Cucurbita

Cucurbita
Cucurbita (Latin for gourd)[3][4] is a genus of herbaceous vines in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae
(also known as cucurbits or cucurbi) native to the Andes and Mesoamerica. Five species are
grown worldwide for their edible fruit, variously known as squash, pumpkin, or gourd, depending
on species, variety, and local parlance,[a] and for their seeds. Other kinds of gourd, also called
bottle-gourds, are native to Africa and belong to the genus Lagenaria, which is in the same family
and subfamily as Cucurbita, but in a different tribe. These other gourds are used as utensils or
vessels, and their young fruits are eaten much like those of Cucurbita species.
Squash
Cucurbita fruits come in an assortment of colors and sizes.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Tribe: Cucurbiteae
Genus: Cucurbita
L.
Synonyms[1]
Mellonia Gasp.
Melopepo Mill.
Ozodycus Raf.
Pepo Mill.
Pileocalyx Gasp.
Sphenantha Schrad.
Tristemon Scheele 1848, illegitimate homonym, not Raf. 1819 (Juncaginaceae) nor Raf.
1838 (Juncaceae) nor Klotzsch 1838 (Ericaceae)[2]
Most Cucurbita species are herbaceous vines that grow several meters in length and have
tendrils, but non-vining "bush" cultivars of C. pepo and C. maxima have also been developed. The
yellow or orange flowers on a Cucurbita plant are of two types: female and male. The female
flowers produce the fruit and the male flowers produce pollen. Many North and Central
American species are visited by specialist bee pollinators, but other insects with more general
feeding habits, such as honey bees, also visit.
There is debate about the taxonomy of the genus, as the number of accepted species varies
from 13 to 30. The five domesticated species are Cucurbita argyrosperma, C. ficifolia, C. maxima,
C. moschata, and C. pepo. All of these can be treated as winter squash because the full-grown
fruits can be stored for months; however, C. pepo includes some cultivars that are better used
only as summer squash.
The fruits of the genus Cucurbita are good sources of nutrients, such as vitamin A and vitamin C,
among other nutrients according to species. The fruits have many culinary uses including
pumpkin pie, biscuits, bread, desserts, puddings, beverages, and soups.
Description
C. pepo pumpkins – the two bright orange ones in center right, and squashes C. maxima, all others
Cucurbita species fall into two main groups. The first group are annual or short-lived perennial
vines and are mesophytic, i.e. they require a more or less continuous water supply. The second
group are perennials growing in arid zones and so are xerophytic, tolerating dry conditions.
Cultivated Cucurbita species were derived from the first group. Growing 5 to 15 meters (16 to
49 ft) in height or length, the plant stem produces tendrils to help it climb adjacent plants and
structures or extend along the ground. Most species do not readily root from the nodes; a
notable exception is C. ficifolia, and the four other cultivated mesophytes do this to a lesser
extent. The vine of the perennial Cucurbita can become semiwoody if left to grow. There is wide
variation in size, shape, and color among Cucurbita fruits, and even within a single species.
C. ficifolia is an exception, being highly uniform in appearance.[6] The morphological variation in
the species C. pepo[7] and C. maxima[8] is so vast that its various subspecies and cultivars have
been misidentified as totally separate species.[7]
The leaves of Cucurbita moschata often have white spots near the veins.
The typical cultivated Cucurbita species has five-lobed or palmately divided leaves with long
petioles, with the leaves alternately arranged on the stem. The stems in some species are
angular. All of the above-ground parts may be hairy with various types of trichomes, which are
often hardened and sharp. Spring-like tendrils grow from each node and are branching in some
species. C. argyrosperma has ovate-cordate (egg-shaped to heart-shaped) leaves. The shape of
C. pepo leaves varies widely. C. moschata plants can have light or dense pubescence. C. ficifolia
leaves are slightly angular and have light pubescence. The leaves of all four of these species
may or may not have white spots.[9]
The species are monoecious, with unisexual male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers on
a single plant and these grow singly, appearing from the leaf axils. Flowers have five fused
yellow to orange petals (the corolla) and a green bell-shaped calyx. Male flowers in
Cucurbitaceae generally have five stamens, but in Cucurbita there are only three, and their
anthers are joined together so that there appears to be one.[10][11] Female flowers have thick
pedicels, and an inferior ovary with 3–5 stigmas that each have two lobes.[9][12] The female
flowers of C. argyrosperma and C. ficifolia have larger corollas than the male flowers.[9] Female
flowers of C. pepo have a small calyx, but the calyx of C. moschata male flowers is comparatively
short.[9]
A variety of fruits displayed at the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid in 2016
Cucurbita fruits are large and fleshy.[10] Botanists classify the Cucurbita fruit as a pepo, which is
a special type of berry derived from an inferior ovary, with a thick outer wall or rind with
hypanthium tissue forming an exocarp around the ovary, and a fleshy interior composed of
mesocarp and endocarp. The term "pepo" is used primarily for Cucurbitaceae fruits, where this
fruit type is common, but the fruits of Passiflora and Carica are sometimes also pepos.[13][14] The
seeds, which are attached to the ovary wall (parietal placentation) and not to the center, are large
and fairly flat with a large embryo that consists almost entirely of two cotyledons.[12] Fruit size
varies considerably: wild fruit specimens can be as small as 4 centimeters (1.6 in) and some
domesticated specimens can weigh well over 300 kilograms (660 lb).[9] The current world record
was set in 2014 by Beni Meier of Switzerland with a 2,323.7-pound (1,054.0 kg) pumpkin.[15]
Taxonomy
Cucurbita was formally described in a way that meets the requirements of modern botanical
nomenclature by Linnaeus in his Genera Plantarum,[16] the fifth edition of 1754 in conjunction
with the 1753 first edition of Species Plantarum.[17] Cucurbita pepo is the type species of the
genus.[17][18] Linnaeus initially included the species C. pepo, C. verrucosa and C. melopepo (both
now included in C. pepo), as well as C. citrullus (watermelon, now Citrullus lanatus) and C.
lagenaria (now Lagenaria siceraria) (both are not Cucurbita but are in the family
Cucurbitaceae.[19]
The Cucurbita digitata, C. foetidissima, C. galeotti, and C. pedatifolia species groups are
xerophytes, arid zone perennials with storage roots; the remainder, including the five
domesticated species, are all mesophytic annuals or short-life perennials with no storage
roots.[6][20] The five domesticated species are mostly isolated from each other by sterility
barriers and have different physiological characteristics.[20] Some cross pollinations can occur:
C. pepo with C. argyrosperma and C. moschata; and C. maxima with C. moschata. Cross
pollination does occur readily within the family Cucurbitaceae.[21] The buffalo gourd
(C. foetidissima); which, according to some, does not taste good, has been used as an
intermediary as it can be crossed with all the common Cucurbita.[12]
An assortment of fruits of C. maxima and C. pepo
Various taxonomic treatments have been proposed for Cucurbita, ranging from 13 to 30
species.[3] In 1990, Cucurbita expert Michael Nee classified them into the following oft-cited 13
species groups (27 species total), listed by group and alphabetically, with geographic
origin:[6][22][23][24]
C. argyrosperma (synonym C. mixta) – cushaw pumpkin; origin: Panama, Mexico
C. kellyana, origin: Pacific coast of western Mexico
C. palmeri, origin: Pacific coast of northwestern Mexico
C. sororia, origin: Pacific coast Mexico to Nicaragua, northeastern Mexico
C. digitata – fingerleaf gourd; origin: southwestern United States (USA), northwestern Mexico
C. californica
C. cordata
C. cylindrata
C. palmata
C. ecuadorensis, origin: Ecuador's Pacific coast
C. ficifolia – figleaf gourd, chilacayote, alcayota; origin: Mexico, Panama, northern Chile and
Argentina
C. foetidissima – stinking gourd, buffalo gourd; origin: Mexico

C. scabridifolia, likely a natural hybrid of C. foetidissima and C. pedatifolia[25][26]
C. galeottii is little known; origin: Oaxaca, Mexico
C. lundelliana, origin: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin; origin: Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador

C. andreana, origin – Argentina
C. moschata – butternut squash, 'Dickinson' pumpkin, golden cushaw; origin: Bolivia,

Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Venezuela
C. okeechobeensis, origin: Florida

C. martinezii, origin: Mexican Gulf Coast and foothills
C. pedatifolia, origin: Querétaro, Mexico

C. moorei
C. pepo – field pumpkin, summer squash, zucchini, vegetable marrow, courgette, acorn
squash; origin: Mexico, USA
C. fraterna, origin: Tamaulipas and Nuevo León, Mexico
C. texana, origin: Texas, USA

C. radicans – calabacilla, calabaza de coyote; origin: Central Mexico
C. gracilior
The taxonomy by Nee closely matches the species groupings reported in a pair of studies by a
botanical team led by Rhodes and Bemis in 1968 and 1970 based on statistical groupings of
several phenotypic traits of 21 species. Seeds for studying additional species members were not
available. Sixteen of the 21 species were grouped into five clusters with the remaining five being
classified separately:[27][28]
C. digitata, C. palmata, C. californica, C. cylindrata, C. cordata
C. martinezii, C. okeechobeensis, C. lundelliana
C. sororia, C. gracilior, C. palmeri; C. argyrosperma (reported as C. mixta) was considered close

to the three previous species
C. maxima, C. andreana
C. pepo, C. texana
C. moschata, C. ficifolia, C. pedatifolia, C. foetidissima, and C. ecuadorensis were placed in their

own separate species groups as they were not considered significantly close to any of the
other species studied.
Phylogeny
…
The full phylogeny of this genus is unknown, and research was ongoing in 2014.[29][30] The
following cladogram of Cucurbita phylogeny is based upon a 2002 study of mitochondrial DNA
by Sanjur and colleagues.[31]
  Sechium edule
 
  C. ficifolia
 
  C. foetidissima
 
  C. maxima and C. andreana
   
    C. ecuadorensis
 
  C. martinezii
   
   
      C. pepo subspp. fraterna and ovifera
     
    C. pepo subsp. pepo
 
 
      C. sororia, in part
     
      C. moschata
     
    C. sororia, in part and C. argyrosperma
 
Reproductive biology
Cucurbita female flower with pollinating squash bees
All species of Cucurbita have 20 pairs of chromosomes.[27] Many North and Central American
species are visited by specialist pollinators in the apid tribe Eucerini, especially the genera
Peponapis and Xenoglossa, and these squash bees can be crucial to the flowers producing fruit
after pollination.[6][32][33]
Male flower, part of the perianth and one filament removed
When there is more pollen applied to the stigma, more seeds are produced in the fruits and the
fruits are larger with greater likelihood of maturation,[34] an effect called xenia. Competitively
grown specimens are therefore often hand-pollinated to maximize the number of seeds in the
fruit, which increases the fruit size; this pollination requires skilled technique.[35][36]
Seedlessness is known to occur in certain cultivars of C. pepo.[37][38]
The most critical factors in flowering and fruit set are physiological, having to do with the age of
the plant and whether it already has developing fruit.[39] The plant hormones ethylene and auxin
are key in fruit set and development.[40] Ethylene promotes the production of female flowers.
When a plant already has a fruit developing, subsequent female flowers on the plant are less
likely to mature, a phenomenon called "first-fruit dominance",[39] and male flowers are more
frequent, an effect that appears due to reduced natural ethylene production within the plant
stem.[41] Ethephon, a plant growth regulator product that is converted to ethylene after
metabolism by the plant, can be used to increase fruit and seed production.[35][42]
The plant hormone gibberellin, produced in the stamens, is essential for the development of all
parts of the male flowers. The development of female flowers is not yet understood.[43]
Gibberellin is also involved in other developmental processes of plants such as seed and stem
growth.[44]
Germination and seedling growth

…
Kabocha seedling seven days after being sown
Seeds with maximum germination potential develop (in C. moschata) by 45 days after anthesis,
and seed weight reaches its maximum 70 days after anthesis.[45] Some varieties of C. pepo
germinate best with eight hours of sunlight daily and a planting depth of 1.2 centimeters
(0.47 in). Seeds planted deeper than 12.5 centimeters (4.9 in) are not likely to germinate.[46] In
C. foetidissima, a weedy species, plants younger than 19 days old are not able to sprout from the
roots after removing the shoots. In a seed batch with 90 percent germination rate, over 90
percent of the plants had sprouted after 29 days from planting.[47]
Experiments have shown that when more pollen is applied to the stigma, as well as the fruit
containing more seeds and being larger (the xenia effect mentioned above), the germination of
the seeds is also faster and more likely, and the seedlings are larger.[34] Various combinations of
mineral nutrients and light have a significant effect during the various stages of plant growth.
These effects vary significantly between the different species of Cucurbita. A type of stored
phosphorus called phytate forms in seed tissues as spherical crystalline intrusions in protein
bodies called globoids. Along with other nutrients, phytate is used completely during seedling
growth.[48] Heavy metal contamination, including cadmium, has a significant negative impact on
plant growth.[49] Cucurbita plants grown in the spring tend to grow larger than those grown in the
autumn.[50]
Distribution and habitat

A festival-winning pumpkin in 2009 weighing 742 kilograms (1,636 lb)
Archaeological investigations have found evidence of domestication of Cucurbita going back

over 8,000 years from the very southern parts of Canada down to Argentina and Chile. Centers
of domestication stretch from the Mississippi River watershed and Texas down through Mexico
and Central America to northern and western South America.[6] Of the 27 species that Nee
delineates, five are domesticated. Four of them, C. argyrosperma, C. ficifolia, C. moschata, and
C. pepo, originated and were domesticated in Mesoamerica; for the fifth, C. maxima, these
events occurred in South America.[9]
Within C. pepo, the pumpkins, the scallops, and possibly the crooknecks are ancient and were
domesticated at different times and places. The domesticated forms of C. pepo have larger
fruits than non-domesticated forms and seeds that are bigger but fewer in number.[51] In a 1989
study on the origins and development of C. pepo, botanist Harry Paris suggested that the original
wild specimen had a small round fruit and that the modern pumpkin is its direct descendant. He
suggested that the crookneck, ornamental gourd, and scallop are early variants and that the
acorn is a cross between the scallop and the pumpkin.[51]
C. moschata 'Butternut'
C. argyrosperma is not as widespread as the other species. The wild form C. a. subsp. sororia is
found from Mexico to Nicaragua, and cultivated forms are used in a somewhat wider area
stretching from Panama to the southeastern United States.[9] It was probably bred for its seeds,
which are large and high in oil and protein, but its flesh is of poorer quality than that of
C. moschata and C. pepo. It is grown in a wide altitudinal range: from sea level to as high as
1,800 meters (5,900 ft) in dry areas, usually with the use of irrigation, or in areas with a defined
rainy season, where seeds are sown in May and June.[9]
C. ficifolia and C. moschata were originally thought to be Asiatic in origin, but this has been
disproven. The origin of C. ficifolia is Latin America, most likely southern Mexico, Central
America, or the Andes. It grows at altitudes ranging from 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) to 3,000 meters
(9,800 ft) in areas with heavy rainfall. It does not hybridize well with the other cultivated species
as it has significantly different enzymes and chromosomes.[9]
C. maxima originated in South America over 4,000 years ago,[31] probably in Argentina and
Uruguay. The plants are sensitive to frost, and they prefer both bright sunlight and soil with a pH
of 6.0 to 7.0.[52] C. maxima did not start to spread into North America until after the arrival of
Columbus. Varieties were in use by native peoples of the United States by the 16th century.[6]
Types of C. maxima include triloba,[53] zapallito,[54] zipinka,[55] Banana, Delicious, Hubbard,
Marrow (C. maxima Marrow), Show, and Turban.[56]
Fruit of the 'Tromboncino' cultivar of the Crookneck (C. moschata) Group are eaten either when very young, or as mature
winter squash.
C. moschata is native to Latin America, but the precise location of origin is uncertain.[57] It has
been present in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Peru for 4,000–6,000 years and has spread to
Bolivia, Ecuador, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. This species is closely related to
C. argyrosperma. A variety known as the Seminole Pumpkin has been cultivated in Florida since
before the arrival of Columbus. Its leaves are 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 in) wide. It generally
grows at low altitudes in hot climates with heavy rainfall, but some varieties have been found
above 2,200 meters (7,200 ft).[9] Groups of C. moschata include Cheese, Crookneck
(C. moschata), and Bell.[56]
C. pepo is one of the oldest, if not the oldest, domesticated species with the oldest known
locations being Oaxaca, Mexico, 8,000–10,000 years ago, and Ocampo, Tamaulipas, Mexico,
about 7,000 years ago. It is known to have appeared in Missouri, United States, at least 4,000
years ago.[6][9][58][59] Debates about the origin of C. pepo have been on-going since at least
1857.[60] There have traditionally been two opposing theories about its origin: 1) that it is a direct
descendant of C. texana and 2) that C. texana is merely feral C. pepo.[6] A more recent theory by
botanist Thomas Andres in 1987 is that descendants of C. fraterna hybridized with C. texana,[61]
resulting in two distinct domestication events in two different areas: one in Mexico and one in
the eastern United States, with C. fraterna and C. texana, respectively, as the ancestral
species.[9][31][61][62] C. pepo may have appeared in the Old World before moving from Mexico into
South America.[9] It is found from sea level to slightly above 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). Leaves have
3–5 lobes and are 20–35 centimeters (8–14 in) wide. All the subspecies, varieties, and cultivars
are interfertile.[7] In 1986 Paris proposed a revised taxonomy of the edible cultivated C. pepo
based primarily on the shape of the fruit, with eight groups .[51][63] All but a few C. pepo cultivars
can be included in these groups.[9][63][64][65] There is one non-edible cultivated variety: C. pepo
var. ovifera.[66]
A classification of cultivated C. pepo varieties based on Paris' eight groups and the one non-
edible variety
Botanical
Cultivar group Image Description
name
Winter squash, both a shrubby and creeping plant,

C. pepo var. obovoid or conical shape, pointed at the apex and
Acorn
turbinata with longitudinal grooves, thus resembling a spinning
top,[63] ex: Acorn squash[9][64][65]
Summer squash, long round slender fruit that is

C. pepo var.
Cocozzelle slightly bulbous at the apex,[63] similar to fastigata, ex:
Ionga
Cocozelle von tripolis[9][64][65]
C. pepo var. Summer squash, shrubby plant, with yellow, golden, or

torticollia white fruit which is long and curved at the end and
Crookneck
(also generally has a verrucose (wart-covered) rind,[63] ex:
torticollis) Crookneck squash[9][64][65]
Winter squash, creeping plant, round, oblate, or oval

C. pepo var. shape and round or flat on the ends,[63] ex:
Pumpkin
pepo Pumpkin;[9][64][65] includes C. pepo subsp. pepo var.
styriaca, used for Styrian pumpkin seed oil[67]
C. pepo var.
clypeata;
Summer squash, prefers half-shrubby habitat,
called
Scallop flattened or slightly discoidal shape, with undulations
C. melopepo
or equatorial edges,[63] ex: Pattypan squash[9][64][65]
by
Linnaeus[7]
Summer squash, shrubby plant, with yellow or golden

C. pepo var. fruit and verrucose rind, similar to var. torticollia but a
Straightneck
recticollis stem end that narrows,[63] ex: Straightneck
squash[9][64][65]
Vegetable marrow C. pepo var. Summer and winter squashes, creeper traits and a
fastigata semi-shrub, cream to dark green color, short round
fruit with a slightly broad apex,[63] ex: Spaghetti
squash (a winter variety)[9][64][65]
Summer squash, presently the most common group

C. pepo var. of cultivars, origin is recent (19th century), semi-
Zucchini/Courgette
cylindrica shrubby, cylindrical fruit with a mostly consistent
diameter,[63] similar to fastigata, ex: Zucchini[9][64][65]
Non-edible,[66] field squash closely related to

C. texana, vine habitat, thin stems, small leaves, three
sub-groups: C. pepo var. ovifera (egg-shaped, pear-
shaped), C. pepo var. aurantia (orange color), and
C. pepo var.
Ornamental gourds C. pepo var. verrucosa (round warty gourds),
ovifera
ornamental gourds found in Texas and called var.
texana and ornamental gourds found outside of Texas
(Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and
Louisiana) are called var. ozarkana.[58]
History and domestication
Cucurbita pepo subsp. texana, from Les Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne, 1503–1508, f. 161, earliest depiction of
cucurbits in Europe
The ancestral species of the genus Cucurbita were present in the Americas before the arrival of
humans,[68][69] and are native to the New World. The likely center of origin is southern Mexico,
spreading south through what is now known as Mesoamerica, on into South America, and north
to what is now the southwestern United States.[68] Evolutionarily speaking, the genus is relatively
recent in origin, dating back only to the Holocene, whereas the family Cucurbitaceae, in the
shape of seeds similar to Bryonia, dates to the Paleocene.[70] No species within the genus is
entirely genetically isolated. C. moschata can intercross with all the others, though the hybrid
offspring may not themselves be fertile unless they become polyploid.[20] The genus was part of
the culture of almost every native peoples group from southern South America to southern
Canada.[69] Modern-day cultivated Cucurbita are not found in the wild.[6] Genetic studies of the
mitochondrial gene nad1 show there were at least six independent domestication events of
Cucurbita separating domestic species from their wild ancestors.[31] Species native to North
America include C. digitata (calabazilla),[71] and C. foetidissima (buffalo gourd),[72] C. palmata
(coyote melon), and C. pepo.[6] Some species, such as C. digitata and C. ficifolia, are referred to
as gourds. Gourds, also called bottle-gourds, which are used as utensils or vessels, belong to the
genus Lagenaria and are native to Africa. Lagenaria are in the same family and subfamily as
Cucurbita but in a different tribe.[73]
The earliest known evidence of the domestication of Cucurbita dates back at least 8,000 years
ago, predating the domestication of other crops such as maize and beans in the region by about
4,000 years.[6][58][59][74] This evidence was found in the Guilá Naquitz cave in Oaxaca, Mexico,
during a series of excavations in the 1960s and 1970s, possibly beginning in 1959.[75][76] Solid
evidence of domesticated C. pepo was found in the Guilá Naquitz cave in the form of increasing
rind thickness and larger peduncles in the newer stratification layers of the cave. By c. 8,000
years BP the C. pepo peduncles found are consistently more than 10 millimeters (0.39 in) thick.
Wild Cucurbita peduncles are always below this 10 mm barrier. Changes in fruit shape and color
indicate that intentional breeding of C. pepo had occurred by no later than 8,000 years
BP.[12][77][78] During the same time frame, average rind thickness increased from 0.84 millimeters
(0.033 in) to 1.15 millimeters (0.045 in).[79]
Squash was domesticated first, followed by maize and then beans, becoming part of the Three
Sisters agricultural system of companion planting.[80][81] The English word "squash" derives from
askutasquash (a green thing eaten raw), a word from the Narragansett language, which was
documented by Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, in his 1643 publication A Key Into
the Language of America.[82] Similar words for squash exist in related languages of the
Algonquian family.[51][83]
Production
…
The family Cucurbitaceae has many species used as human food.[9] Cucurbita species are some
of the most important of those, with the various species being prepared and eaten in many
ways. Although the stems and skins tend to be more bitter than the flesh,[84][85] the fruits and
seeds of cultivated varieties are quite edible and need little or no preparation. The flowers and
young leaves and shoot tips can also be consumed.[86] The seeds and fruits of most varieties
can be stored for long periods of time,[6] particularly the sweet-tasting winter varieties with their
thick, inedible skins. Summer squash have a thin, edible skin. The seeds of both types can be
roasted, eaten raw, made into pumpkin seed oil,[67] ground into a flour or meal,[87] or otherwise
prepared.
Squashes are primarily grown for the fresh food market.[88] The Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reported that the ranking of the top five squash-
producing countries was stable between 2005 and 2009. Those countries are: China, India,
Russia, the United States, and Egypt. By 2012, Iran had moved into the 5th slot, with Egypt falling
to 6th. The top 10 countries in terms of metric tons of squashes produced are:[89]
Pumpkin custard made from kabocha, a cultivated variant of C. maxima

Top ten squash producers — 2012[89]
Production
Country
(metric tons)
China 6,140,840
India 4,424,200
Russia 988,180
USA 778,630
Iran 695,600
Egypt 658,234
Mexico 522,388
Ukraine 516,900
Italy 508,075
Turkey 430,402
Top 10 total 15,663,449
The only additional countries that rank in the top 20 where squashes are native are Cuba, which
ranks 14th with 347,082 metric tons, and Argentina, which ranks 17th, with 326,900 metric
tons.[89] In addition to being the 4th largest producer of squashes in the world, the United States
is the world's largest importer of squashes, importing 271,614 metric tons in 2011, 95 percent of
that from Mexico. Within the United States, the states producing the largest amounts are Florida,
New York, California, and North Carolina.[88]
Nutrients
Summer squash, all varieties, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 69 kJ (16 kcal)
Carbohydrates 3.4 g
Sugars 2.2 g
Dietary fiber 1.1 g
Fat 0.2 g
Protein 1.2 g
Vitamins Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv. 10 μg 1%
beta-Carotene 120 μg 1%
lutein zeaxanthin 2125 μg
Thiamine (B1) 0.048 mg 4%
Riboflavin (B2) 0.142 mg 12%
Niacin (B3) 0.487 mg 3%
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.155 mg 3%
Vitamin B6 0.218 mg 17%
Folate (B9) 29 μg 7%
Vitamin C 17 mg 20%
Vitamin K 3 μg 3%
Minerals Quantity %DV†
Iron 0.35 mg 3%
Magnesium 17 mg 5%
Manganese 0.175 mg 8%
Phosphorus 38 mg 5%
Potassium 262 mg 6%
Zinc 0.29 mg 3%
Other constituents Quantity
Water 95 g
Link to USDA Database entry (http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?

qlookup=11641&format=Full) , for comparison, see values for raw pumpkin (http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/
ndb/foods/show/3188?fg=&man=&lfacet=&format=&count=&max=25&offset=&sort=&qlookup=pum
pkin)
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

Source: USDA FoodData Central (https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/index.html)
As an example of Cucurbita, raw summer squash is 94% water, 3% carbohydrates, and 1%

protein, with negligible fat content (table). In 100 grams, raw squash supplies 16 calories and is
rich in vitamin C (20% of the Daily Value, DV), moderate in vitamin B6 and riboflavin (12–17%
DV), but otherwise devoid of appreciable nutrient content (table), although the nutrient content
of different Curcubita species may vary somewhat.[90]
Pumpkin seeds contain vitamin E, crude protein, B vitamins and several dietary minerals (see
nutrition table at pepita).[91] Also present in pumpkin seeds are unsaturated and saturated oils,
palmitic, oleic and linoleic fatty acids,[92] as well as carotenoids.[93]
Toxins
Cucurbitin is an amino acid and a carboxypyrrolidine that is found in raw Cucurbita seeds.[94][95]
It retards the development of parasitic flukes when administered to infected host mice, although
the effect is only seen if administration begins immediately after infection.[96]
Cucurmosin is a ribosome inactivating protein found in the flesh and seed of Cucurbita,[97][98]
notably Cucurbita moschata. Cucurmosin is more toxic to cancer cells than healthy cells.[97][99]
Cucurbitacin is a plant steroid present in wild Cucurbita and in each member of the family
Cucurbitaceae. Poisonous to mammals,[100] it is found in quantities sufficient to discourage
herbivores. It makes wild Cucurbita and most ornamental gourds, with the exception of an
occasional C. fraterna and C. sororia, bitter to taste.[3][61][101] Ingesting too much cucurbitacin can
cause stomach cramps, diarrhea and even collapse.[84] This bitterness is especially prevalent in
wild Cucurbita; in parts of Mexico, the flesh of the fruits is rubbed on a woman's breast to wean
children.[102] While the process of domestication has largely removed the bitterness from
cultivated varieties,[3] there are occasional reports of cucurbitacin causing illness in humans.[3]
Cucurbitacin is also used as a lure in insect traps.[101]
Pests and diseases
Cucurbita species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including
the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae), Hypercompe indecisa, and the turnip moth (Agrotis
segetum).[103] Cucurbita can be susceptible to the pest Bemisia argentifolii (silverleaf
whitefly)[104] as well as aphids (Aphididae), cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum and Diabrotica
undecimpunctata howardi), squash bug (Anasa tristis), the squash vine borer (Melittia cucurbitae),
and the two-spotted spidermite (Tetranychus urticae).[105] The squash bug causes major damage
to plants because of its very toxic saliva.[106] The red pumpkin beetle (Raphidopalpa foveicollis) is
a serious pest of cucurbits, especially the pumpkin, which it can defoliate.[107]Cucurbits are
susceptible to diseases such as bacterial wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila), anthracnose (Colletotrichum
spp.), fusarium wilt (Fusarium spp.), phytophthora blight (Phytophthora spp. water molds), and
powdery mildew (Erysiphe spp.).[105] Defensive responses to viral, fungal, and bacterial leaf
pathogens do not involve cucurbitacin.[100]
Species in the genus Cucurbita are susceptible to some types of mosaic virus including:
cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), papaya ringspot virus-cucurbit strain (PRSV), squash mosaic
virus (SqMV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV),[108] watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and zucchini
yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV).[109][110][111][112] PRSV is the only one of these viruses that does not
affect all cucurbits.[109][113] SqMV and CMV are the most common viruses among
cucurbits.[114][115] Symptoms of these viruses show a high degree of similarity, which often
results in laboratory investigation being needed to differentiate which one is affecting plants.[108]
Human culture
Culinary uses
…
Long before European contact, Cucurbita had been a major food source for the native peoples of
the Americas, and the species became an important food for European settlers, including the
Pilgrims, even featuring at the first Thanksgiving.[12] Commercially produced pumpkin commonly
used in pumpkin pie is most often varieties of C. moschata; Libby's, by far the largest producer of
processed pumpkin, uses a proprietary strain of the Dickinson pumpkin variety of C. moschata
for its canned pumpkin.[116] Other foods that can be made using members of this genus include
biscuits, bread, cheesecake, desserts, donuts, granola, ice cream, lasagna dishes, pancakes,
pudding, pumpkin butter,[117] salads, soups, and stuffing.[118] Squash soup is a dish in African
cuisine.[119] The xerophytic species are proving useful in the search for nutritious foods that
grow well in arid regions.[120] C. ficifolia is used to make soft and mildly alcoholic drinks.[9]
In India, squashes (ghia) are cooked with seafood such as prawns.[121] In France, marrows
(courges) are traditionally served as a gratin, sieved and cooked with butter, milk, and egg, and
flavored with salt, pepper, and nutmeg,[122] and as soups. In Italy, zucchini and larger squashes
are served in a variety of regional dishes, such as cocuzze alla puviredda cooked with olive oil,
salt and herbs from Apulia; as torta di zucca from Liguria, or torta di zucca e riso from Emilia-
Romagna, the squashes being made into a pie filling with butter, ricotta, parmesan, egg, and
milk; and as a sauce for pasta in dishes like spaghetti alle zucchine from Sicily.[123] In Japan,
squashes such as small C. moschata pumpkins (kabocha) are eaten boiled with sesame sauce,
fried as a tempura dish, or made into balls with sweet potato and Japanese mountain yam.[124]
Art, music, and literature

…
Moche squash ceramic. 300 C.E. Larco Museum

Along with maize and beans, squash has been depicted in the art work of the native peoples of
the Americas for at least 2,000 years.[125][126] For example, cucurbits are often represented in
Moche ceramics.[125][127]
Though native to the western hemisphere, Cucurbita began to spread to other parts of the world
after Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492.[128][129] Until recently, the earliest
known depictions of this genus in Europe was of Cucurbita pepo in De Historia Stirpium
Commentarii Insignes in 1542 by the German botanist Leonhart Fuchs, but in 1992, two
paintings, one of C. pepo and one of C. maxima, painted between 1515 and 1518, were identified
in festoons at Villa Farnesina in Rome.[130] Also, in 2001 depictions of this genus were identified
in Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany (Les Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne), a French
devotional book, an illuminated manuscript created between 1503 and 1508. This book contains
an illustration known as Quegourdes de turquie, which was identified by cucurbit specialists as
C. pepo subsp. texana in 2006.[131]
In 1952, Stanley Smith Master, using the pen name Edrich Siebert, wrote "The Marrow Song (Oh
what a beauty!)" to a tune in 68 time. It became a popular hit in Australia in 1973,[132] and was
revived by the Wurzels in Britain on their 2003 album Cutler of the West.[133][134] John Greenleaf
Whittier wrote a poem entitled The Pumpkin in 1850.[135] "The Great Pumpkin" is a fictional
holiday figure in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz.[136]
Cleansing and personal care uses …

C. foetidissima contains a saponin that can be obtained from the fruit and root. This can be used
as a soap, shampoo, and bleach. Prolonged contact can cause skin irritation.[137][138] Pumpkin is
also used in cosmetics.[139]
Folk remedies
…
Cucurbita have been used in various cultures as folk remedies. Pumpkins have been used by
Native Americans to treat intestinal worms and urinary ailments. This Native American remedy
was adopted by American doctors in the early nineteenth century as an anthelmintic for the
expulsion of worms.[140] In southeastern Europe, seeds of C. pepo were used to treat irritable
bladder and benign prostatic hyperplasia.[141] In Germany, pumpkin seed is approved for use by
the Commission E, which assesses folk and herbal medicine, for irritated bladder conditions and
micturition problems of prostatic hyperplasia stages 1 and 2, although the monograph published
in 1985 noted a lack of pharmacological studies that could substantiate empirically found
clinical activity.[142] The FDA in the United States, on the other hand, banned the sale of all such
non-prescription drugs for the treatment of prostate enlargement in 1990.[143]
In China, C. moschata seeds were also used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of
the parasitic disease schistosomiasis[144] and for the expulsion of tape worms.[145]
In Mexico, herbalists use C. ficifolia in the belief that it reduces blood sugar levels.[146]
Festivals
…
A pyramid of squashes in the Waterlily House, Kew Gardens, 2013
Cucurbita fruits including pumpkins and marrows are celebrated in festivals in countries such as
Argentina, Austria,[147] Bolivia,[148] Britain, Canada,[149] Croatia,[150] France,[151][152] Germany,
India, Italy,[153][154][155][156] Japan,[157] Peru,[158] Portugal, Spain,[159] Switzerland,[160] and the
United States. Argentina holds an annual nationwide pumpkin festival Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo
("Squashes and Pumpkins National Festival"), in Ceres, Santa Fe,[161] on the last day of which a
Reina Nacional del Zapallo ("National Queen of the Pumpkin") is chosen.[162][163][164] In Portugal
the Festival da Abóbora de Lourinhã e Atalaia ("Squashes and Pumpkins Festival in Lourinhã and
Atalaia") is held in Lourinhã city, called the Capital Nacional da Abóbora (the "National Capital of
Squashes and Pumpkins").[165] Ludwigsburg, Germany annually hosts the world's largest
pumpkin festival.[166] In Britain a giant marrow (zucchini) weighing 54.3177 kilograms
(119.750 lb) was displayed in the Harrogate Autumn Flower Show in 2012.[167] In the US,
pumpkin chucking is practiced competitively, with machines such as trebuchets and air cannons
designed to throw intact pumpkins as far as possible.[168][169] The Keene Pumpkin Fest is held
annually in New Hampshire; in 2013 it held the world record for the most jack-o-lanterns lit in
one place, 30,581 on October 19, 2013.[170]
Halloween is widely celebrated with jack-o-lanterns made of large orange pumpkins carved with
ghoulish faces and illuminated from inside with candles.[171] The pumpkins used for jack-o-
lanterns are C. pepo,[172][173] not to be confused with the ones typically used for pumpkin pie in
the United States, which are C. moschata.[116] Kew Gardens marked Halloween in 2013 with a
display of pumpkins, including a towering pyramid made of many varieties of squash, in the
Waterlily House during its "IncrEdibles" festival.[174]
See also
List of gourds and squashes in the genus Cucurbita
List of squash and pumpkin dishes
Notes
a. Due to wide variation in how the terms squash, pumpkin, and gourd are used, even among academics, in
this article, the term squash can refer to any member of the genus Cucurbita. Pumpkin and gourd are
used to refer to species, varieties, and cultivars commonly referred to by those terms.[5]
References
1. "Cucurbita L." (http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40017959?tab=synonyms) Tropicos, Missouri Botanical

Garden. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
2. "Tristemon" (http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Tristemon&commonname=) . Tropicos,

Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
3. Burrows, George E.; Tyrl, Ronald J. (2013). Toxic Plants of North America. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
pp. 389–391. ISBN 978-0-8138-2034-7.
4. Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (https://archive.org/details/namesplants00gled_746) .
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 127 (https://archive.org/details/namesplants00gled_746/pag
e/n136) . ISBN 9780521866453.
5. Ferriol, María; Picó, Belén (2007). "3". Handbook of Plant Breeding: Vegetables I. New York: Springer.
p. 317. ISBN 978-0-387-72291-7. "The common terms "pumpkin", "squash", "gourd", "cushaw", "ayote",
"zapallo", "calabaza", etc. are often applied indiscriminately to different cultivated species of the New
World genus Cucurbita L. (Cucurbitaceae): C. pepo L., C. maxima Duchesne, C. moschata Duchesne,
C. argyrosperma C. Huber and C. ficifolia Bouché."
6. Nee, Michael (1990). "The Domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany. New York:
New York Botanical Gardens Press. 44 (3, Supplement: New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of
New World Domesticated Plants): 56–68. doi:10.1007/BF02860475 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF028
60475) . JSTOR 4255271 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255271) . S2CID 40493539 (https://api.sema
nticscholar.org/CorpusID:40493539) .
7. Decker-Walters, Deena S.; Staub, Jack E.; Chung, Sang-Min; Nakata, Eijiro; Quemada, Hector D. (2002).
"Diversity in Free-Living Populations of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) as Assessed by Random
Amplified Polymorphic DNA". Systematic Botany. American Society of Plant Taxonomists. 27 (1): 19–28.
JSTOR 3093892 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3093892) .
8. Millán, R. (1945). "Variaciones del Zapallito Amargo Cucurbita andreana y el Origen de Cucurbita
maxima". Revista Argentina de Agronomía (in Spanish). 12: 86–93.
9. Saade, R. Lira; Hernández, S. Montes. "Cucurbits" (http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/1492/cucurbit

s.html) . Purdue Horticulture. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
10. Mabberley, D. J. (2008). The Plant Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4.
11. Lu, Anmin; Jeffrey, Charles. "Cucurbita Linnaeus" (http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxo

n_id=108644) . Flora of China. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
12. "Cucurbitaceae--Fruits for Peons, Pilgrims, and Pharaohs" (https://web.archive.org/web/2013101600371

5/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Cucurbita/) . University of
California at Los Angeles. Archived from the original (http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbook
s/economicbotany/Cucurbita/) on October 16, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
13. "A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types" (http://www.worldbotanical.com/fruit_types.htm) .

Worldbotanical. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
14. Schrager, Victor (2004). The Compleat Squash: A Passionate Grower's Guide to Pumpkins, Squash, and
Gourds. New York: Artisan. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-57965-251-7.
15. "2014 - Beni Meier and his 2323.7 pound World Record Giant Pumpkin!" (http://www.bigpumpkins.com/Vi
ewArticle.asp?id=186&gid=62) . BigPumpkins.com. 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
16. Linnaeus, Carl (1754). "Cucurbita" (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14678#page/476/mode/1u

p) . Genera Plantarum. 1. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii via Biodiversity Heritage Library. p. 441.
17. Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Cucurbita" (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359031#page/452/mode/

1up) . Species Plantarum. 2. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
p. 1010.
18. "Cucurbita" (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/linnaean-typification/database/li

st.dsml?Genusqtype=starts+with&Genus=Cucurbita&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Species=pepo&Varqtype
=starts+with&Var=&Ref=&CGenusqtype=starts+with&CGenus=&CSpeciesqtype=starts+with&CSpecies=&
CSspqtype=starts+with&CSsp=&CVarqtype=starts+with&CVar=&Family=&sort=Genus%2CSpecies) .
The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. Natural History Museum. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
19. "Cucurbita" (http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=cucurbita) . The Plant List. Retrieved 1 January

2015.
20. Whitaker, T.W.; Bemis, W.P. (1975). "Origin and Evolution of the Cultivated Cucurbita". Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club. 102 (6): 362–368. doi:10.2307/2484762 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2484762) .
21. Janssen, Don (August 14, 2006). "Curbit Family & Cross-Pollination" (http://lancaster.unl.edu/hort/article
s/2006/curbits.shtml) . University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
22. GRIN. "GRIN Species Records of Genus Cucurbita" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115025/htt

p://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3164) . Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm
Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived
from the original (http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3164) on September 24, 2015.
Retrieved September 1, 2013.
23. "Cucurbita" (https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=2236

5) . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
24. Goldman, Amy (2004). The Compleat Squash: A Passionate Grower's Guide to Pumpkins, Squash, and
Gourds. New York: Artisan. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-57965-251-7.
25. Andres, Thomas C. (1987). "Relationship of Cucurbita scabridifolia to C. foetidissima and C. pedatifolia:
A Case of Natural Interspecific Hybridization" (http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc10/cgc10-38.html) .
Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report. 10: 74–75.
26. Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1943). "Species of Cucurbita". Gentes Herbarum. 6: 267–322.
27. Rhodes, A. M.; Bemis, W. P.; Whitaker, Thomas W.; Carmer, S. G. (1968). "A Numerical Taxonomic Study of
Cucurbita". Brittonia. New York Botanical Garden Press. 20 (3): 251–266. doi:10.2307/2805450 (https://d
oi.org/10.2307%2F2805450) . JSTOR 2805450 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2805450) .
S2CID 6973668 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6973668) .
28. Bemis, W. P.; Rhodes, A. M.; Whitaker, Thomas W.; Carmer, S. G. (1970). "Numerical Taxonomy Applied to
Cucurbita Relationships". American Journal of Botany. 57 (4): 404–412. doi:10.2307/2440868 (https://do
i.org/10.2307%2F2440868) . JSTOR 2440868 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2440868) .
29. Gon g, L.; Pachner, M.; Kalai, K.; Lelley, T. (November 2008). "SSR-based Genetic Linkage Map of
Cucurbita moschata and its Synteny With Cucurbita pepo". Genome. 51 (11): 878–887. doi:10.1139/G08-
072 (https://doi.org/10.1139%2FG08-072) . PMID 18956020 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18956
020) .
30. Gong, L.; Stift, G.; Koffler, R.; Pachner, M.; Lelley, T. (June 2008). "Microsatellites for the Genus Cucurbita
and an SSR-based Genetic Linkage Map of Cucurbita pepo L." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
s/PMC2413107) Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 117 (1): 37–48. doi:10.1007/s00122-008-0750-2 (h
ttps://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00122-008-0750-2) . PMC 2413107 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti
cles/PMC2413107) . PMID 18379753 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18379753) .
31. Sanjur, Oris I.; Piperno, Dolores R.; Andres, Thomas C.; Wessel-Beaver, Linda (2002). "Phylogenetic
Relationships among Domesticated and Wild Species of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) Inferred from a
Mitochondrial Gene: Implications for Crop Plant Evolution and Areas of Origin" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC117595) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. 99 (1): 535–540.
Bibcode:2002PNAS...99..535S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99..535S) .
doi:10.1073/pnas.012577299 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.012577299) . JSTOR 3057572 (https://
www.jstor.org/stable/3057572) . PMC 117595 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1175
95) . PMID 11782554 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11782554) .
32. Hurd, Paul D.; Linsley, E. Gorton (1971). "Squash and Gourd Bees (Peponapis, Xenoglossa) and the Origin
of the Cultivated Cucurbita". Evolution. St. Louis, MO: Society for the Study of Evolution. 25 (1): 218–234.
doi:10.2307/2406514 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2406514) . JSTOR 2406514 (https://www.jstor.org/st
able/2406514) . PMID 28562933 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28562933) .
33. Whitaker, Thomas W.; Bemis, W. P. (1964). "Evolution in the Genus Cucurbita". Evolution. 18 (4): 553–559.
able/2406209) .
34. Winsor, J. A.; Davis, L. E.; Stephenson, A. G. (1987). "The Relationship Between Pollen Load and Fruit
Maturation and the Effect of Pollen Load on Offspring Vigor in Cucurbita pepo". The American Naturalist.
129 (5): 643–656. doi:10.1086/284664 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F284664) . JSTOR 2461727 (https://
www.jstor.org/stable/2461727) . S2CID 84901190 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:849011
90) .
35. Robinson, Richard W. (2000). "Rationale and Methods for Producing Hybrid Cucurbit Seed". Journal of
New Seeds. 1 (3–4): 1–47. doi:10.1300/J153v01n03_01 (https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ153v01n03_01) .
S2CID 85158524 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85158524) .
36. Stephenson, Andrew G.; Devlin, B.; Horton, J. Brian (1988). "The Effects of Seed Number and Prior Fruit
Dominance on the Pattern of Fruit Production in Cucurbita pepo (Zucchini Squash)". Annals of Botany. 62
(6): 653–661. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087705 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aob.a
087705) .
37. Robinson, R. W.; Reiners, Stephen (July 1999). "Parthenocarpy in Summer Squash" (http://hortsci.ashspu
blications.org/content/34/4/715.full.pdf) (PDF). HortScience. 34 (4): 715–717.
doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.34.4.715 (https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.34.4.715) .
38. Menezes, C. B.; Maluf, W. R.; Azevedo, S. M.; Faria, M. V.; Nascimento, I. R.; Gomez, L. A.; Bearzoti, E.
(March 2005). "Inheritance of Parthenocarpy in Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)". Genetics and
Molecular Research. 4 (1): 39–46. PMID 15841434 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15841434) .
39. Stapleton, Suzanne Cady; Wien, H. Chris; Morse, Roger A. (2000). "Flowering and Fruit Set of Pumpkin
Cultivars under Field Conditions" (https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.35.6.1074) . HortScience. 35
(6): 1074–1077. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.35.6.1074 (https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.35.6.1074) .
ISSN 0018-5345 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-5345) .
40. Martínez, Cecelia; Manzano, Susana; Megías, Zoraida; Garrido, Dolores; Picó, Belén; Jamilena, Manuel
(2013). "Involvement of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Signalling in Fruit Set and Early Fruit Development in
Zucchini Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3856489) . BMC
Plant Biology. 13 (139): 139. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-13-139 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2229-13-
139) . ISSN 1471-2229 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2229) . PMC 3856489 (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3856489) . PMID 24053311 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/240533
11) .
41. Krupnick, Gary A.; Brown, Kathleen M.; Stephenson, Andrew G. (1999). "The Influence of Fruit on the
Regulation of Internal Ethylene Concentrations and Sex Expression in Cucurbita texana". International
Journal of Plant Sciences. 160 (2): 321–330. doi:10.1086/314120
(https://doi.org/10.1086%2F314120) . S2CID 85794143 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:857
94143) .
42. Murray, M. (1987). "Field Applications Of Ethephon For Hybrid And Open-Pollinated Squash (Cucurbita
Spp) Seed Production". Acta Horticulturae. 201 (201): 149–156. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1987.201.15 (h
ttps://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.1987.201.15) .
43. Pimenta Lange, Maria João; Knop, Nicole; Lange, Theo (2012). "Stamen-derived Bioactive Gibberellin is
Essential for Male Flower Development of Cucurbita maxima L." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic
les/PMC3346225) Journal of Experimental Botany. 63 (7): 2681–2691. doi:10.1093/jxb/err448 (http
s://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferr448) . PMC 3346225 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C3346225) . PMID 22268154 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22268154) .
44. "Plant Hormones" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140116140049/http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/agricultur

e/production/3359/plant_hormones_answers.htm) . Charles Sturt University. Archived from the original
(http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/agriculture/production/3359/plant_hormones_answers.htm) on January
16, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
45. Wilson, Mack A.; Splittstoesser, Walter E. (1980). "The Relationship Between Embryo Axis Weight and
Reserve Protein During Development and Pumpkin Seed Germination". Journal of Seed Technology. 5 (2):
35–41. JSTOR 23432821 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23432821) .
46. Oliver, Lawrence R.; Harrison, Steve A.; McClelland, Marilyn (1983). "Germination of Texas Gourd
(Cucurbita texana) and Its Control in Soybeans (Glycine max)". Weed Science. 31 (5): 700–706.
doi:10.1017/S0043174500070211 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043174500070211) .
47. Horak, Michael J.; Sweat, Jonathan K. (1994). "Germination, Emergence, and Seedling Establishment of
Buffalo Gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima)". Weed Science. 42 (3): 358–363.
doi:10.1017/S0043174500076621 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043174500076621) .
48. Beecroft, Penny; Lott, John N. A. (1996). "Changes in the Element Composition of Globoids From
Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita andreana Cotyledons During Early Seedling Growth". Canadian Journal
of Botany. 74 (6): 838–847. doi:10.1139/b96-104 (https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb96-104) .
49. Subin, M. P.; Francis, Steffy (2013). "Phytotoxic Effects of Cadmium on Seed Germination, Early Seedling
Growth and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Cucurbita maxima Duchesne". International Research
Journal of Biological Sciences. 2 (9): 40–47. doi:10.1139/b96-104 (https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb96-10
4) .
50. Fenner, G. P.; Patteron, G. W.; Lusby, W. R. (1989). "Developmental Regulation of Sterol Biosynthesis in
Cucurbita maxima L.". Lipids. 24 (4): 271–277. doi:10.1007/BF02535162 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF
02535162) . S2CID 37220982 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37220982) .
51. Paris, Harry S. (1989). "Historical Records, Origins, and Development of the Edible Cultivar Groups of
Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany. New York Botanical Garden Press. 43 (4): 423–443.
doi:10.1007/bf02935916 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02935916) . JSTOR 4255187 (https://www.jsto
r.org/stable/4255187) . S2CID 29052282 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29052282) .
52. "Cucurbita maxima Origin/ Habitat" (http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/herman_jaci/habitat_geogra

phy.htm) . University of Wisconsin. 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
53. "Holotype of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne var. triloba Millán [family CUCURBITACEAE]" (http://plants.jsto
r.org/specimen/si001320) . Retrieved October 3, 2013.(subscription required)
54. López-Anido, F.; Cravero, V.; Asprelli, P.; Cointry, E.; Firpo, I.; García, S. M. (2003). "Inheritance of Immature
Fruit Color in Cucurbita maxima var. zapallito (Carrière) Millán" (http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc26/cgc
26-15.pdf) (PDF). Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report. 26: 48–50.
55. "Holotype of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne var. zipinka Millán [family CUCURBITACEAE]" (http://plants.jsto
r.org/specimen/si001321) . Retrieved October 3, 2013.(subscription required)
56. Robinson, Richard Warren; Decker-Walters, D. S. (1997). Cucurbits. Oxfordshire, UK: CAB International.
pp. 71–83. ISBN 978-0-85199-133-7.
57. Wessel-Beaver, Linda (2000). "Evidence for the Center of Diversity of Cucurbita moschata in Colombia" (h
ttp://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc23/cgc23-16.html) . Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report. 23: 54–55.
58. Wilson, Hugh D. "What is Cucurbita texana?" (http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/flcp/flcp3.htm) . Free-

living Cucurbita pepo in the United States Viral Resistance, Gene Flow, and Risk Assessment. Texas A&M
Bioinformatics Working Group. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
59. Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998). Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia (h
ttps://archive.org/details/archaeologyofpre0000unse/page/238) . New York: Routledge. p. 238 (https://
archive.org/details/archaeologyofpre0000unse/page/238) . ISBN 978-0-8153-0725-9.
60. Kirkpatrick, Kurt J.; Wilson, Hugh D. (1988). "Interspecific Gene Flow in Cucurbita: C. texana vs. C. pepo".
American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America. 75 (4): 519–527. doi:10.2307/2444217 (http
s://doi.org/10.2307%2F2444217) . JSTOR 2444217 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2444217) .
61. Andres, Thomas C. (1987). "Cucurbita fraterna, the Closest Wild Relative and Progenitor of C. pepo" (htt
p://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc10/cgc10-36.html) . Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report. 10: 69–71.
62. Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S. (1990). Isozymes in Plant Biology. London: Dioscorodes Press.
p. 176. ISBN 978-0-412-36500-3.
63. Paris, Harry S. (1986). "A Proposed Subspecific Classification for Cucurbita pepo" (https://www.biodiversi
tylibrary.org/item/47050#page/145/mode/1up) . Phytologia. 61 (3): 133–138.
64. "Cucurbita pepo" (http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/
plant-details/kc/a686/cucurbita-pepo.aspx) . Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
65. Heistinger, Andrea (2013). The Manual of Seed Saving: Harvesting, Storing, and Sowing Techniques for
Vegetables, Herbs, and Fruits. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-60469-382-9.
66. Decker, Deena S.; Wilson, Hugh D. (1987). "Allozyme Variation in the Cucurbita pepo Complex: C. pepo
var. ovifera vs. C. texana". Systematic Botany. American Society of Plant Taxonomists. 12 (2): 263–273.
able/2419320) .
67. Fürnkranz, Michael; Lukesch, Birgit; Müller, Henry; Huss, Herbert; Grube, Martin; Berg, Gabriele (2012).
"Microbial Diversity Inside Pumpkins: Microhabitat-Specific Communities Display a High Antagonistic
Potential Against Phytopathogens". Microbial Ecology. Springer. 63 (2): 418–428. doi:10.1007/s00248-
011-9942-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00248-011-9942-4) . JSTOR 41412429 (https://www.jstor.org/
stable/41412429) . PMID 21947430 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21947430) . S2CID 16454305
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16454305) .
68. Bemis, W. P.; Whitaker, Thomas W. (April 1969). "The Xerophytic Cucurbita of Northwestern Mexico and
Southwestern United States". Madroño. California Botanical Society. 20 (2): 33–41. JSTOR 41423342 (htt
ps://www.jstor.org/stable/41423342) .
69. Smith, Bruce D. (15 August 2006). "Eastern North America as an Independent Center of Plant
Domestication" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1567861) . Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (33): 12223–12228.
Bibcode:2006PNAS..10312223S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10312223S) .
doi:10.1073/pnas.0604335103 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0604335103) . PMC 1567861 (https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1567861) . PMID 16894156 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/16894156) .
70. Kubitzki, Klaus (2011). Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=_hHvYeQYTTEC&pg=PA120) . Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media.
pp. 120–122. ISBN 978-3-642-14397-7. "The fossil record of Cucurbitaceae and indeed of the order
Cucurbitales is sparse.. The oldest fossils are seeds from the Uppermost Paleocene and Lower Eocene
London Clay (65MA).. Bryonia-like seeds from fossil beda at Tambov, Western Siberia date to the Lower
Sarmat, 15-13 MA ago. Subfossil records of Cucurbita pepo have been dated to 8,000-7,000 B.C. at Guila
Naquitz ..., those of C. moschata in the northern Peruvian Andes to up to 9,200 B.P."
71. "Cucurbita digitata A. Gray" (http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CUDI) . United States

Department of Agriculture. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
72. "Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché" (http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CUFI2) . United States

Department of Agriculture. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
73. Roberts, Katherine M. (March 27, 2012). "Cucurbita spp. and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) - Standley
Squash, Gourd, and Pumpkin; Bottle Gourd: Cucurbitaceae" (http://pages.wustl.edu/peblabguide/articles/
1120) . Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
74. Roush, Wade (9 May 1997). "Archaeobiology: Squash Seeds Yield New View of Early American Farming"
(http://www.sciencemag.org/content/276/5314/894.summary) . Science. American Association For
the Advancement of Science. 276 (5314): 894–895. doi:10.1126/science.276.5314.894 (https://doi.org/1
0.1126%2Fscience.276.5314.894) . S2CID 158673509 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1586
73509) .
75. Schoenwetter, James (April 1974). "Pollen Records of Guila Naquitz Cave". American Antiquity. Society
for American Archaeology. 39 (2): 292–303. doi:10.2307/279589 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F279589) .
76. Benz, Bruce F. (2005). "Archaeological Evidence of Teosinte Domestication From Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC29389) . Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences. 98 (4): 2104–2106. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.2104B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001P
NAS...98.2104B) . doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.98.4.2104) .
PMC 29389 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC29389) . PMID 11172083 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11172083) .
77. Smith, Bruce D. (22 December 1989). "Origins of Agriculture in Eastern North America" (http://www.scien
cemag.org/content/246/4937/1566.abstract) . Science. Washington, DC. 246 (4937): 1566–1571.
Bibcode:1989Sci...246.1566S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...246.1566S) .
doi:10.1126/science.246.4937.1566 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.246.4937.1566) .
PMID 17834420 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17834420) . S2CID 42832687 (https://api.semantics
cholar.org/CorpusID:42832687) .
78. Smith, Bruce D. (May 1997). "The Initial Domestication of Cucurbita pepo in the Americas 10,000 Years
Ago" (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/276/5314/932.full) . Science. Washington, DC. 276 (5314):
932–934. doi:10.1126/science.276.5314.932 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.276.5314.932) .
79. Feinman, Gary M.; Manzanilla, Linda (2000). Cultural Evolution: Contemporary Viewpoints (https://books.
google.com/books?id=d4DEPVVoqE8C&pg=PA31) . New York: Kluwer Academic. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-
306-46240-5.
80. Landon, Amanda J. (2008). "The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica
and the Human Niche" (http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=neb
anthro) . Nebraska Anthropologist. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska-Lincoln: 110–124.
81. Bushnell, G. H. S. (1976). "The Beginning and Growth of Agriculture in Mexico" (https://doi.org/10.1098%2
Frstb.1976.0074) . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. London. 275 (936): 117–
120. Bibcode:1976RSPTB.275..117B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976RSPTB.275..117B) .
doi:10.1098/rstb.1976.0074 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1976.0074) .
82. "How Did the Squash Get its Name?" (https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/squash.html) . Library
of Congress. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
83. Cutler, Charles L. (2000). O Brave New Words: Native American Loanwords in Current English (https://arc
hive.org/details/obravenewwords00char/page/39) . Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
pp. 39–42 (https://archive.org/details/obravenewwords00char/page/39) . ISBN 978-0-8061-3246-4.
84. Chen, Jian Chao; Chiu, Ming Hua; Nie, Rui Lin; Cordell, Geoffrey A.; Qui, Samuel X. (2005). "Cucurbitacins
and Cucurbitane Glycosides: Structures and Biological Activities". Natural Product Reports. 22 (5): 386–
399. doi:10.1039/B418841C (https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB418841C) . PMID 16010347 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16010347) .
85. Glover, Tony. "Bitter Cucumbers and Squash" (http://www.aces.edu/counties/StClair/documents/NRBitter

CucumbersSquashGover10.pdf) (PDF). Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Retrieved
November 23, 2014.
86. Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits. New York: Springer.
p. 283. ISBN 978-94-007-1763-3.
87. Lazos, E. S. (July 1992). "Certain Functional Properties of Defatted Pumpkin Seed Flour". Plant Foods for
Human Nutrition. 42 (3): 257–273. doi:10.1007/bf02193934 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02193934) .
PMID 1502127 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1502127) . S2CID 1809751 (https://api.semanticscho
lar.org/CorpusID:1809751) .
88. Geisler, Malinda (May 2012). "Squash" (http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/vegetables/squ

ash/) . Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Iowa State University. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
89. "Pumpkins, Squash, and Gourds" (http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/home/E) . Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
90. "What's So Great About Winter Squash?" (http://www.udc.edu/docs/causes/online/Winter%20Squash%2

018.pdf) (PDF). University of the District of Columbia. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
91. Mansour, Esam H.; Dworschák, Erno; Lugasi, Andrea; Barna, Barna; Gergely, Anna (1993). "Nutritive Value
of Pumpkin (Cucurbita Pepo Kakai 35) Seed Products". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.
61 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740610112 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.2740610112) .
92. Stevenson DG, Eller FJ, Wang L, Jane JL, Wang T, Inglett GE (2007). "Oil and tocopherol content and
composition of pumpkin seed oil in 12 cultivars" (http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100
1&context=fshn_ag_pubs) . J Agric Food Chem. 55 (10): 4005–16. doi:10.1021/jf0706979 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1021%2Fjf0706979) . PMID 17439238 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17439238) .
93. Durante M, Lenucci MS, Mita G (2014). "Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carotenoids from
pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.): a review" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4013658) . Int J
Mol Sci. 15 (4): 6725–40. doi:10.3390/ijms15046725 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms15046725) .
PMC 4013658 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4013658) . PMID 24756094 (https://pu
bmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24756094) .
94. Peirce, Andrea (1999). The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines (h
ttps://archive.org/details/americanpharmace00peir/page/212) . New York: Stonesong Press, William
Morrow & Company. pp. 212–214 (https://archive.org/details/americanpharmace00peir/page/212) .
ISBN 978-0-688-16151-4.
95. Mihranian, Valentine H.; Abou-Chaar, Charles I. (1968). "Extraction, Detection, and Estimation of
Cucurbitin in Cucurbita Seeds". Lloydia. American Society of Pharmacognosy. 31 (1): 23–29.
96. Assessment report on Cucurbita pepo L. (http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Her

bal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2011/10/WC500116579.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Committee on Herbal
Medicinal Products (HMPC), European Medicines Agency. 13 September 2011. pp. 25–26. Retrieved
21 November 2015.
97. Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross; Patel, Vinwood B. (2011). Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease
Prevention. London: Academic Press. p. 936. ISBN 978-0-12-375688-6.
98. Barbieri, L.; Polito, L.; Bolognesi, A.; Ciani, M.; Pelosi, E.; Farini, V.; Jha, A. K.; Sharma, N.; Vivanco, J. M.;
Chambery, A.; Parente, A.; Stirpe, F. (May 2006). "Ribosome-inactivating Proteins in Edible Plants and
Purification and Characterization of a New Ribosome-inactivating Protein From Cucurbita moschata".
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1760 (5): 783–792.
doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.01.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbagen.2006.01.002) .
PMID 16564632 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16564632) .
99. Hou, Xiaomin; Meeha n, Edward J.; Xie, Jieming; Huang, Mingdong; Chen, Minghuang; Chen, Liqing
(October 2008). "Atomic Resolution Structure of Cucurmosin, a Novel Type 1 ribosome-inactivating
Protein From the Sarcocarp of Cucurbita moschata". Journal of Structural Biology. 164 (1): 81–87.
doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2008.06.011 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsb.2008.06.011) . PMID 18652900 (https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18652900) .
100. Tallamy, Douglas W.; Krischik, Vera A. (1989). "Variation and Function of Cucurbitacins in Cucurbita: An
Examination of Current Hypotheses". The American Naturalist. The University of Chicago Press. 133 (6):
766–786. doi:10.1086/284952 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F284952) . JSTOR 2462036 (https://www.jst
or.org/stable/2462036) . S2CID 84696664 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84696664) .
101. Vidal, S., ed. (2005). "4" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042743/http://web.missouri.edu/~hibbar

db/CV_files/Tallamy%20et%20al%20chap04%20proof.pdf) (PDF). Western Corn Rootworm: Ecology
and Management. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp. 67–71. doi:10.1079/9780851998176.0000 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1079%2F9780851998176.0000) . ISBN 978-0-85199-817-6. Archived from the original (h
ttp://web.missouri.edu/~hibbardb/CV_files/Tallamy%20et%20al%20chap04%20proof.pdf) (PDF) on
2014-11-29.
102. Merrick, Laura C. "Natural Hybridization of Wild Cucurbita sororia Group and Domesticated C. mixta in
Southern Sonora, Mexico" (http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc07/cgc7-32.html) . North Carolina State
University. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
103. "Pumpkin" (https://www.drugs.com/npp/pumpkin.html) . Drugs.com. 2009. Retrieved September 1,

2013.
104. McAuslane, Heather J.; Webb, Susan E.; Elmstrom, Gary W. (June 1996). "Resistance in Germplasm of
Cucurbita pepo to Silverleaf, a Disorder Associated with Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)" (h
ttp://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/download/59206/56885) . The Florida Entomologist. Lutz, FL:
Florida Entomological Society. 79 (2): 206–221. doi:10.2307/3495818 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F349
5818) . JSTOR 3495818 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3495818) .
105. "Vegetable Pumpkin" (http://urbanext.illinois.edu/hortanswers/plantdetail.cfm?PlantID=629&PlantType

ID=9) . University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
106. "Common Name: Squash Bug" (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/squash_bug.htm) .

University of Florida. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
107. "Pumpkin beetle" (https://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/pest_management/CONTENTS/pest%20c

ucurbits.htm) . Pests of Cucurbits. IndiaAgroNet.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
108. "Mosaic Diseases of Cucurbits" (http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdf_pubs/926.pdf) (PDF). University of

Illinois. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
109. "Virus Diseases of Cucurbit Crops" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141112044744/http://archive.agric.w

a.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/veg/pw/fn2006_viruscucurbits_bcoutts.pdf) (PDF).
Department of Agriculture, Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original (http://archive.ag
ric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/veg/pw/fn2006_viruscucurbits_bcoutts.pdf) (PDF)
on 2014-11-12. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
110. Roossinck, Marilyn J.; Palukaitis, Peter (1990). "Rapid Induction and Severity of Symptoms in Zucchini
Squash (Cucurbita pepo) Map to RNA 1 of Cucumber Mosaic Virus" (http://www.apsnet.org/publications/
mpmi/backissues/Documents/1990Articles/Microbe03_188.pdf) (PDF). Molecular Plant-Microbe
Interactions. 3 (3): 188–192. doi:10.1094/mpmi-3-188 (https://doi.org/10.1094%2Fmpmi-3-188) .
111. Havelda, Zoltan; Maule, Andrew J. (October 2000). "Complex Spatial Responses to Cucumber Mosaic
Virus Infection in Susceptible Cucurbita pepo Cotyledons" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC149134) . Plant Cell. 12 (10): 1975–1986. doi:10.1105/tpc.12.10.1975 (https://doi.org/10.1105%2Ft
pc.12.10.1975) . PMC 149134 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC149134) .
PMID 11041891 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11041891) .
112. "Virus Diseases of Cucurbits" (http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Viruses_Cucurbit

s.htm) . Cornell University. October 1984. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
113. Provvidenti, R.; Gonsalves, D. (May 1984). "Occurrence of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Cucurbits from
Connecticut, New York, Florida, and California" (http://www.apsnet.org/publications/PlantDisease/BackIs
sues/Documents/1984Articles/PlantDisease68n05_443.PDF) (PDF). Plant Disease. 68 (5): 443–446.
doi:10.1094/pd-69-443 (https://doi.org/10.1094%2Fpd-69-443) . ISSN 0191-2917 (https://www.worldca
t.org/issn/0191-2917) .
114. "Squash" (http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/vegetables/squash.html) . Texas A&M

University. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
115. Salama, El-Sayed A.; Sill Jr., W. H. (1968). "Resistance to Kansas Squash Mosaic Virus Strains Among
Cucurbita Species". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 71 (1): 62–68.
able/3627399) .
116. Richardson, R. W. "Squash and Pumpkin" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160527/http://www.ars-

grin.gov/npgs/cgc_reports/squash95.pdf) (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. Archived from the original (http://www.ars-grin.go
v/npgs/cgc_reports/squash95.pdf) (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
117. "Spiced Pumpkin Butter" (http://www.bhg.com/recipe/vegetables/spiced-pumpkin-butter/) . Better

Homes and Gardens. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
118. Lynch, Rene (October 1, 2013). "Pumpkin Bread and 18 Other Pumpkin Recipes You Must Make Now" (htt
p://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-pumpkin-bread-pumpkin-recipes-20131001,0,3888485.stor
y) . Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
119. Garratt, N. (2013). Mango and Mint: Arabian, Indian, and North African Inspired Vegan Cuisine (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=D3oTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46) . Tofu Hound Press. PM Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-
1-60486-323-9.
120. Bemis, W. P. (1978). "The Versatility of the Feral Buffalo Gourd, Cucurbita foetidissima HBK" (http://cuke.h
ort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc01/cgc1-24.html) . Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report. 1: 25.
121. Jaffrey, Madhur (1982). Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery. London: BBC Books. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-563-
16491-3.
122. David, Elizabeth (1987) [1951]. French Country Cooking. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-
86318-251-8.
123. della Salda, Anna Gosetti (1993) [1967]. Le Ricette Regionali Italiane (in Italian). Solares. pp. 107, 439,
878, 987.
124. Yoneda, Soei (1987) [1982]. The Heart of Zen Cuisine. New York: Kodansha America. pp. 131, 133, 154.
ISBN 978-0-87011-848-7.
125. "Moche Decorated Ceramics" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/moch/hd_moch.htm) .

Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
126. Benson, Elizabeth P. (1983). "A Moche "Spatula" ". Metropolitan Museum Journal. The University of
Chicago Press. 18: 39–52. doi:10.2307/1512797 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1512797) .
JSTOR 1512797 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1512797) . S2CID 191487511 (https://api.semanticschol
ar.org/CorpusID:191487511) .
127. Berrin Larco Museum, Katherine (1997). The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo
Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01802-6.
128. Whitaker, Thomas W. (1947). "American Origin of Cultivated Cucurbits" (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.or

g/part/29784) . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden
Press. 34 (2): 101–111. doi:10.2307/2394459 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2394459) . JSTOR 2394459
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/2394459) .
129. Whitaker, Thomas W. (1956). "The Origin of the Cultivated Cucurbita". The American Naturalist. Chicago,
IL: University of Chicago Press. 90 (852): 171–176. doi:10.1086/281923 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F2
81923) . JSTOR 2458406 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2458406) . S2CID 85189852 (https://api.sema
nticscholar.org/CorpusID:85189852) .
130. Janick, Jules; Paris, Harry S. (February 2006). "The Cucurbit Images (1515–1518) of the Villa Farnesina,
Rome" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803371) . Annals of Botany. 97 (2): 165–176.
doi:10.1093/aob/mcj025 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcj025) . PMC 2803371 (https://www.nc
bi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803371) . PMID 16314340 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1631
4340) .
131. Paris, Harry S.; Daunay, Marie-Christine; Pitrat, Michel; Janick, Jules (July 2006). "First Known Image of
Cucurbita in Europe, 1503–1508" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803533) . Annals
of Botany. 98 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl082 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcl082) .
PMC 2803533 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803533) . PMID 16687431 (https://pu
bmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16687431) .
132. "The Marrow Song (Oh What A Beauty!) by Edrich Siebert" (http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=17
140) . Songfacts. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
133. "The Marrow Song" (http://www.thewurzels.com/lyricsmarrow.htm) . The Wurzels. Retrieved

November 20, 2014.
134. "The Wurzels: Cutler of the West" (http://www.last.fm/music/The+Wurzels/Cutler+Of+The+West) .

Last.fm. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
135. "The Pumpkin" (http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/pumpkin) . Poets.org. Retrieved November 20,

2014.
136. Cavna, Michael (October 27, 2011). " 'It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown': 7 Things You Don't Know
About Tonight's 'Peanuts' Special" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/its-the-grea
t-pumpkin-charlie-brown-7-things-you-dont-know-about-tonights-peanuts-special/2011/10/26/gIQAQPZh
KM_blog.html) . Washington Post. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
137. Cutler, H.C.; Whitaker, T.W. (1961). "History and Distribution of the Cultivated Cucurbits in the Americas".
American Antiquity. 26 (4): 469–485. doi:10.2307/278735 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F278735) .
JSTOR 278735 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/278735) .(subscription required)
138. Heiser, Charles B. (2016). The Gourd Book. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 9, 33–34.
ISBN 978-0806155678.
139. Adam, Chirs (November 18, 2019). "A new way to create pumpkin spice products, drugs, cosmetics" (htt
p://www.newsbug.info/lafayette_leader/news/local/a-new-way-to-create-pumpkin-spice-products-drugs-c
osmetics/article_b669ed92-094e-50e2-b12d-ecdf8f4be1f4.html) . Lafayette Leader. Retrieved March 9,
2020.
140. Robert E. Henshaw, ed. (2011). Environmental History of the Hudson River (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=tMCd1yED2EUC&pg=PA105) . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-
4026-2.
141. Volker Schulz, ed. (2004). Rational Phytotherapy: A Reference Guide for Physicians and Pharmacists (http
s://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-662-09666-6) (5th ed.). Munich: Springer. pp. 304 (http
s://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-662-09666-6/page/n319) –305. ISBN 978-3-540-40832-
1.
142. "Pumpkin seed (Cucurbitae peponis semen)" (http://buecher.heilpflanzen-welt.de/BGA-Commission-E-Mo
nographs/0309.htm) . Heilpflanzen-Welt Bibliothek. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
143. Foster, Steven; Tyler, Varro E. (1999). Tyler's Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and
Related Remedies (https://books.google.com/books?id=WQBbOjN0T64C&pg=PA132) (4th ed.).
Binghamton, NY: Routledge. pp. 131–132. ISBN 9781136745010.
144. Xiao, S. H.; Keiser, J.; Chen, M. G.; Tanner, M.; Utzinger, J. (2010). "Research and Development of
Antischistosomal Drugs in the People's Republic of China a 60-year review". Advances in Parasitology.
73: 231–295. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(10)73009-8 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-308X%2810%297
3009-8) . ISBN 9780123815149. PMID 20627145 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20627145) .
145. Wu, Yan; Fischer, Warren (1997). Practical Therapeutics of Traditional Chinese Medicine (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=KLd9v4hwtGgC&pg=PA283) . Taos, NM: Paradigm Publications. pp. 282–283.
ISBN 978-0-912111-39-1.
146. Andrade-Cetto, A.; Heinrich, M. (July 2005). "Mexican Plants With Hypoglycaemic Effect Used in the
Treatment of Diabetes". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 99 (3): 325–348. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.019
(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2005.04.019) . PMID 15964161 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/159
64161) .
147. "Kürbisfest Am Himmel" (https://www.himmel.at/veranstaltungen-2/kuerbisfest/) (in German).

Retrieved September 15, 2020.
148. "Sabores de Bolivia" (http://calendariosaboresbolivia.com/tag/ferias/) (in Spanish). Cristina Olmos.

Retrieved November 22, 2014.
149. McMurray, Jenna (October 11, 2014). "Smashing Success! Crowd Watches as Pumpkin Dropped on Old
Car ... All for a Gourd Cause" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141018144126/http://www.calgarysun.co
m/2014/10/12/smashing-success-crowd-watches-as-pumpkin-dropped-on-old-car--all-for-a-gourd-caus
e) . Calgary Sun. Archived from the original (http://www.calgarysun.com/2014/10/12/smashing-succes
s-crowd-watches-as-pumpkin-dropped-on-old-car--all-for-a-gourd-cause) on October 18, 2014. Retrieved
November 20, 2014.
150. "Pumpkin Festival" (http://www.tzig.hr/en/bucijada) . Tourist Board of Ivanić-Grad. Retrieved 3 February

2016.
151. "Caligny: le Village de l'Orne où le Potiron est Roi" (http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/basse-normandi

e/2014/10/04/caligny-le-village-de-l-orne-ou-le-potiron-est-roi-564684.htmll) (in French). info.fr.
Retrieved December 31, 2014.
152. "Fête de la Citrouille et des Cucurbitacées de Saint Laurent" (http://www.francebleu.fr/evenements/evene

ment/fete-de-la-citrouille-et-des-cucurbitacees-de-saint-laurent-1822484) (in French). France Bleu.
153. "Festa della Zucca" (https://archive.today/20130413065928/http://www.prolocovenzone.it/Areas/Genera
lInformation/FestaDellaZucca.aspx) (in Italian). Associazione Pro Loco di Venzone. Archived from the
original (http://www.prolocovenzone.it/Areas/GeneralInformation/FestaDellaZucca.aspx) on April 13,
2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
154. "21º Festa della Zucca SALZANO" (http://www.prolocosalzano.it/zucca/) (in Italian). Pro Loco Salzano.
155. "Tra Meno un Mese Torna la Fiera Regionale della Zucca di Piozzo, ecco il Programma Ufficiale della
21esima Edizione" (http://www.prolocopiozzo.it/new/index.php) (in Italian). Pro Loco di Piozzo.
156. "Fiesta de la Calabaza en Gavirate (Varese)" (http://desdemilan.wordpress.com/2013/10/08/fiesta-de-la-

calabaza-en-gavirate-varese/) (in Spanish). SarayT. 8 October 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
157. "Autumn Events Calendar" (http://www.asahikawa-tourism.com/asahikawa/asahikawa_autumn/autum

n.html) . Asahikawa Tourism. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
158. "Festival del Zapallo y de la Trucha de Curibaya se Realizará en la Plaza Quiñonez" (http://radiouno.pe/no
ticias/40045/festival-zapallo-trucha-curibaya-se-realizara-plaza-quinonez) (in Spanish). Radio Uno. 10
April 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
159. "V feria de las Calabazas Gigantes de Navarra (Valtierra)" (https://web.archive.org/web/2014112914342

3/http://www.lasbardenas.com/v-feria-de-las-calabazas-gigantes-de-navarra-valtierra/) (in Spanish).
Bardeneras. Archived from the original (http://www.lasbardenas.com/v-feria-de-las-calabazas-gigantes-d
e-navarra-valtierra/) on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
160. "Festivals and Events in Switzerland" (http://www.travelsignposts.com/Switzerland/useful-facts/festivals

-and-events-in-switzerland/) . Travelsignposts. 15 February 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
161. "Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130804165532/http://lafiestanacional.co

m.ar/fiesta-nacional-del-zapallo/) (in Spanish). La Fiesta Nacional. Archived from the original (http://la
fiestanacional.com.ar/fiesta-nacional-del-zapallo/) on August 4, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
162. "Esperanza: Rocío Damiano fue elegida Reina Nacional del Zapallo en Ceres" (http://entecultura.com.ar/u
sina2/2013/06/esperanza-rocio-damiano-fue-elegida-reina-nacional-del-zapallo-en-ceres/) (in
Spanish). Ente Cultura. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
163. "Ceres: Presentaron la Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo" (http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2014/06/

11/regionales/REGI-02.html) (in Spanish). El Litoral. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
164. "Presentacion Oficial – 43º Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo" (http://ceresonline.com.ar/2014/05/presentacio

n-oficial-43o-fiesta-nacional-del-zapallo/#sthash.Wo7kqTt8.VxmpezuP.dpbs) (in Spanish). Ceres
Online. 23 May 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
165. "Festival da Abóbora de Lourinhã e Atalaia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141111011222/http://festiva
ldaabobora.pt/bem-vindo/) (in Portuguese). Festival da Abobora. Archived from the original (http://festi
valdaabobora.pt/bem-vindo/) on November 11, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
166. "The World's Largest Pumpkin Festival in Germany" (http://traveltips.usatoday.com/worlds-largest-pumpk

in-festival-germany-108208.html) . USA Today. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
167. "Giant Vegetables from UK Festival" (http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/giant-vegetables-from-uk-festi

val/) . CBS News. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
168. "Punkin Chunkin" (http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/punkin-chunkin) . Science Channel.

169. Campbell, Andy (November 26, 2013). "Punkin Chunkin 2013: Will Someone Finally Launch A Pumpkin
One Mile?" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/26/punkin-chunkin-2013_n_4340138.html) .
Huffington Post. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
170. Dandrea, Alyssa (October 20, 2013). "Smiles, Pumpkins Abound as Keene Breaks Jack-o'-lantern Record"
(http://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/smiles-pumpkins-abound-as-keene-breaks-jack-o--lantern/ar
ticle_aa596f94-5018-5fb5-add9-5328fc1e466a.html) . The Keene Sentinel. Retrieved November 20,
2013.
171. "History of the Jack O' Lantern" (http://www.history.com/topics/halloween/jack-olantern-history) .

History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
172. Stephens, James M. "Pumpkin — Cucurbita spp" (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv116) . University of Florida.

173. Baggett, J. R. "Attempts to Cross Cucurbita moschata (Duch.) Poir. 'Butternut' and C. pepo L. 'Delicata' " (h
ttp://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc02/cgc2-19.html) . North Carolina State University. Retrieved
November 23, 2014.
174. "IncrEdible! Kew Gardens to Unveil Towering Pyramid of Pumpkins in London" (http://www.countrylife.co.
uk/news/country-news/incredible-kew-gardens-to-unveil-towering-pyramid-of-pumpkins-in-london) .
Country Life. September 12, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
External links
The dictionary definition of Cucurbita at Wiktionary
Media related to Cucurbita at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Cucurbita at Wikispecies

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Cucurbita&oldid=1040717883"
Last edited 27 days ago by Citation bot
Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless

otherwise noted.

Cucurbita - Wikipedia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cucurbita - Wikipedia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cucurbita fruits come in an assortment of colors and sizes.

A variety of fruits displayed at the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid in 2016

An assortment of fruits of C. maxima and C. pepo

C. palmeri, origin: Paciﬁc coast of northwestern Mexico

C. sororia, origin: Paciﬁc coast Mexico to Nicaragua, northeastern Mexico

C. ecuadorensis, origin: Ecuador's Paciﬁc coast

C. foetidissima – stinking gourd, buffalo gourd; origin: Mexico

C. galeottii is little known; origin: Oaxaca, Mexico

C. lundelliana, origin: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize

C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin; origin: Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador

C. moschata – butternut squash, 'Dickinson' pumpkin, golden cushaw; origin: Bolivia,

C. okeechobeensis, origin: Florida

C. pedatifolia, origin: Querétaro, Mexico

C. texana, origin: Texas, USA

C. digitata, C. palmata, C. californica, C. cylindrata, C. cordata

C. martinezii, C. okeechobeensis, C. lundelliana

C. sororia, C. gracilior, C. palmeri; C. argyrosperma (reported as C. mixta) was considered close

C. moschata, C. ﬁcifolia, C. pedatifolia, C. foetidissima, and C. ecuadorensis were placed in their

Cucurbita female ﬂower with pollinating squash bees

Germination and seedling growth

Distribution and habitat

Archaeological investigations have found evidence of domestication of Cucurbita going back

Winter squash, both a shrubby and creeping plant,

Summer squash, long round slender fruit that is

C. pepo var. Summer squash, shrubby plant, with yellow, golden, or

Winter squash, creeping plant, round, oblate, or oval

Summer squash, shrubby plant, with yellow or golden

Summer squash, presently the most common group

Non-edible,[66] ﬁeld squash closely related to

History and domestication

Pumpkin custard made from kabocha, a cultivated variant of C. maxima

Top 10 total 15,663,449

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 69 kJ (16 kcal)

Dietary ﬁber 1.1 g

Vitamins Quantity %DV†

Thiamine (B1) 0.048 mg 4%

Riboﬂavin (B2) 0.142 mg 12%

Niacin (B3) 0.487 mg 3%

Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.155 mg 3%

Vitamin B6 0.218 mg 17%

Minerals Quantity %DV†

Link to USDA Database entry (http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?

†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

As an example of Cucurbita, raw summer squash is 94% water, 3% carbohydrates, and 1%

Pests and diseases

Art, music, and literature

Moche squash ceramic. 300 C.E. Larco Museum

Cleansing and personal care uses …

A pyramid of squashes in the Waterlily House, Kew Gardens, 2013

List of gourds and squashes in the genus Cucurbita

List of squash and pumpkin dishes

1. "Cucurbita L." (http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40017959?tab=synonyms) Tropicos, Missouri Botanical

2. "Tristemon" (http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Tristemon&commonname=) . Tropicos,

9. Saade, R. Lira; Hernández, S. Montes. "Cucurbits" (http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/1492/cucurbit

11. Lu, Anmin; Jeffrey, Charles. "Cucurbita Linnaeus" (http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxo

12. "Cucurbitaceae--Fruits for Peons, Pilgrims, and Pharaohs" (https://web.archive.org/web/2013101600371

13. "A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types" (http://www.worldbotanical.com/fruit_types.htm) .

16. Linnaeus, Carl (1754). "Cucurbita" (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14678#page/476/mode/1u

17. Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Cucurbita" (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359031#page/452/mode/

18. "Cucurbita" (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/linnaean-typiﬁcation/database/li

19. "Cucurbita" (http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=cucurbita) . The Plant List. Retrieved 1 January