai any rime by the responsible iechnical commiiiee and musi be reviewed every five years
and if nof revised, eiiher reapproved or wiihdrawn. Your cornmenis are invited eiiherfor re-visionof ihis standard orf o r additional
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
standards and should be addressed io A S T M Headquarters. Your commenis will receive careful consideration at a meeting of ihe
responsible iechnical commiiiee, which you may aiiend. q y o ufeeI ihai your comments have not received afair hearing you should
make your views known io fhe A S T M Commiiiee on Standards, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.
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G P A STD*3l132 84 m 3 8 2 4 b î î 0 0 0 0 3 1 b 7 m
THIS STANDARD HAS BEEN REAPPROVED
WITHOUT CHANGE IN 1984
4CTb C G 2
AMERICAN NATIONAL ANSI/ASTM D 216 - 77 Method 1015-Federal Test Method
Standard No. 791 b
British Standard 4717
Designation: 191/ 65
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Standard Method for
DISTILLATION OF NATURAL GASOLINE'
This Standard is issued under the fixed designation D 216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of
last reapproval. This is rilso a standard of the Institute of Petroleum issued under the fixed designation IP 191. The final
number indicates the year of last revision.
Thb method was issued as a joint ASTM - IP standard in 1965.
1. Scope 5 . 1 . 2 Condenser and Cooling Bath.

1.1 This method covers the distillation of 5.1.3 Shield, Type 1 or 2 .
natural gasoline. 5.1.4 Flask Support, Type 1 or 2 with
NOTE1-The values stated in U.S. customary
board Type A .
units are to be regarded as the standard. 5.1.5 Graduated Cylinder, 100-mi.
5.1.6 Gas Burner - A burner so con-
2. Applicable Documents structed that heat can be obtained to distill the
2 . 1 ASTM Standards: product at the rate specified. The flame shall
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometer:' never be so large that it spreads over a circle
E 133 Specification for Distillation Equip- of diameter greater than 4*/2in. (115 mm) on
ment3 the under surface of the asbestos board. A
sensitive regulating valve and gas pressure
3. Summary 0QMetliacd governor are desirable adjuncts, as they give
3.1 A sample of 100 ml is distilled at at- complete control of heating.
mospheric. pressurc without fractionation , and 5 .1.7 Electric Heater - An electric heater
readings are talten of the vapor temperatures may be used instead of the gas burner and
corresponding te the amounts distilled, shall be capable of bringing over the first drop
within the time specified in 8.1 when started
cold, and of continuing the distillation at a
4. Significance
uniform rate. (A heater unit of low-heat ca-
4.1 Natural gasoline .is so volatile that it pacity, adjustable from O to 750 w, has been
must be handled, measured, condensed, and found satisfactory). When an electric heater is
recovered at lower temperatures than most employed, the portion of the shield above the
petroleum products. This method incorpo- board shall be the same as with the gas
rates handling and other precautions for pre- burner, but the part below the board may be
cision. omitted.
4.2 An indication of the volatility blending 5.1.8 Thermometer, having a range as
characteristics that a natural gasoline will ex- shown below and conforming to the require-
hibit when blended with refinery stocks to ments for ASTM Thermometer 7F or 7C, as
make a finished gasoline is obtained from the prescribed in Specification E 1, or IP ther-
results of this type of distillation.
5. Apparatus * This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com-

mittee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
5.1 The apparatus listed in the following, In the IP, this method is under the jurisdiction of the
5.1.1 through 5.1.5, shall conform to Specifi- Standardization Committee.
Current edition approved Aug. 26, 1977. Published
cation E 133. October 1977. Originally published as D 216 - 25. Last
5.1.1 Flask -Standard 100-mi distillation Drevious
' edition D 216 - 54 (1976).
Annual Book of ASTM &zndÚrds, Parts 25 and 41.
flask. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Parts 25 and 44,
-26-
"ESTFOR DISTILTATION GASOLINE (ASTM D 216-IP 191)
OF NATURAL
mometer 5C. bottom of the vapor outlet tube at its junction

Thermometer Number with the neck of the flask.
Temperature Range ASTM IP 7.6 Place the charged flask in the 11/4-in.
- 2 to +300°C 7c 5c (32-min) opening in the 6 by 6-iii. (150 by
30 to 580°F 7F ...
150-mm) asbestos board with the vapor outlet
6. Sampling tube inserted into the condenser tube. A tight
connection must be made by means of a cork
6.1 Samples should be collected. in a previ- through which the vapor tube passes. Adjust
ously cooled bottle, preferably by immersing the position of the flask so that the vapor tube
the bottle in the liquid, where possible, and extends into t h e condenser tube not less than
discarding the first sample. Where immersion 1in. (25 mm) nor more than 2 i n . (50 mm).
is not possible the sample should be drawn off 7.7 Place the graduated cylinder used in
into a previously cooled bottle in such a man- measuring the charge without drying, at the
ner that agitation is kept at a minimum. The outlet of the condenser tube in such a position
bottle shall be closed immediately with a tight- that the condenser tube shall extend into the
fitting stopper, and placed in an ice bath or cylinder at least 1 in. (25 mm), but not below
refrigerator capable of bringing the gasoline the 100-ml mark. Immerse the graduated cyl-
to a temperature of not less than 32°F (OOC), inder up to the level of the outlet of the
nor more than 40°F (4.5"C). condenser tube in a transparent bath main-
tained between the temperatures of 32 and
7. Preparation of Apparatus 34°F (O and I.l"C). Cover the top of the
7.1 Fill the condenser bath with cracked cylinder closely during the distillation with a
ice (Note 2) and add enough water to cover piece of blotting paper, or its equivalent, so
the condenser tube. Maintain the temperature cut as to fit the condenser tube tightly. A lead
between 32 and 34°F (O and 1 .l°C). Agitation washer, or other suitable material, resting on
with air gently aids in maintaining the re- the blotting paper is a convenient accessory as
quired temperature range. it serves to hold the paper tightly against the
NOTE2 -Any other convenient cooling medium
top of the cylinder and also provides the addi-
may be used. tional weight necessary to overcome the buoy-
ant effect of the liquid in the cooling bath.
7.2 Swab the condenser tube to remove
any liquid remaining from the previous test. A
piece of soft, lint-free cloth attached to a. cord 8. Procedure
or copper wire may be used for this purpose. 8.1 When everything is in readiness, apply
7.3 Measure a 100-ml sample in the 100- heat immediately at a uniform rate, so regu-
ml graduated cylinder at 32 to 40°F (O to lated that the first drop of the condensate falls
4.5"C) and transfer it directly to the distilla- from the condenser in not less than 2 min nor
tion flask; Both the flask and the graduated more than 5 min. When the first drop falls
cylinder shall have been cooled to a tempera- from the end of the condenser, move the re-
ture of from 32 to 40°F (O to 4.5"C) before ceiving cylinder so that the end of the con-
use. Do not permit any of the liquid to flow denser tube shall touch the side of the cylin-
into the vapor tube. der. Then regulate the heat so that the first 10
7.4 Make a record of the room tempera- ml of distillate shall be recovered in not less
ture at the time of each distillation. The heat- than 3 min nor more than 4 min. Thereafter,
ing apparatus including the shield and flask maintain the rate of distillation uniformly at
support shall be at room temperature at the not less than 4 ml/min nor more than 5 mi/
start of each distillation. min. Record the reading of the distillation
7.5 Fit the thermometer (previously cooled thermometer when the level of the distillate
to a temperature of 32 to 40°F (O to 4.5"C) reaches each 10-ml mark on the cylinder. In
and dried) tightly into the flask with a suitable case a product is being tested to ascertain
cork so that it will be in the middle of the whether or not it conforms with a given speci-
neck, and so that the lower end of the capil- fication, make and record all necessary obser-
lary tube is on a level with the inside of the vations, whether or not they are included in
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.I
G P A STD*3132 84 m 3824697 0000318 O m.
OF NATUBAL
TESTFOR DISTILLATION GASOLINE(ASTM D 216-IP Ni)
the series ordinarily employed by the labora- report the figure as the volume evaporated, in
tory making the test. the second, as the volume recovered.
8.2 When the liquid residue in the distilla-
tion flask is approximately 5 ml, the heat may
be increased because of the presence of heavy 9. Correctioii trf Temperature Poinús Po S t a ~
ends which have relatively high boiling points. dard Atmospheric Pressure
However, do not apply any further increase of 9.1 Ascertain and record the actual baro-
heat after this adjustment. The 4 t a 5-ml rate metric pressure, but do not make any correc-
cannot always be maintained from this point tion except in case of dispute. In such cases
to the end of the 'distillation, but in no case correct the temperature points to 760 mm
should the period between the point when (29.92 in.) HE, by the use of the Sydney
approximateiy 5 ml of the liquid remains in Young equation, as follows:
the flask and the end point be more than 5 For Celsius readings:
min.
8.3 Continue the heating until the mercury C, = 0.00012 (760 - P)(273 + fe)
reaches a maximum and starts to fqll consist- For Fahrenheit readings:
ently after the bottom of the flask has become Cf= 0.00012 (760 - P)(460 + 1,)
dry. Record the highest temperature observed where:
on the distillation thermometer as the maxi- Ce and CI = the correction to be added to the
mum temperature or end point.
observed temperature te or lf, respec-
8.4 Observe the total volume of the distil- tively, aiici
late collected in the receiving cylinder at the
P = the actual barometric pressure, mm Hg.
conclusion of the distillation, and thereafter at
In case of dispute, however, no test shall be
not less than 2-min intervals, until successive
regarded as official when conducted under an
observations agree. Then record this volume
absolute pressure lower than 735 mm (28.94
as the recovery
in.) Hg.
8.5 Pour the cooled residue from the flask
9.2 The following table is a convenient a p
into a small cylinder graduated in 0.1 ml,
proximation of the corrections as calculated
measure when cool, and record the volume as
by the above equation:
residue at 32 to 40°F (O to 4.5"C).
8.6 Calculate the difference between 100 Correctiona/lO-mm
ml and the sum of the recovery and the resi- Temperature Range Difference in Pressure
due and record as distillation loss. "C "F "C "F
NOTE 3 -Abnormal distillation losses, when l o t o 30 50 to 86 0.35 0.63
caused by low barometric pressure, may. be cor- 30 to $0 86 to 122 0.38 0.68
rected by the equation given 'below to an approxi- 50 to 70 122 to 158 0.40 0.72
mation of the loss to be expected under normal 70 to 90 158 to 194 0.42 0.76
pressure. The corrected losses shall not be used in 90 to 110 194 to 230 0.45 0.81
the calculation of percentages evaporated. 110 to 130 230 to 266 0.47 0.85
Corrected loss = A L + B 130 to 150 266 to 302 0.50 0.89
150 to 170 302 to 338 0.52 0.94
where: 170 to 190 338 to 374 0.54 0.98
L = observed distillation loss, 190 to 210 374 to 410 0.57 1.o2
A and B = empirical constants, as given in Table 210 to 230 410 to 446 0.59 1.O6
1, for varioüs values of the observed baromet- 230 to 250 446 to 482 0.62 1.11
ric pressure. 250 to 270 482 to 518 0.64 1.15
270 to 290 518 tq 554 0.66 1.19
8.7 The sum of the volume collected in the 290 to 310 554 to 590 0.69 1.24
cylinder at any specified temperature, includ- 310 to 330 590 to 626 0.71 1.28
ing the initiai boiling point, and the distillation 330 to 350 626 to 662 0.74 1.32
350 to 370 662 to 698 0.76 1.37
loss may be recorded as the percentage evapo- 370 to 390 698 to 734 0.78 1.41
rated at the temperature in question. Make 390 to 410 734 to 770 0.81 1.45
clear distinction between the inclusion or ex-
clusion of the distillation loss figure in the
To be added in case barometric pressure is below 760
report of the volume of disiillate obtained at mm Hg (101.3 kPa); to be subtracted in case barometric
any prescribed temperature. in. the first case pressure is above 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa).
-22-
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

-
G P A STD*3L32 84 3824699 0000319 2
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
OP NATURAL
TESTSOB DISTILLATION GASOLINE(ASTM D 216-IP 191)
10. Report 11. Precision

11.1 With proper care and strict attention
10.1 Report the data recorded in Section 8 to details, duplicate results obtained for end
according to requirements, the room temper- point should not differ from each other by
ature, and the barometric pressure. In cases of more than 6°F (3.5”C). Differences in dupli-
dispute, correct for. variations of barometric cate temperature readings for each prescribed
pressure and report that the correction has percentage point should not exceed the
been made. Do not correct thermometer amounts equivalent to 2 ml of distillate at
readings for errors due to emergent stem. each point in question.
TABLE 1 Values of the Constants “A” and “B” Used in

0btar;ning Corrected Distillation Loss
Observed Observed
Barometric A Barometric A
Pressure, Pressure, B
m m He. m m He.
560 0.231 0.384 660 0.375 0.312
570 0.240 0.380 670 0.400 0.300
580 0.250 0.375 680 0.428 0.286
590 0.261 0.369 690 0.461 0.269
600 0.273 0.363 700 0.500 0.250
610 0.286 0.357 710 0.545 0.227
620 0.300 0.350 720 0.600 0.200
630 0.316 0.342 730 0.667 0.166
640 0.333 0.333 740 0.750 0.125
650 0.353 0.323 750 0.857 0.071
760 1.000 0.000
The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the ialidity of any patent rights asserted
in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination
of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.
-23-
G P A STD*3132 84 W 3824699 0000320 9 W
4clb Designation: D 323 - 82 An American Nationai Standard
Standard Test Method for

VAPOR PRESSURE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (REID
METHOD)'
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 323; the number immediately Collowing the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or. in the case of revision. the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (E) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This method has been adopted for use by government agencies to replace Method 1201 of Federal Test Method Standard No.
791b.
1. Scope suitably corrected, is reported as the Reid vapor

1.1 This method covers a determination of pressure.
vapor pressure (Note 1 ) of gasoline. It is also 3.2 The method provides for different han-
applied to volatile crude oil and other volatile dling of material with vapor pressures above 26
petroleum products, except liquefied petroleum psi (180 kPa).
gases (Note 2). 4. Apparatus
NOTE I--Because the external atmospheric pres-
sure is counteracted by the atmospheric pressure 4.1 The required apparatus is described in
initially present in the air chamber, the "Reid vapor Annex A 1.
pressure" is an absolute pressure at 100°F (37.8"C)
in pounds-force per square inch (or kilopascals) (kPa 5. Handling of Samples
= kN/m'). The "Reid vapor pressure" differs from
the true vapor pressure of the sample due to some 5.1 The extreme sensitivity of vapor pressure
small sample vaporization and the presence of water measurements to losses through evaporation
vapor and air in the confined space. and the resulting changes in composition is
NOTE2-For determination of the vapor pressure such as to require the utmost precaution and
of liquefied petroleum gases refer to Method D 1267.
NOTE 3-The values stated in inch-pound units the most meticulous care in the handling of
are standard. samples. The provisions of this section shall
apply to all samples for vapor pressure deter-
2. Applicable Documents minations, except as specifically excluded for
2.1 ASTM Standards: samples having vapor pressures above 26 psi
D 270 Sampling Petroleum and Petroleum (180 kPa); see Section 12.
Products' 5.2 Sampling shall be done in accordance
D 1267 Test for Vapor Pressure of Liquefied with Method D 270.
Petroleum (LP) Gases (LP Gas Method)' 5.3 Sample Container Size-The size of the
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Pe- sample container from which the vapor pr,es-
troleum and Petroleum Products3 sure sample is taken shall be I qt (1 L). It shall
E I Specification for ASTM Thermometers4 be 70 to 80 941filled with the sample.
NOTE 4-The present precision statement has
3. Summary of Method been derived using samples in 1-qt ( I -L) containers,
3.1 The gasoline chamber of the vapor pres-
sure apparatus is filled with the chilled sample ' This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com-
and connected to the air chamber at 100°F mittee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
Current edition approved August 27. 1982. Published
(37.8"C). The apparatus is immersed in a bath October 1982. Originally published as D 323 - 30. Last pre-
at 100'F and is shaken periodically until a vious edition D 323 - 79.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Part 23.
constant pressure is observed on the gage at- "Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Pari 25.
tached to the apparatus. The gage reading, Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Parts 25 and 44.
-24-
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

G P A STD*3L32 84 m 3824699 000032L O m
D 323
However, samples taken in containers of other sizes (O to 1°C) for at least 10 min.
as prescribed in Method D 4057 may be used if it is 6.4 Preparation of Air Chamber-After
recognized that the precision might be affected. In
the case of referee testing, the I-qt (1-L) sample purging and rinsing the air chamber and pres-
container shall be mandatory. sure gage in accordance with 7.5, connect the
gage to the air chamber. Immerse the air cham-
5.4 Precautions:
ber to at least 1 in. (25 mm) above its top in the
5.4.1 The Reid vapor pressure determina-
water bath mainfained at 100 f 0.2"F (37.8 f
tion shall be the first test run on a sample, nor
0.1"C) for not less than 10 min just prior to
may more than one sample be withdrawn from
coupling it to the gasoline chamber. Do not
the sample container for this test.
remove the air chamber from the bath until the
5.4.2 Samples shall be protected from exces-
gasoline chamber has been filled with sample
sive heat prior to testing.
as described in 7.1.
5.4.3 Samples in leaky containers shall not
be tested. They should be 'discarded and new 7. Procedure
samples obtained. 7.1 Sample Transfer-With everything in
5.5 Sample Handling Temperature-In all readiness, remove the chilled sample container
cases, the sample container and contents shall from the bath, uncap it, and insert the chilled
be cooled to 32 to 34°F (O to 1°C) before the transfer apparatus (see Fig. 1). Quickly empty
container is opened. Sufficient time to reach the water from the chilled gasoline chamber
this temperature shail be assured by direct mea- and place it, in an inverted position, over the
surement of the temperature of a similar liquid sample delivery tube of the transfer apparatus.
in a like container placed in the cooling bath at Invert the p t i r e system rapidly so that the
the same time as the sample. gasoline chamber is upright with the end of the
delivery tube touching the bottom of the gaso-
6. Preparation for Test line chamber. Fill the gasoline chamber to
6.1 Verification of Sample Container Fill- overflowing. Withdraw the delivery tube from
ing-With the sample at a temperature of 32 to the gasoline chamber while allowing the sample
34'F (O to l"C), take the container from the to continue flowing up to the moment of com-
cooling bath, unseal it, and examine its ullage. plete withdrawal.
The sample content, as determined by use of a 7.1.1 Caution-Provision should be made
suitable gage, shall equal 70 to 80% of the for suitable restraint and disposal of the over-
container capacity. flowing gasoline to avoid fue hazard.
6.1.1 Discard the sample if its volume is less 7.2 Assembly of Apparatus-Immediatelyre-
than 70 % of the container capacity. move the air chamber from the water bath and,
6.1.2 If the container is more than 80 % full, as quickly as possible, attach the air chamber
pour out enough sample to bring the container to the gasoline chamber. Not more than 40 s
contents within the 70 to 80 % range. Under no shall be consumed in coupling the two cham-
circumstance may any sample poured out be bers.
returned to the container. NOTE5-When the air chamber is removed from
the bath, aliow it to drain oniy briefly and, without
6.2 Air Saturation of Sample in Sample Con- shaking, connect it to the gasoline chamber without
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tainer: undue movements through the air which could pro-

6.2.1 With the sample again at a temperature mote exchange of room temperature air with the
of 32 to 34°F (O to-l'C), take the container 1O0F air in the chamber.
from the cooling bath, unseal it momentarily, 7.3 Introduction of Apparatus into Bath-
reseal it, and shake it vigorously. Return it to Turn the assembled vapor pressure apparatus
the bath for a minimum of 2 min. upside down and allow all the sample in the
6.2.2 Repeat 6.2.1 twice more. Return the gasoline chamber to run into the air chamber.
sample to the bath until the beginning of the With the apparatus still inverted, shake it vig-
procedure. orously eight times in a direction parallel to the
6.3 Preparation of Gasoline Chamber-Com- length of the apparatus. With the gage end up,
pletely immerse the open gasoline chamber (in immerse the assembled apparatus in the bath,
an upright position) and the sample transfer maintained at 100 I+ 0.2"F (37.8 f O.l"C), in
connection (Fig. i) in the bath at 32 to 34°F an inclined position so that the connection of
-25 -
G P A STD*3132 84 m 3824699 0000322 2 m
D 323
the gasoline and air chambers is below the least five times. A4fterthoroughly removing the
water level and may be carefully examined for previous sample from the gasoline chamber,
leaks. If no leaks are observed, further immerse immerse the chamber in the ice bath for the
the apparatus to at least 1 in. (25 mm) above ‘nexttest. After disconnecting the pressure gage
the top of the air chamber. Observe the appa- from its manifold connection with the manom-
ratus for leakage throughout the test. Discard eter, remove trapped flvid in the Bourdon tube
the test at any time a leak is detected. òf the gage by repeated centrifugal thrusts. This
NOTE6-Liquid leaks are more difficult to detect may be accomplished in the following manner:
than vapor leaks; and because the coupling between hold the gage between the palms of the hands
the chambers is normally in the liquid section of the with the right hand on the face side and the
apparatus, give it particular attention. threaded connection of the gage forward. Ex-
7.4 Measurement of Vapor Pressure-After tend the arms foward and upward at an angle
the assembled vapor pressure apparatus has of 45” with the coupling of the gage pointing
been immersed in the bath for at least 5 min, in the same direction. Swing the arms down-
tap the pressure gage lightly and observe the ward through an arc of about 135” so that the
reading. Withdraw the apparatus from the bath centrifugal force aids gravity in removing the
and repeat 7.3. At intervals of not less than 2 trapped liquid. Repeat this operation three
min, perform 7.3 until a total of not less than times to expel all liquid. Purge the pressure
five shaking and gage readings have been made gage by directing a small jet of air into its
and continuing thereafter if necessary until the Bourdon tube for at least 5 min (Note 9).
last two consecutive gage readings are constant, NOTE8-If the purging of the äir chamber is done
indicating equilibrium attainment. These op- in a bath, be sure to avoid small and unnoticeable
erations normally require 20 to 30 min. Read films of floating sample by keeping the bottom and
the final gage pressure to the nearest 0.05 psi top openings of the chamber closed as they pass
through the water surface.
(0.25 kPa) for gages with intermediate gradua- NOTE9-In the case of crude oil, the Bourdon
tions of 0.1 psi (0.5 kPa) or less and to the tube must be rinsed with a volatile solvent after each
nearest.0.1 psi €ar gages with graduations of 0.2 test.
to 0.5 psi (1.O to 2.5 kPa), and record this value
as the “uncorrected vapor pressure’’ of the Sam- 8. Precautioiis
ple. Without undue delay remove the pressure 8.1 Gross errors can be obtained in vapor
gage (Note 7) and, without attempting to re- pressure measurements if the prescribed pro-
move any liquid which may be trapped in the cedure is not followed carefully. The following
gage, check its reading against that of the ma- list emphasizes the importance of strict adher-
nometer while both are subjected to a common ence to the precautions given in the procedure:
steady pressure which is no more than 0.2 psi 8.1.1 Checking the Pressure Gage-Check all
(1.O kPa) different from the recorded gages against a manometer after each test in
“uncorrected vapor pressure”. If a difference is order to ensure higher precision of results (7.4).
observed between the gage and manometer Read all gages while the gage is in a vertical
readings, the difference should be added to or position and after tapping it lightly.
subtracted from the “uncorrected vapor pres- 8.1.2 Shake the container vigorously to en-
sure” recorded for the sample being tested and sure equilibrium of the sample with the air in
the resulting value recorded as the Reid vapor the container (6.2).
pressure of the sample. 8.1.3 Checkingfor Leaks-Check all appa-
NOTE7-Cooling the assembly prior to discon- ratus before and during each test for both liquid
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
necting the gage will facilitate disassembly and re- and vapor leaks (Al. 1.6 and Note 6).
duce the amount of hydrocarbonvapors released into 8.1.4 Sumpzing-Because initial sampling
the room. and the handling of samples will greatly affect
7.5 Preparation of Apparatusfor Next Test- the final results, employ the utmost precaution
Disconnect the air and gasoline chambers and and the most meticulous care to avoid losses
discard contained sample. Thoroughly purge through evaporation and even slight changes in
the air chamber of residual sample by filling it composition (Sections 5 and 7.1). In no case
with warm water above 90°F (32°C) and allow- shall any part of the Reid apparatus itself be
ing it to drain, (Note 8). Repeat this purging at used as the sample container previous to ac-
-26-
GPA STD*3L32 84 3824699 0000323 4 m
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
D 323
tually conducting the test. 12. Handling of Samples

8.1.5 Purging the Apparatus-Thoroughly 12.1 Sections 5.3, 5.4, and 5.5 shall not ap-
purge the pressure gage, the gasoline chamber,
PlYs
and the air chamber to be sure that they are 12.2 Sample Container Size-The size of the
free of residual sample. (This is most conveii- sample container from which the vapor pres-
iently done at the end of the previous test.) (See sure sample is taken shall not be less than 1-pt
7.5.) liquid (0.5-L) capacity.
8.1.6 Coupling the Apparatus-Carefully ob-
serve the requirements of 7.2. 13. Preparation for Test
8.1.7 Shaking the Apparatus-Shake the ap- 13.1 Sections 6.1 and 6.2 shall not apply.
paratus “vigorously” as directed in 7.3 in order 13.2 Any safe method of displacement of the
to ensure equilibrium. test sample from the sample container that
assures fuling the gasoline chamber with a
9. Report chilled, unweathered sample may be employed.
9.1 Reporting Results-Report to the nearest The following 13.3 to 13.5, together with Sec-
0.05 psi (0.25 kPa) or O. 1 psi (0.5 kPa) the gage tion 14, describe displacement by self-induced
result observed in 7.4, after correcting for any pressure.
difference between the gage and manometer, as 13.3 Maintain the sample container at a tem-
the “Reid vapor pressure” in pounds-force per perature sufficiently high to maintain superat-
square inch (or kilopascals) without reference mospheric pressure but not substantially over
to temperature. 100°F (37.8”C).
13.4 Completely immerse the gasoline
MODIFICATIONS FOR PRObUCTS HAVING chamber, with both valves open, in the water
REID VAPOR PRESSURES ABOVE 26 Ib cooling bath for a sufficient length of time to
(180 kPa) allow it to reach the bath temperature of 32 to
10. General 40°F (O to 4.5OC). -~ . - -
13.5 Connect a suitable ice-cooled coil to the
10.1 With products having vapor pressures outlet valve of the sample container.
over 26 psi (180 @a), the procedure described
NOTE 11-A suitable ice-cooled coil can be pre-
in Sections 5 to 8 is hazardous and inaccurate. pared by immersing a spiral of approximately 25 fi
Consequently, the following sections defme (8 m) of %-in. (6-mm) copper tubing in a bucket of
changes in apparatus and procedure for the ice water.
determinations of vapor pressures above 26 psi.
Except as specifically stated, all the require- 14. Procedure
ments of Sections 1 to 9 and Section 17 shall 14.1 Sections 7.1 and 7.2 shall not apply.
apply. 14.2 Connect the %-in. valve of the chilled
NOTE 10-When the question arises, the air sat- gasoline chamber to the ice-cooled coil. With
uration method shall be used to determine whether the %-in. valve of the gasoline chamber closed,
or not a product has a vapor pressure above 26 psi open the outlet valve of the sample container
and the %-in. valve of the gasoline chamber.
11. Apparatus Open the gasoline chamber %-in. valve slightly
11.1 Bomb, as described in Al Annex using and allow the gasoline chamber to fill slowly.
the gasoline chamber with two openings. Allow the sample to overflow until the overflow
1 1.2 Pressure Gage Calibration-A dead- volume is 200 mL or more. Control this oper-
weight tester (A1.7) may be used in place of the ation so that no appreciable drop in pressure
mercury manometer (A1.6) for checking gage occurs at the gasoline chamber.%-in. valve. In
readings above 26 psi (180 kPa). In 7.4, 8.1.7, the order named, close the gasoline chamber
and 9.1, and Table 1 where the words %-in.and %-in. valves; and then close all other
“manometer” and “manometer reading” ap- valves in the sample system. Disconnect the
pear, include as an alternative “dead-weight gasoline chamber and the cooling coil. (Cau-
tester” and “calibrated gage reading,” respec- tion-Safe means for disposal of liquid and
tively. vapor escaping during this whole operation

- 27-
G P A STD*3132 84 m 3 8 2 4 b î î 0000324 b m
D 323
must be provided. To avoid rupture because of comparison specified in 7.4,

the liquid-full condition of the gasoline cham- 16.1.4 Air Chamber Temperature-The pro-
ber, the gasoline chamber must be quickly at- visions of 6.3 shall be followed; the provisions
tached to the air chamber and the %-in. valve of 6.4 shall not apply.
opened.)
17. Precisions
14.3 Immediately attach the gasoline cham-
ber to the air chamber and open the gasoline 17.1 The fol)owing criteria should be used
chamber %-in. valve. Not more than 25 s shall for judging the acceptability of results (95 %
be consumed in completing the assembly of the confidence):
apparatus after filling the gasoline chamber, 17.1.1 Repeatability-The difference be-
using the foilowing sequence of operations: (I) tween successive test results obtained by the
read the initial air temperature or remove the same operator with the same apparatus under
air chamber from the water bath, (2) connect constant operating conditions on identical test
the air chamber to the gasoline chamber, and material would, in the long run, in the normal
(3) open the gasoline chamber %-in.valve. and correct operation of the test method, exceed
14.4 If a dead-weight tester is used instead the following value only in 1 case in 20.
of the mercury manometer (11.2), apply the Gage Range psi (kPa)
calibration factor in pounds-force per square O to 15 psi (O to 100 kPa) 0.25 (1.7)
O to 30 or 45 psi (O to 200 or 300 kPa) 0.5 (3.4)
inch (or kilopascals) established for the pres-
sure gage at or near the “uncorrected vapor 17.1.2 Reproducibility-The difference be-
pressure” to the “uncorrected vapor pressure,” tween two, single and independent results, ob-
recording the value found as the “calibrated tained by different operators working in differ-
gage reading” to be used in the calcu!ations of ent laboratories on identical test material
Section 9 and Table 1 in place of the would, in the long run, ig the normal and
“manometer reading.” correct operation of the test method, exceed the
following value only in 1 case in 20.
15. Precautions
Gage Range psi (kPa)
15.1 The precaution 8.1.2 shall not apply. O to 15 psi (O to 100 kPa) 0.55 (3.8)
O to 30 or 45 psi (O to 200 or 300 kPa) 0.8 (5.5)
MODIFICATIONS FOR AVIATION
GASOLI-NE OF ABOUT 7 psi (50 kPa) REID NOTE 12-The precision data above were devel-
VAPOR PRESSURE oped from a 1981 cooperative program involving 25
laboratories and 12 samples in covering the range
16. General from 5 to 16 psi Reid vapor pressure. An earlier
precision statement for other vapor pressure rangis
16.1 The foilowing paragraphs define was developed in the early 1950’s, and is as follows:
changes in apparatus and procedure for the Repeatability:
determination of the vapor pressure of aviation
Range, psi (kPa) psi (kPa)
gasoline. Except as specifically stated herein, o to 5 (o tQ 35) 0.1 (0.70)
all the requirements set forth in Sections 1 to 9 16 to 26 (110 to 180) 0.3 (2.1)
and 17 shall apply. Above 26 (1 80) 0.4 (2.8)
16.1.1 Ratio of Air and Gasoline Chambers- Aviation gasoline
The ratio of the volume of the air chamber to 7 (50) 0.1 (0.7)
the volume of the gasòiixie chamber shall be Reproducibility:
between the limits of 3.95 aqd 4.05 (see Note Range, psi (kW psi (kPa)
Al.l in the Annex). o to 5 (O to 35) 0.35 (2.4)
16.1.2 Water Cooling Bath-The water cool- 16 to 26 (110 to 180) 0.4 (2.8)
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Above26 (180) 0.7 (4.9)

ing bath shall be held at a temperature of 32 to
Aviation Gasoline
34°F (O to 1OC). See A1.3.
7 (50) 0.15 (1.0)
16.1.3 Checking the Pressure Gage-The
gage shall be checked at 7 psi against a mercury
column before each vapor pressure measure-
ment to ensure that it conforms to the require- The results of the cooperative test program. from which
these values have been derived. are filed at ASTM Head-
ments of Section Al .2. This preliminary check quarters, 1916 Race St.. Philadelphia.Pa. 19108 as RR: W2-
shall be made in addition to the final gage 1123.
-28 -
G P A STD*3132 84 3 8 2 4 b 9 9 0000325 8 M
TABLE 1 Corrections to be Applied to “Manometer TABLE 2 Corrections to be Applied to “Manometer

Readings” for Calculating Reid Vapor Pressure Readings” for Calculating Vapor Pressure
Initial Air Barometric Pressure) mm Hg Initial Air Barometric pressure! kPa
Temperature) Tempera- -
“F 760 700 600 ture, OC 80.0 86.7 933 100.0 101.3 102.7
32 2.90 2.70 2.45 O -17 -18 -19 -20 -20 -20
40 2.60 2.45 2.20 5 -15 -16 -17 -18 -18 -18
50 2.20 2.10 I .90 10 -13 -14 -15 -15 -15 -16
60 1.80 I .70 1.55 15 -11 -12 -12 -13 -13 -13
70 1.40 1.30 1.20 20 -9 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10
80 0.95 0.90 0.85 25 -7 -7 -7 -8 -8 -8
90 0.50 0.50 0.45 30 -4 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
100 0.00 0.00 0.00 35 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
110 -0.55 -0.55 -0.50 37.8 O O 0 O O O
40 1 1 1 1 2 2
For other temperatures and pressures, the corrections ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~
may be calculated by means of the foilowing equation: AFor other temperatures anä pressures, the corrections
c = I@ - pd(r - 100)/460 + 11 - - pi) may be calculated by means of the foilowing equation:
where:
c = correction, psi,
c = [@ - pt)(t - 37.8)/273 + 4 - b 3 7 . ü - p i )
f = air chamber temperature at beginning of test, OF, where:
p = barometric pressure, psi, at time of test (if a barom- c = correction, kPa,
eter is not available. the normal barometric pressure p = barometric pressure, kPa, at the time of the test,
may be used), pi = vapor pressure of water, kPa, at t OC,
pl = vapor pressure of water, psia, at P F , and t = initial air chamber temperature, OC, at the begin-
pia>= vapor pressure of water, psia, at 100OP = 0.95. ning of the test, and
Calculated corrections are to be rounded to the nearest p37.8 = vapor pressure of water, kPa, at 37.8OC, namely
0.05 psi. 6.56 kPa.
Esample-The pressure gage gives an “uncorrectedvapor Example-The pressure gage gives an “uncorrectedvapor
pressure” reading of I 1.6 psi. When the gage is compared to pressure” reading of 68.9 kPa. When the gage is compared
a mercury column, a “manometer reading” of 11.5 psi is with a mercury manometer, a manometer reading of 68.2
obtained. For an “initial air temperature” of 80°F and kPa is obtained when the pressuregage reads 68.9 kPa. If the
atmospheric pressure of 700 m m Hg, the correctionshown in initial air chamber temperature is 30°C, the vapor pressure
Table 1 is 0.90 psi. Because the “initial air temperature” is of water (pi) would be 4.2 kPa. If the observed barometric
below 100°F. this correction of 0.90 psi is suhtracted from pressure is 90.0 kPa, the correction c is then calculated to be
the “manometer reading” of I I .5 psi giving, a “Reid vapor -4.6 kPa. The corrected vapor pressure is then: 68.2 - 4.6
pressure” of 10.60 psi. = 63.6 H a .
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-29-
b
G P A STD*3L32 84 3824699 O000326 T m
D323
(a) íb) . (ci

Sample Container Sealm Closufe Gasoline Charnkr Position o f System for
Smpie Transfer
Prior to Transfer
of synplo Transfk B ncction
Repketf Sample Placed Over Liquid
Delivery Tube
FIG. 1 Simplified Sketches Outlining Method of Transferring Sample to C a s o h e Chamber from Open-Type Containers
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ANNEX
(MANDATORY INFORMATION)
AI. APPARATUS FOR REID VAPOR PRESSURE TEST
A l . l Reid Vapor Pressure Bomb, consisting of two the air chamber. The inner surface of the end con-
chambers-an air chamber (upper section) and a taining the coupling member shall be sloped to pro-
gasoline chamber (lower section)-shall conform to vide complete drainage when inverted. The other end
the following requirements: of the gasoline chamber shall be completely closed.
NOTEAl.1: Caution-Tomaintain thecorrect vol- NOTE Al.2--The ratio for units to be used for
ume ratio between the air chamber and the gasoline aviation gasoline testing shall be between 3.95 to
chamber, the units shall not be interchanged without 4.05.
recalibratingto ascertain that the volume ratio is within Al. 1.3 Gasóline Chamber (Two-Opening)-For
satisfactory limits. sampling from closed vessels, the lower section or
Al.l.l Air Chamber-The upper section or air gasoline chamber, as shown in Fig. Al.l shall be
chamber, as shown in Fig. A 1.1. shall be a cyiindrical essentially the same as the gasoliie chamber de-
vessel 2 & % in. (51 f 3 mm) in diameter and 10 f scribed in A1.1.2, except that a %-in. valve shall be
% in. (254 & 3 mm) in length, inside dimensions, with attached near the bottom of the gasoline chamber
the inner surfaces of the ends slightly sloped to and a %-in. straight-through, full-opening valve shall
provide complete drainage from either end when be introduced in the coupling between the chambers.
held in a vertical position. On one end of the air The volume of the gasoiine chamber, including only
chamber, a suitable gage coupling with an internal the capacity enclosed by the valves, shall fulfill the
diameter not less than %6 in. shall be provided to volume ratio requirements as set forth in Al. 1.2.
receive the %-in.gage connection. In the other end of NOTE Al .3-Iai determining capacities for the
the air chamber an opening approximately % in. in two-opening gasoline chamber (Fig. Al. l), the ca-
diameter shall be provided for coupling with the pacity of the gasoline chamber shall be considered as
gasoline chamber. Care shall be taken that the con- that below the %-in.valve closure. The volume above
nections to the end openings do not prevent the the %-in.valve closure including the portion of the
chamber from draining completely. coupling permanently attached to the gasoline cham-
A 1.1.2 Gasoline Chamber (One-Opening)-The ber shall be considered as a part of the air chamber
lower section or gasoline chamber, as shown in Fig.
A 1.1, shall be a cylindrical vessel of the same inside capacity.
diameter as the air chamber and of such volume that A1.1.4 Method of Coupling Air and Gasoline
the ratio of the volume of the air chamber to the Chambers-Any method of coupling the a u and
volume of the gasoline chamber shall be between the gasoline chambers may be employed, provided that
limits of 3.8 and 4.2 (see Note A1.2). In one end of no gasoline is lost during the coupling operation, that
the gasoline chamber an opening approximately ?4 no compressioneffect is caused by the act of coupling,
in. in diameter shall be provided for coupling with and that the assembly is free of leaks under the
-30-
G P A STD*3132 84 3824699 O000327 I =
D 323
conditions of the tests. To avoid displacement of calibration correction shall not be greater than O. 15
gasoline during assembly, it is desirable that the male psi (0.3 kPa) for a O to 15-psi (O tc 30-kPa) gage or
fitting of a suitable coupling be on the gasoline 0.3 psi (0.9 kPa) for a O to 30-psi (9 to 90-kPa) gage.
chamber. To avoid compression of air during the
assembly of a suitable screw coupling, à vent hole NOTEAIS-Gages 3% in. (90 mm) in diameter
may be used to ensure atmospheric pressure in the may be used in the O to 5-psi (O to 35-kPa) range.6
air chamber at the instant of sealing. A1.3 Water Cooling Bath-A water cooling bath
NOTEA 1.4: Caution-Some commercially avail- shall be provided of such dimensions that the sample
able equipment does not make adequate provision containers and gasoline chambers may be completely.
tòr avoiding air compression effects. Before employ- immersed. Means for maintaining the bath at a tem-
ing any apparatus, it shall be established that the act perature of 32 to 40°F (O to 4.5"C) shall be provided.
of coupling does not compress the air in the air NOTEAl.6-Solid carbon dioxide shall not be
chamber. This may be accomplished by tightly stop- used to cool samples in storage or in the preparation
pering the gasoline chamber opening and assembling of the air saturation step. Carbon dioxide is appreci-
the apparatus in the normal manner, utilizing the O ably soluble in gasoline, and its use has been found
to 5-psi (O to 35-kPa) gage. Any observable pressure to be the cause of erroneous vapor pressure data.
increase on the gage is an indication that the appa: A 1.4 Water Bath-The water bath shall be of such
ratus does not adequately meet the specifications of
the method. If this problem is encountered, the man- dimensions that the vapor pressure apparatus may be
immersed to at least 1 in. (25 mm) above the top of
ufacturer should be consulted for remedy. the air chamber. Means for maintaining the bath at
A1.1.5 Volumetric Capacity of Air and Gasoline
Chambers-In order to ascertain if the volume ratio a constant temperature of 100 & 0.2'F (37.8 f O. 1OC)
of the chambers is between the specified limits of 3.8 shall be provided. In order to check this temperature,
to 4.2 (see Note A1.2), measure a quantity of water the bath thermometer shall be immersed to the 98°F
greater than wiil be needed to fiil the gasoline and (37°C) mark throughout the vapor pressure deter-
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
air chambers. The gasoline chamber shall be com- mination.

pletely filled with water, and the difference between A1.5 Thermometers:
the original volume and the remaining volume is the A1.5.1 For 100°F (37.8"C) Air Chamber Proce-
volume of the gasoline chamber. Then, after con- dure-An ASTM Reid Vapor Pressure Thermometer
necting the gasoline and air chambers, the air cham- 18F (18C) having a range from 94 to 108°F (34 to
ber shall be filled to the seat of the gage connection 42°C) and conforming to the requirements in Speci-
with more of the measured water, and the difference fication E 1.
in volumes shall be the volume of the air chamber. A1.5.2 For Water Bath-Use the ASTM Ther-
A 1.1.6 Checking for Freedom of Leaks-Before mometer 18F (18C) described in A1.5.1.
placing new apparatus in service and as often as A1.5.3 For Air Chamber-Whenthe ambient tem-
necessary thereafter, the assembled vapor pressure perature procedure is employed, a thermometer con-
apparatus shall be checked for freedom of leaks by forming to the following requirements shall be used:
filling with air to 100-psi (700-kPa)gage pressure and Length, approximately 12 in. (300 mm); range, -40
completely immersing in a water bath. Only appa- or -30°F to + 120 or + 130°F (-40 or -35°C to +
ratus which stands this test without leaking shall be 50 or + 55°C); graduated in 1°F (0.5"C) divisions;
used. total immersion; scale error not greater than 1°F.
A1.2 Pressure Gage-The pressure gage shall be A 1.6 Mercury Manometer-A mercury manome-
a Bourdon-type spring gage of test gage quality 4% ter, having a range suitable for checking the pressure
to 5 % in. (100 to 150 mm) in diameter provided with gage employed shall be used. The manometer scale
a nominal %-in. male thread connection with a pas- may be graduated in steps of 1 mm, 0.1 in., 0.1 psi,
sageway not less than y16 in. in diameter from the or 0.001 bar.
Bourdon tube to the atmosphere. The range and A 1.7 Dead- Weight Tester-A dead-weight tester
graduations of the pressure gage shall be governed may be used in place of the mercury manometer
by the vapor pressure of the sample being tested, in (A1.6) for checking gage readings above 26 psi (180
accordance with Table Al.l. Only accurate gages kPa).
shall be continued in use. When the gage reading
differs from the manometer-or dead-weight tester
when testing gages above 26 psi (180 kPa)-reading Suitable gages are available from the Fisher Scientific
by more than 1 "0 of the scale range of the gage, the Co. (Special Order), Pittsburgh, Pa., and U. S . Gauge Co.
gage shall be considered inaccurate. For example, the (Catalog No. 501SP), Sellersville, Pa.
-31 -
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G P A STD*3132 84 m 3824699 0000328 3 =
TABLE AL1 Pressure Gage Range and Grndiiations

Gageyu be Used
Maxiinum Numbered Maximum Interinedi-
Reid Vapor Pressure Scale Range Intervals ate Graduations
mi kPa DSi kPa DS!. kPa DSi kPa

4 and under 27.5 and under o to 5 o to 35 1 5.0 o. 1 0.5
3 to 12 20.0 to 75.0 O to 15 o to 100 3 15.0 o. 1 0.5
10 to 26 70.0 to 180.0 O to 30 o to 200 5 25.0 0.2 1 .o
10 to 36 70.0 to 250.0 o to 45 O to 300 5 25.0 0.2 1 .o
30 to 55 200.0 to 375.0 o to 60 o to 400 10 50.0 0.25 1.5
50 and higher 350.0 and higher o to 100 O to 700 10 50.0 0.5 2.5
I
A
1 I"g.
1
Gorolinr Chombrr
(Two Oponingr]
Coupling
G
vrnt
Gasoline Chombrr
(Onr Op«ring)'
Air Chomkr
DIMENSIONSOF VAPOR PRESSURE BOMB

Description in. mm
Air chamber, length 254 f 3
Air and gasoline chambers, ID 51 I 3
Coupling, ID min
Coupling, OD
Coupling, ID
Valve
Valve
FIG. AL1 Vapor .Pressure Bomb
The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted ih
connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the valiaYty
of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years
and qnot revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited eitherfor revision of this standord orfor &ional
standards and should be addressed to A STM Heudquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. v y o ufeel that your comments have not received afair hearingyou sñould
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 1916 Race SI.,Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.
--`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
- 32 -
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~~~
G P A STD83132 8 4 m 3824699 0000329 5 m
GPA Pubiicaüon 1138
GPA
STANDARD DOCTOR TEST
for
NATURAL GASOLINE
DOCTOR TEST and the interfacial area between the sample and the plumbite
solution. Both of these factors determine the concentration
APPARATUS of the dark precipitate which discolors the sulfur film and is
1. The test shall be carried out in standard cylindrical used as the criterion of judgment as to whether a sample iS
four-ounce sample bottles, the inside diameter of which shall doctor sour or not.
be’approximately 33 mm. The bottles shall be fitted with Stopper tightly with a clean cork and shake vigorously for
clean cork stoppers. 15 seconds. Add a quantity of pure, dry sulfur just sufficient
to cover the interface between the sample and the plumbite
REAGENTS REQUIRED solution, stopper the bottle, shake vigorously for 15 seconds
.
2. (a) Sodium Plumbite (Doctor Solution). A plumbite
solution shall be prepared containing 125 grams of NaûH per
and allow to settle.
Nom.-It is important to avoid the addition of more sulfur
liter and 25 grams of PbO per liter. Where available sublimed than will just cover the interface, otherwise the dark precipi-
Litharge should be used since it is more easily dissolved. tate will be diluted by the excess sulfur and the interpretation
(b) Sulíur. Pure, dry flowers of Sulfur, ground and screened of the test thereby affected. With finely ground sulphur, as
to 100-200mesh, shall be used, and shall be kept in a closed specified, 25 to 30 milligrams is the proper quantity. This
container to protect from dust. amount can be accurately estimated with a little practice.
NoTE.-The reagents used shall be chemically pure. Ex- INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
treme care must be taken in storing all chemicals and the
sodium plumbite solution in strictly clean, tightly closed 4. If, after agitation of the plumbite-treated sample with
receptacles. sulfur, the film immediately becomes discolored or flecked
This solution is most conveniently prepared by dissolving with brown or black, the test shall be reported positive and
125 grams of NaOH in one liter of distilled water adding 25 the sample considered “sour.”
grams of PbO and agitating the mixture for a period sufficient NoTE.-In many samples which have been examined, it has
to dissolve the reagents a t a temperature of 150-175°F.After been noticed that if the sample is over slightly sour, a colored
.cooling to room temperature, the solution may be brought “lace like” emulsion tends to form between the sample and
back to its original volume by addition of distilled water. the plumbite solution.
Undissolved litharge should be allowed to settle out ar.d clear When agitation of the plumbite-treated solution with sulfur
liquid should be siphoned off into a container protected from results in no discoloration of the yellow sulfur film, the test
’the air. Filteration through an asbestos mat may be employed shall be reported negative and the sample considered “sweet.”
if the solution does not settle clear.
NoTE.-The use of these exact amounts of PBO and NcOH NmE.-The appearance of an immediate black precipitate
will avoid undersaturated or oversaturated solutions. on the addition of the sample to the plumbite solution is in-
dicative of the presence of hydrogen sulfide. If no immediate
PROCEDURE precipitate is formed but the sample becomes opalescent and
much darker in color after shaking with the plumbite solu-
3. To 5 mi. of the plumbite solution in a standard test tion, the presence of dissolved elemental sulfur and mer-
bottle, add 10 ml. of the sample to be tested. captans is indicated. In the presence of mercaptans and
NorE.-Given a standard plumbite solution, the two most absence of hydrogen sulfide and dissolved elemental sulfur, a
important variables are the volume of sample to be tested clear yellow solution of varying intensity usually results.
-3 3 - --`,```,``,,`,,`,,,``,,,,,,`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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G P A STD*3L32 84 3824699 0000297 7 -

GPA Standard 3132-84

Gas Processors Association

Copyright Gas Processors Association

Copyright Gas Processors Association

GPA Specifications and Test Methods for Natural Gasoline.. ............. 4

ASTM D-130-80: Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum

ASTM D-156-82: Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products.. ..................13

ASTM D-216-77 (1982): Distillation of Natural Gasoline.. ................. 2 0

ASTM D-323-82: Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products

GPA 1 138: Standard Doctor Test for Natural Gasoline.. ..................33

Copyright Gas Processors Association

Natural gasoline is defined further for commerical purposes by the following:

Product Characteristic Specification Test Method

Reid Vapor Pressure 10-34pounds ASTM D-323-82

GRADES OF NATURAL GASOLINE

Copyright Gas Processors Association

Nb Designation: D 130 83 - An Amencan National Standard

1. Scope tations prior to iise. For specific precautions, see

Copyright Gas Processors Association

carded. requirement for a given product should be lim-

Copyright Gas Processors Association

TABLE 1 Copper Strip Classifications

2 moderate tarnish a. Claret red

3 dark tarnish a. Magenta overcast on brassy strip

3.2 WIDE GROOVE FOR PRESSURE RELI' I ,---LIFTING EYE

../- SYNTHETIC RUBBER'O' RING

l!/:-l2 TPI NF THREAD

INSIDE CAP TO PROTECT

MATERIAL: STAINLESS STEEL

FIG. 1-Copper Strip Corrosion Test Bomb.

A l . OPTIONAL USEFUL EQUIPMENT

A l . l Viewing Tube and dimensioned in Fig. A I .2.

ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIG. A l Fiat Glass Test Tube

SECTION A A WITH .SCREW

ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES (INCHES)

Copyright Gas Processors Association

A2. PRECAUTIOPARY SïAI'EklEh~I'

A2.1 Isooctane paratus and heaters.

Copyright Gas Processors Association

#lb Designation: D 156 - 82 An American National Standard

Standard Test Method for

1. scope matches the appropriate one of three glass

Copyright Gas Processors Association

TEST FOR COLOR OP PETROLEWBI hODUCJ!S 0156)

Copyright Gas Processors Association

%ST POR COLOROP.PETRO~UM

TABLE l Saybolt Colors Corresponding to Depths of Oil

TABLE 2 Example of Procedure

Using One Using Two

Oil darker at depth of 16 (406) 4.5 (102)

Copyright Gas Processors Association

A l . l Saybolt Chromometer with a suitable optical viewer head consisting of

Limits with: Color Characteristics Limits

FIG. Al.l ASTM Saybolt Chromometer and Artificial

Copyright Gas Processors Association

Copyright Gas Processors Association

TESTPOR COLOROF PETROLEUM

FIG. AL3 Adapter

1. Scope 5 . 1 . 2 Condenser and Cooling Bath.

5. Apparatus * This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com-

mometer 5C. bottom of the vapor outlet tube at its junction