FIRED: A Fully-labeled hIgh-fRequency Electricity
Disaggregation Dataset
Benjamin Völker, Marc Pfeifer, Philipp M. Scholl, Bernd Becker
Chair for Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
University of Freiburg
[voelkerb,pfeiferm,pscholl,becker]@informatik.uni-freiburg.de
ABSTRACT
As more and more homes are equipped with smart electricity me-
ters, home owners gain the ability to monitor their total electricity
consumption on a daily or hourly basis. Techniques such as load
forecasting, load disaggregation, and activity recognition try to
provide even better insights into our electricity consumption, high-
light saving potential or improve our daily living. To develop and
evaluate these techniques, publicly available datasets are used. We
identified a lack of high frequency fully labeled electricity datasets
in the residential domain and present the FIRED dataset. It con-
tains 52 days of 8 kHz aggregated current and voltage readings of
the 3-phase supply of a typical residential apartment in Germany.
The dataset also contains synchronized ground truth data as 2 kHz
readings of 21 individual appliances, as well as room temperature
readings and fully labeled state changes of the lighting system,
resulting in a complete and versatile residential electricity dataset.
CCS CONCEPTS
• Hardware → Power and energy; Smart grid; • Computer sys-
tems organization → Sensor networks.
KEYWORDS
load monitoring, non-intrusive load monitoring, electricity feed-
back, electricity dataset, dataset labeling
ACM Reference Format:
Benjamin Völker, Marc Pfeifer, Philipp M. Scholl, Bernd Becker. 2020. FIRED:
A Fully-labeled hIgh-fRequency Electricity Disaggregation Dataset. In The
7th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings,
Cities, and Transportation (BuildSys ’20), November 18–20, 2020, Virtual Event,
Japan. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 4 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3408308.
3427623
1 INTRODUCTION
As electricity production has a large, negative environmental im-
pact, we should strive to minimize the amount of electricity we
consume. According to a meta-study by Ehrhardt-Martinez et al. [4]
frequent per appliance consumption feedback is one of the key fea-
tures to achieve high energy savings in the residential domain.
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https://doi.org/10.1145/3408308.3427623
294
More specifically, providing real-time aggregated electricity feed-
back of the total load of a home achieved energy savings of 8.6 % on
average. If this feedback is delivered for each individual appliance,
the saving potential can even be increased to 13.7 % on average.
However, appliances do not (yet) expose their electricity consump-
tion. Instead of replacing appliances with ones which measure their
consumption, a solution that can be retrofitted is more sustain-
able. Smart meters - which are rolled out over the recent decade
(e.g in Germany the roll-out starts with consumers > 6000 kW h
in 2020 [6]) - are promoted to provide such a solution by using a
techniques called Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM).
NILM systems disaggregate the composite electrical load, which
is measured at a central location in the electrical network, into
the load of each individual appliance. The technique has been an
active research area since the early 90’s when G. W. Hart’s group
introduced a first working prototype [7]. NILM systems can be cate-
gorized into two groups: i) event-based approaches that detect state
changes in the signal and relate them to appliance state changes (e.g.
[7], [15]) and ii) event-less approaches which optimize an estima-
tion of the overall system state using e.g. Factorial Hidden Markov
Models ([10], [2]). As pointed out by [3] these approaches also differ
on whether they use supervised, semi-supervised or unsupervised
methods as well as on the granularity at which data is required.
Some algorithms require low frequency data in the range of 50 Hz-
1/60 Hz (e.g. [7], [16]) while others - typically event-based methods
- rely on features derived from high frequency signal components
which can only be extracted from data in the 1-16 kHz range (e.g.
[8], [15]).
Comparing different algorithms on existing datasets remains
challenging as not all can be applied to the same dataset. Either the
dataset’s sampling frequency is too low (for event-based approaches
using high frequency features) or the ground truth data (individual
appliance power consumption and state information) is incomplete,
misaligned or non-existent. Furthermore, some datasets have long
time periods of missing data (e.g. up to several days for REDD [10]
and UK-DALE [9]) and require custom code for loading the data.
Moreover, the sampling rate of appliance level data is typically
low (except for the non-residential BLOND [11] dataset) making
them unsuitable to test semi-supervised hybrid load monitoring
approaches (such as [15]) which use socket level data to train their
algorithm. A comparison of high-frequency electricity datasets can
be found in Table 1.
We propose the Fully-labeled hIgh-fRequency Electricity Dis-
aggregation (FIRED) dataset spanning 52 days of recording. We
identified four improvements to existing datasets: (1) residential
appliance level data of high sampling rates (2 kHz) of nearly all
household appliances is provided, (2) this data is synced to 8 kHz
BuildSys ’20, November 18–20, 2020, Virtual Event, Japan B. Völker, M. Pfeifer, P. M. Scholl, and B. Becker

Table 1: Comparison of different datasets used to evaluate NILM systems. We only compare datasets recorded at higher fre-
quencies (kHz) that can be used to evaluate event-based and event-less NILM approaches.

Dataset Domain Aggregated Appliance Appli- Duration Total Meets Additional data
resolution resolution ances (days) size requirement
BLUED [5] residence 12 kHz - 43 8 53 GB - appliance on/off events
REDD [10] residence 15 kHz 1/3 Hz 26 3-19 1.7 GBa 1 -
UK-DALE [9] residence 16 kHz 1/6 Hz 52 1629 ≈ 10 TB 1,3 utility meter readings
BLOND-50 [11] office 50 kHz 6.4 kHz 53 213 15.3 TB 1,2,3,5 -
BLOND-250 [11] office 250 kHz 50 kHz 53 50 23.4 TB 1,2,3,5 -
FIRED residence 8 kHz 2 kHz 66 52 1.2 TB 1,2,3,(4)b,5 see subsection 3.3
a The high frequency REDD data has been compressed in a custom lossy form. Raw data is only available for a small number of sample points throughout the data.
b Additional information about the state of an appliance is available for a subset of devices (lighting, televison, hifi-system, espresso machine).

aggregated data at sub-cycle precision, (3) additional state infor-
mation of the apartment’s lighting and multimedia system, as well
as temperature and humidity readings of each room in the apart-
ment are recorded, (4) the dataset and python tools are provided as
open-source for fast and easy replication by other researchers.
2 METHODS
We define the following requirements to generate an electricity
dataset which can be used to develop and evaluate a wide variety
of electricity related algorithms for residential households:
R1: Simultaneous recordings of the whole house electricity con-
sumption and the consumption of each individual appliance. The
individual data can be used to validate the appliance power esti-
mates provided by some NILM algorithms or to test if an algorithm
would perform better if it is trained on the individual data.
R2: High sampling rates for the aggregated and the individual ap-
pliance consumption is required to extract high frequency features
from voltage and current wave-forms and to explore how these
can be used to improve traditional NILM algorithms. A trade-off
between high frequency signal components and dataset usability
(required disk space and loading time) needs to be explored.
R3: Continuous data recording of multiple days of data is crucial
to understand and explore different consumption behavior based
on the time-of-day or day-of-week.
R4: High quality dataset labels are required for event-based
NILM algorithms to assign an event to its corresponding appliance.
As multi-state appliances show different consumption behavior de-
pending on their state (e.g. the power consumption of a dimmable
light depends on its brightness level), additional state information
can enable algorithms to build more sophisticated appliance mod-
els.
R5: High temporal accuracy of both data and its labels is re-
quired. A label should match a corresponding pattern change in
the data. Furthermore, all data streams should be in sync.
The FIRED dataset was collected at an apartment building in
Germany which was built in 2017. The data covers a single three-
room apartment in the building with 79 m2 of space. The apartment
is occupied by one family (two adults and one child). The average
daily power consumption was 6.41 kW h during the recording. A
central logger PC gathers the data of each meter using TCP con-
nections, stores it into files regularly and uploads the files to an
external data center for persistent storage.
2.1 Aggregated Setup
The aggregated measurements were collected using a self-built mea-
surement system [14] which we subsequently call the SmartMeter.
To measure the voltage of each supply leg (𝐿1 , 𝐿2 , 𝐿3 ), it is scaled
down by a factor of 1:1000 using voltage dividers. The current
is measured using non-intrusive split-core current transformers
(YHDC SCT-013) with a ratio of 1:2000. The scaled voltage and cur-
rent signals are sampled at 8 kHz using a 24 bit ADC connected to
an ESP32 microcontroller. The hardware version highlighted in [14]
has been enhanced significantly. We added 8 MB flash memory to
be resilient against short connection dropouts (8 MB holds up to
41 s of data). We further added a Real Time Clock (RTC) that allows
to sync the internal sampling frequency of the ADC to a precise
clock. Furthermore, we added a reliable Ethernet connection, as, in
our findings, WiFi performance is poor in a fuse box environment.
2.2 Individual Appliance Setup
We recorded the household’s individual appliances using 21 Pow-
erMeters. A PowerMeter is a self-built measurement system de-
signed to collect current and voltage wave-forms of individual
appliances [14]. Its overall system architecture is comparable to the
SmartMeter. It uses the same microcontroller and an equivalent
24 bit ADC. Voltage at a power outlet is measured using a 1:580
voltage divider and the current drawn by the connected appliance
is measured using a 3 mΩ shunt. The data is sent to a logger PC
over WiFi. Compared to the version used in [14], we removed the
wired interface, added 4 MB flash memory (holds up to 250 s data)
and an RTC. The cost of one PowerMeter is approx. e35. The power
consumed by each PowerMeter itself is 0.6 W and is therewith com-
parable to other systems, such as the one used in [9] with around
0.5 W. To measure appliances that are directly connected to the
mains such as the stove, we used PowerMeters with screw terminals.
As a typical household can easily have more than 50 appliances (66
including lights in the recorded apartment), connecting each with a
metering device seems to be infeasible. Therefore, some appliances
which either belong to the same category (network equipment) or
are only used together (e.g. HiFi system and subwoofer) are con-
nected to the same PowerMeter. Furthermore, some appliances are
rarely used, such as the vacuum cleaner or the kitchen machine
and are, therefore, connected to a specific PowerMeter (ID 11) for
which all appliance connections and disconnections are labelled by
hand.

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 FIRED: A Fully-labeled hIgh-fRequency Electricity Disaggregation Dataset BuildSys ’20, November 18–20, 2020, Virtual Event, Japan

VmDrtmeter001 L1
250 VoltDge 1000
0
mains
0 VmDrtmeter001 L1
Current 2500
250
−250 1000
−1000 Base
VoltDge
0 0 Others

Ln mALn mA
VmDrtmeter001 L2 Current
Ln V Ln V

1000
−250
250 −1000
2000 Fridge

Apparent Power [W]

VoltDge

0 VmDrtmeter001 L2 0

Current
1000 Network Equipment
250
−250
−1000 Television
VoltDge

0 0

Current
VmDrtmeter001 L3
−250
250 5000
1500 Oven
−1000
0 VmDrtmeter001 L3 0 Espresso Machine
250
−250 −5000
5000 Office PC
0 powermeter15 0 1000
250
−250 −5000
5000
0 powermeter15 0
250
−250 5000
−5000 500
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 00
−250 .00 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 2.6 −5000
0 :52 :52 :52 0:5
2 :52 0:5
2
0:5
6:0 :00 :00 6:0 6:0
0
6:0 :0
1 0 16 0 16 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
6
0
.00 .10 .20 TLme of2DDy
.30 .40 .50 .60 0
:52 :52 :52 :5 :52 :52 :52
:00 :00 :00 :00 :00 :00 :00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
16 16 16 16 16 16 16
TLme of DDy Time of day
Figure 1: Voltage (red) and current (blue) wave-forms of
SmartMeter001 and PowerMeter15 (recording from day Figure 2: The apparent power consumption of the apartment
2020.06.09 at 16:00:52). (2020-07-02). The black line (zoomed) shows the consump-

tion recorded by the SmartMeter. The stacked colored blocks

show the individual contribution of the six appliances con-
2.3 Additional Data suming most power. The consumption of all remaining ap-
We installed additional hardware to log certain appliance events pliances including the lighting is shown as others.
in the apartment: a ZigBee transceiver and smart wall switches
logged state changes and brightness information of all light bulbs and current wave-forms of the apartment’s three phase power sup-
in the apartment. An infrared receiver monitored interactions with ply (𝐿1 , 𝐿2 ,𝐿3 ) with a sampling rate of 8 kHz. Even if the hardware
appliances such as the television and HiFi system. Furthermore, we is capable of recording 32 kHz data, reliability was more important
distributed temperature and humidity sensors to each room. All and, therefore, the sampling rate was chosen based on the findings
events and sensor readings are stored into corresponding log files of [1] that “there may be little additional benefit between 15-40 kHz
and are part of the dataset (see subsection 3.3). because of the noise in that range in real buildings”. As our meters
directly convert the ADC measurements to physical quantities, no
3 DATA RECORDS data pre-processing is required. The units are Volt for voltage mea-
The dataset contains the raw voltage and current wave-forms mea- surements and Milliampere for current measurements, respectively.
sured at the mains and of 21 individual sockets. Additionally, we Figure 1 shows the raw voltage and current measurements of the
provide derived per day and appliance 50 Hz and 1 Hz power read- SmartMeter (position 1-3) and PowerMeter15 (position 4). The high
ings. The data is stored as multiple Matroska multimedia (mkv) files. sampling rate and achieved clock synchronization can be seen.
The benefits of using multimedia containers to store curated time-
series data has been explored previously [13]. Using e.g. Matroska 3.2 Data Summary
allows multiple streams (video, audio or subtitles) to be merged into The data summary is derived from the raw data. We calculated the
a single file. Time series sensor data can, therewith, be stored as active (𝑃), reactive (𝑄) and apparent (𝑆) power for all recording
audio streams with text based ground truth values as subtitles. We devices split into each day of the recording based on the mains
use a lossless WavPack compression which reduces the size with frequency 𝑓𝑙 = 50 Hz, according to the following equations:
a ratio of 1.46 (only 1.42 can be achieved with hdf5). Metadata is
𝑃 (𝑛) = 𝑁1 · 𝑖=0
Í𝑁 −1
added for each audio stream in the multimedia container. The times- 𝑈 (𝑖) · 𝐼 (𝑖), (1)
tamp (with microsecond resolution), name of the recording device, 𝑆 (𝑛) = 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 (𝑛) · 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 (𝑛), (2)
sampling rate, number of channels, types of measure and duration
𝑆 (𝑛) 2 − 𝑃 (𝑛) 2 .
p
𝑄 (𝑛) = (3)
is stored, making each file self descriptive and usable without prior
knowledge. To keep file sizes and file loading times reasonable, 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑆 are calculated for each non-overlapping window 𝑛.
files are split at regular time intervals (10 min for raw data and The length of the window is 𝑁 = 𝑓𝑠 with 𝑓𝑠 being the sampling
𝑓
24 h for summary data). Further information about all appliances 𝑙
frequency of the raw voltage and current signals. 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 (𝑛) and
in the apartment (brand, model, supply leg, PowerMeter-ID, etc) is
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 (𝑛) are the root mean square values of the voltage and current
available in json and pdf format.
for window 𝑛. As typical smart meter data is sampled at range of 1-
0.01 Hz, we additionally provide the dataset in a down-sampled 1 Hz
3.1 Raw Data version. The 1 Hz summary combines all measurements into a single
Each PowerMeter recorded voltage and current wave-forms with a 923 MB mkv file which can be used to quickly inspect specific events
sampling rate of 2 kHz. PowerMeters are capable of recording data in the dataset or to simply get an overall view. The 1 Hz apparent
with up to 7.875 kHz. TCP throughput is, however, limited if multi- power consumption of one day is shown in Figure 2. The six topmost
ple devices send data over the same WiFi network. As a compromise consumers are plotted individually, while the remaining consumers
between sampling rate and network stability, we chose to sample are aggregated and plotted as others. The whole apartment power
the data with 2 kHz. In contrast, the SmartMeter recorded voltage consumption is also shown as an aggregate of 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 and 𝐿3 (mains).

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BuildSys ’20, November 18–20, 2020, Virtual Event, Japan
3.3 Logs
Further CSV files are available that contain annotation data (events
and sensor readings) with their corresponding timestamps. We di-
vide all annotations into three categories: Light, Sensor, Device.
Light annotations contain the light’s state (on or off ), the light’s
intensity (0-100 %) and the light’s colors in hexadecimal or None if
the light does not support to set different colors. Sensor readings
contain the measured value in degree Celsius for temperature read-
ings and % for humidity readings, respectively. As each sensor sends
a new value only if it has changed, the value between two readings
can assumed to be constant. Device annotations give information
about the state or event of the appliance. For instance, individual
key presses on the television remote are logged (e.g. ch_1 or power).
4 DATA STATISTICS AND VALIDATION
Using our recording framework, we collected a total of 27456 hours
of raw current and voltage wave-forms. The measurements are
provided as-is and no filtering has been applied. The dataset ful-
fills all requirements initially stated in section 2. The richness of
the captured data can be seen in Figure 1 for the SmartMeter and
one PowerMeter unit (R2). The derived apparent power with the
contribution of each individual appliance can be seen in Figure 2
(R1). Ideally, the superposition of all PowerMeters should match
the SmartMeter’s apparent power. However, a small offset between
the aggregated and individual apparent power was observed. This
is mainly due to the fact that the apartment’s lights and ventilat-
ing system are not directly monitored. Furthermore, the constant
power consumption of 21 PowerMeters needs to be considered.
The power profiles of each light can be estimated using the light
annotation files and individual light information which we provide
with our dataset (R4). The apartments base power consumption can
be estimated during the night when lights are typically off and most
appliances do not consume power. By including the base power
and the power of the lighting, no visible offset could be identified
as shown in Figure 2. The availability ratio of all metering devices
during the recording duration was 99.98 % (R3) including occasional
data loss. As our system consists of multiple measurement devices
distributed across the apartment, a clock synchronization mech-
anism is required to have precise timestamps for events and the
measurement data itself (R5). Therefore, we added RTCs to synchro-
nize the ADC clock of each metering device. Furthermore, all meter
synchronize their internal time using an NTP server. The achieved
clock synchronization can be seen in Figure 1. It shows the heating
element of the espresso machine (connected to PowerMeter15) that
causes the current to rise rapidly. This rise is clearly visible in the
current data of both PowerMeter15 and 𝐿3 of the SmartMeter. The
time shift is only ≈10 ms allowing to synchronize the data streams
of the distributed meters with sub-cycle precision.
Downloads: The dataset and the files to generate the plots in
this paper are provided as open source and can be downloaded
from: https://github.com/voelkerb/FIRED_dataset_helper.
5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
The FIRED dataset features 52 days of simultaneous aggregated
and appliance level electricity measurements of a residential apart-
ment in Germany. The high sampling rate (8 kHz for aggregated
297
B. Völker, M. Pfeifer, P. M. Scholl, and B. Becker
and 2 kHz for individual appliance data) and the achieved clock
synchronization of around 10 ms allows to use the dataset to evalu-
ate event-based and event-less NILM algorithms. FIRED contains
state changes of the lighting and lots of additional information
about each appliance, which provide not only new opportunities
for testing disaggregation algorithms but also for combining such
information with electricity readings. Future work will focus on
extending the recording period of the dataset. We further want to
apply the semi-automatic post-processing step introduced in[14]
to extract and label the state changes of all appliance in the dataset.
By providing advanced electricity datasets, we help researchers
to focus on improving their algorithms. As load monitoring and
eco-feedback mechanisms have shown enormous energy saving
potential, ongoing development is crucial to contribute to preserv-
ing earth’s climate by using clean energy in sustainable cities (Goal
13,7 and 11 of UN’s Sustainable Development Goals [12]).
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