Analytical Method Excitation Signal Source Sample Cell Detector/Sensor Qualitative Quantitative

Parameter Parameter
Measured
1. Spectro
UV Absorption Quartz
Deuterium/Hydrogen Lamp
Spectrophotometry Phototubes, PMT, λMAX (wavelength
Visible Absorption Quartz, glass silicon photodiodes, of optimum
Spectrophotometry or plastic cell diode-array, absorption)
Tungsten-Halogen Lamp
photovoltaic cells
Absorbance (Beer’s
Law)
Flame-AAS Atomic Flame
Absorption
Spectrophotometry Hollow Cathode Lamp
Electrothermal AAS Graphite
furnace PhotoMultiplierTube
Atomic Emission Flame or ICP (PMT) λMAX (wavelength Emission Intensity,
of optimum I
Spectrofluorometry Quartz cell emission) Fluorescence
Xenon Lamp intensity, F
F=kc
2. Chromatography
GC: Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization (FID)
(Isothermal and Thermal Conductivity
Temperature Programming) (TCD)
Electron Capture (ECD) Peak area or peak
HPLC: High Performance Appropriate Retention Time height
Liquid Chromatography HPLC flow UV-Vis, Refractive index (PA or PH=kC)
(Isocratic and Gradient) cell for a (RI), Electrochemical
given detector
detector
 3. Electroanalytical
Ion-selective electrode (ISE)
Concentration gradient at the Potential/pX
Method (Direct Any ISEs
electrode-solution interlace (Nernst equation)
Potentiometry) appropriate
Potentiometric Titration Addition of titrant causing a sample Indicator electrodes Volume of titrant
(Indirect Potentiometry) change in the potential of the container such As, Pt, Ag and Au at equivalence
system point
Polarography Polarographi E1/2 Diffusion current
DMF
c cell
Applied potential
ASV Voltammetric GCE, Pt, TFME Anodic peak Anodic peak
cell potential current or

Titrimetric Methods

Titration Titrant Primary Standard Indicator pH range Color change/ conditon

1. Acid-base Colorless PINK
H2Ph
NaOH KHP
(8.2-9.8)
Methyl Orange RED YELLOW ORANGE
(3.0-4.4)
HCl Na2CO3
Bromocresol green YELLOW BLUE
(3.8-5.4)
3. Redox Iodimetry Iodine Solution Anhydous Na2S2O3 Starch COLORLESS DEEP BLUE
KIO3 DEEP BLUE COLORLESS
Iodometry Na2S2O3 (strongly acidic) Starch
Cu, CuSO4
Permanganimetry KMnO4 K2C2O4 KMnO4 self indicator PURPLE
FAS (ferrous ammonium Diphenylamine-sulfonic reduced oxidized
Dichromate Titration K2Cr2O7
sulfate) acid COLORLESSS VIOLET
4. Complexometry CaCO3 WINE RED BLUE
EDTA Titration MgCO3 (at pH=10)
Na2EDTA EBT
Zn or Zn salt
Cu or Cu salt
5. Precipitation Mohr
Titration Direct RED ORANGE ppt AgCrO4
AgNO3 NaCl K2CrO4
Chloride (pH 7 to 10)
determination

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