Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Luzon Ngec4 Module 1 1
Luzon Ngec4 Module 1 1
MODULE 1
IN
MATHEMATICS
IN THE
MODERN
WORLD
CHAPTER 1
THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
INTRODUCTION
Mathematics reveals hidden patterns that help us understand the world around us.
Now much more than arithmetic and geometry, mathematics today is a diverse discipline
that deals with data, measurements, and observations from science; with inference,
deduction, and proof; and with mathematical models of natural phenomena, of human
behavior, and of social systems.As a practical matter, mathematics is a science of pattern
and order. It relies on logic rather than on observation as its standard of truth, yet employs
observation, simulation, and even experimentation as means of discovering truth.
The special role of mathematics in education is a consequence of its universal
applicability. The results of mathematics--theorems and theories--are both significant and
useful; the best results are also elegant and deep. Through its theorems, mathematics offers
science both a foundation of truth and a standard of certainty.
Experience with mathematical modes of thought builds mathematical power--a
capacity of mind of increasing value in this technological age that enables one to read
critically, to identify fallacies, to detect bias, to assess risk, and to suggest alternatives.
Mathematics empowers us to understand better the information-laden world in which we
live.
Do you see how the squares fit neatly together? For example, 5 and 8 makes 13, 8 and 13
makes 21, and so on.
NOTE: It is very important to determine first the pattern used in a sequence before finding
the proceeding terms.
SCORE:
KNOWLEDGE TEST 1
1 1 11 89
2 1 12 144
3 2 13 233
4 3 14 377
5 5 15 610
6 8 16 987
7 13 17 1597
8 21 18 2584
9 34 19 4181
10 55 20 6765
________________________________Arithmetic pattern_______________
2. {1, 16, 2, 8, 3, 4, 4, ...}
_______________Mixed Pattern______________________________________________
3. {2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486, 1458, ...}
__________________________________Geometric pattern___________________________
4. {2, 73, 4, 70, 6, 67, 8, ...}
______________Mixed Pattern______________________________________________
−3 3 −3 3
5. {12, −6, 3, 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , ...}
________________Geometric Pattern___________________________________________
6. {12, 9, 6, 3, 0, −3, −6, ...}
_____________Geometric pattern_______________________________________________
7. {324, 108, 36, 12, 4, ...}
____________________________Mixed Pattern________________________________
8. {3, 15, 75, 375, 1875, ...}
____________________________Geometric Pattern__________________________________
9. {5, 0, 10, 0, 15, 0, 20, ...}
_____________________________Mixed Pattern_____________________________
10.{7, 15, 23, 31, 39, 47, 55, ...}
______________________________Arithmetic pattern____________________
CHAPTER 2
MATHEMATICS AS A LANGUAGE
INTRODUCTION
The investigation of language can be carried out in many different ways. For example,
we might learn to speak a language as a way to understand it. We might also study literature
and poetry to the same end. We might even write novels and poetry to understand the
intricacies of expression that some language provides. These are valuable pursuits, not to be
denigrated in any way, but they do not provide for a scientific understanding of language,
one where we can make falsifiable or testable claims about our object of study. A falsifiable
claim is one that can be disproven with real data. For example, if we foolishly hypothesize
that Shakespeare wrote good poetry because he wrote in English, we would need some
objective way to assess how “good” some piece of poetry is independent of the language the
author wrote in. If the hypothesis rested instead entirely on our own ideas about how good
individual poems are, then it would surely not be falsifiable, and thus not be science.
A function is a relation that an element in the domain must be paired with only
one element of the range.Here are mappings of functions. The domain is the x-value,
and the range is the y-value.
In the example above, each x-value is related to only one y-value. Thus, its a function.
In the second example, although the x-values-1 and 1 are paired with the common y-
value which is 1, this relation is still a function because each x-value has just one y-
value.
This mapping is not a function because thex-value -2 has more than one y-values,
which are 2 and 4.Just check only the values on the domain group whether they are
paired with only one value in the range.
What Is a Proposition?
A proposition is a complete declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not
both. All the following statements below are propositions.
1. Manila is the capital of the Philippines.
2. Shanghai is the capital of China.
3. 1 + 1 = 2
4. 2 + 2 = 3
Propositions (1) and (3) are true while (2) and (4) are false. Regardless of their truth values,
as long as they are either true or false, but not both, then they are considered propositions.
Consider the following sentences below.
5. Is it time?
6. Pay attention to this.
7. x + 1 = 2
8. x + y = z
Sentences (5) and (6) are not propositions because they are not declarative sentences.
Likewise, sentences (7) and (8) are not propositions because they are neither true nor false,
since the variables in these sentences have no assigned values yet.
Connectives
A connective is a symbol which is used to connect two or more propositional or
predicate logics in such a manner that resultant logic depends only on the input logics and
the meaning of the connective used.
Generally there are five connectives which are −
I. Negation/ NOT (¬)
II. Disjunction/ OR (∨)
III. Conjunction/ AND (∧)
IV. Implication/ if-then (→)
V. Biconditional/ If and only if (⇔).
Quantifiers
Suppose you're talking with your friend Mary, and she is describing two clubs that she
has joined. While describing the people in the first club, she says the following: 'There exists
a member of Club 1, such that the member has red hair.' In describing the second club, she
says the following: 'For all members in Club 2, the member has red hair.'
Based on these two statements, what can you tell me about the members' hair color in
Club 1 and Club 2? Well, let's take a look at her statements, and pick them apart.
In mathematics, the phrases 'there exists' and 'for all' play a huge role in logic and
logic statements. In fact, they are so important that they have a special name:
quantifiers. Quantifiers are words, expressions, or phrases that indicate the number of
elements that a statement pertains to. In mathematical logic, there are two quantifiers: 'there
exists' and 'for all.'
I. There Exists & For All
The phrase 'there exists' is called an existential quantifier, which indicates that
at least one element exists that satisfies a certain property. In Club 1, Mary told you
We can use this notation when writing statements that involve these
quantifiers. For example, consider the two mathematical logic examples of statements
that we gave a moment ago.
For all natural numbers n, 2n is an even number.
There exists an integer x, such that 5 - x = 2
We can rewrite these statements using our notation.
∀ natural numbers n, 2n is an even number.
∃ an integer x, such that 5 - x = 2
The further you go in your mathematical studies, the more notation you'll learn,
and statements almost begin to look like tiny pieces of art.
SCORE:
KNOWLEDGE TEST 2
1. ___________________FUNCTION________________________
2. _____________FUNCTION_____________________________
3. ___________________RELATION_________________________
4. ________________RELATION_________________________
5. ________________FUNCTION__________________________
F. Determine if each statement is a PROPOSITION or NOT.
1. Legazpi is the capital of Albay.
_________________PROPOSITION__________________________
2. 3 + 4 = 7
___________________PROPOSITION________________________
3. x + 13 = 15
________________________NOT___________________________
4. x + 1 = 5 if x = 1
_______________________________NOT____________________
5. Answer this question.
__________________________NOT_________________________
H. Construct a truth table for each of the following compound propositions and
determine whether it is a TAUTOLOGY, CONTRADICTION, or CONTINGENCY.
1. (p ∧ q) → p
p q p∧q (p ∧ q) → p
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
____________________________TAUTOLOGY________________________________________
2. (q ⇔ p) ∧ (p ∧ ¬q)
p q ¬q q⇔p p ∧ ¬q (q ⇔ p) ∧ (p ∧ ¬q)
T T F T T F
T F T F F F
F T F F F F
F F T T F F
_______________________________CONTRADICTORY________________________________________
3. (p → q) → (p ∨ r)
p q r p→q p∨r (p → q) → (p ∨ r)
T T T T T F
T T F T T T
T F T F F F
F T T T T F
NGEC 4 – Mathematics in the Modern World Page 26 of 27
OUR LADY OF TRIUMPH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PurokTugas, Balangasan District, Pagadian City, Philippines
Document Title:
ISO 9001:2015
COURSE MODULE IN
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
T F F F T F
F T F T F T
F F T T T F
F F F T F T
___________________________________CONTINGENCY__________________________________