Area of a Plane Region

Let f : [a, b] → R be a continuous function on [a, b] and suppose that

f (x) ≥ 0 for all x on [a, b]. Let R be the region bounded by the curve
y = f (x), the x-axis, and the lines x = a and x = b. Then the measure
A(R) of the area of region R is given by
n
X Z b
A(R) = lim f (ξi )(xi − xi−1 ) = f (x) dx.
kDk→0 a
i=0

It simply means that if f is continuous and f (x) ≥ 0 on [a, b], then

Z b
f (x) dx
a

can be interpreted geometrically as the area of the region being described.

.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 36 / 59
 Area of a Plane Region
CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION AND SOME APPLICATIONS

y = f (x)

(ξi , f (ξi )) = (ξi , yc )

x
x0 = a xi−1 xn = b
ξi xi
.

Figure 6.1:
DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
us, the sum of the areas of the n rectangles is ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Calculus with Analytic Geometry I
Area of a Plane Region

The measure of the area A(R) of the region bounded by curves y = f (x)
and y = g(x), where f (x) ≥ g(x) for all x in [a, b], and the lines x = a
and x = b is given by
n
X Z b
A(R) = lim [f (ξi ) − g(ξi )]∆i x = [f (x) − g(x)] dx.
kDk→0 a
i=1

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Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 38 / 59
the measure of the area A(R) of the region bounded by curves y = f (x)
reArea ofg(x)
f (x) ≥ a Plane
for all Region
x in [a, b], and the lines x = a and x = b (see Figure

y y = f (x)

y = g(x)

x
a xi−1 ξi xi b

Figure 6.5:
.

DMS
Department of
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
o obtain the value of A(R), we apply ILIGAN
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS a technique similar to the one use
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ea of the J.V.
region
Benitez described in Definition
Calculus 6.34.I That is, we approximate
with Analytic Geometry
Arc Length of a Plane Curve

Theorem 4.14 (Length of Arc of a Plane Curve)

Let f : [a, b] → R be a function such that f 0 is continuous on [a, b], then
the length of the curve y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b, is given by
Z bp
L= 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx.
a

Exercises:
1 Find the length of arc of the curve 6xy = x4 + 3, from the point
where x = 1 to the point where x = 2.
2 Find the length of the arc of the curve 8y = x4 + 2x−2 from the
point where x = 1 to the point where x = 2.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 43 / 59
 Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells
Let S be a solid such that S lies between planes drawn to the x-axis at a
and b. Let A(x) units be the measure of the area of the plane section of S
drawn perpendicular to the x-axis at 6.12:
Figure 
x, where A is continuous on [a, b].
Then the measure of the volume of S is given by
Let S be a solid such that SX nlies between planes drawnZtob the x-axis at a and b (see
Figure 6.13). LetV A(x)
(S) = unitslim
be the measure
A(ξi )(xofi −
thexi−1
area) of
= the plane
A(x) section
dx. of S drawn
perpendicular to the x-axiskDk→0
at x, where
i=0
A is continuous on [a, b].
a

y
∆i x

ξi
x
xi−1
xi
. A(ξi )
DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS
Figure 6.13:
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN
Consider a division or partition D of [a, b] given INSTITUTE
by a = x0 < x1 < OF
. . . TECHNOLOGY
< xn = b. For
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I
Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells

Example 4.15
Suppose the radius and altitude of a right circular cone is r and h,
respectively. Show that the volume of the cone V (S) is given by

V (S) = 13 πr2 h .

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I
Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells

Theorem 4.16 (Disk Method)

Let the function f be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and assume
that f (x) ≥ 0 for all x on [a, b]. If S is the solid obtained by revolving
about the x-axis the region bounded by y = f (x), the x-axis, and the lines
x = a and x = b, and if V (S) is the volume of S, then
Z bh i2
V (S) = π f (x) dx.
a

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I
e of this disk is
Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers
2 and Cylindrical Shells
∆i V = π[f (ξi )] (xi − xi−1 ) cubic units.

y (ξi , f (ξi )) = (ξi , yc )

y = f (x)

yc = f (ξi )

x
a b
xi
xi−1

∆i x
Figure 6.15:
.

DMS
he sum ofDepartment
the volumes
of
MATHEMATICS
of the n disks is
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
Vn = ∆1 V + ∆2 V + · · · + ∆n VILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 48 / 59
Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells
The disk method is useful when the axis of revolution is a part of the
boundary of the plane region R being revolved. The following steps may
be followed when using such a method.
1 Draw a sketch of the region R, the area involved, and a rectangular
strip (a representative strip or the ith rectangular element)
perpendicular to the axis of revolution.
2 Use the formula for the volume of a right circular cylinder to get the
volume of the disk generated by revolving the rectangular strip about
the axis of revolution. The (Riemann) sum of the volumes of n disks
can then be formed.
3 Use the Riemann integral to obtain the volume V (S) (the limit of the
Riemann sum obtained in (2.) as approaches kDk approaches to
zero).
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 49 / 59
Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells

Theorem 4.17 (Circular Ring or Washer Method)

Let the functions f and g be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and
assume that f (x) ≥ g(x) ≥ 0 for all x on [a, b]. If S is the solid obtained
by revolving about the x-axis the region bounded by y = f (x), y = g(x)
and the lines x = a and x = b, and if V (S) is the volume of S, then
Z b
V (S) = π ([f (x)]2 − [g(x)]2 ) dx.
a

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 50 / 59
ular ring or washer
Volumes is generated
by Slicing, when this ith
Disks/Washers andrectangle is revolved
Cylindrical Shellsabou
gure 6.20).
y y = f (x)
(ξi , f (ξi )) = (ξi , yc )
y = g(x)

yuc = f (ξi )

x
a b
ylc = g(ξi )

∆i x
.
Figure 6.20:
DMS
Department of
MINDANAO2STATE UNIVERSITY
fference of the areas of the two circular
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS regions is π([f
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF
− [g(ξi )]2 ) s
(ξi )]TECHNOLOGY
thicknessJ.V.of the ring is ∆Calculus
Benitez i x =with − xGeometry
xiAnalytic i−1 units.
I Hence,
1st Sem, the measure
2018-2019 51 / 59 o
Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells
The circular ring method is useful when the axis of revolution is not part
of the boundary of the region R being revolved. The following steps may
be followed when using this method.
1 Draw a sketch of the region R, the area involved, and a rectangular

strip (a representative strip or the ith rectangular element)

perpendicular to the axis of revolution.
2 Determine the thickness and the difference of the areas of the two

circular regions generated when this rectangular strip is revolved about

the axis of revolution. The product of the thickness and the difference
of the areas obtained is the volume of the circular ring or washer. The
(Riemann) sum of the volumes of n circular rings can then be formed.
3 Use the Riemann integral to obtain the volume V (S) (the limit of the

Riemann sum obtained in (2) as kDk approaches to zero) of the

resulting solid.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 52 / 59
Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells

Theorem 4.18 (Cylindrical Shell Method)

Let the functions f be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and assume
that f (x) ≥ 0 for all x on [a, b]. If S is the solid obtained by revolving
about the y-axis the region bounded by y = f (x), the x-axis, and the lines
x = a and x = b, and if V (S) is the volume of S, then
Z b
V (S) = 2π xf (x) dx.
a

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Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I
  
r2 + r1
V = πr22 h − πr12 h = π(r2 + r1 )(r2 − r1 )h = 2π
(r − r )h.
Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells 2
2 1

r2

r1
 
Figure 6.23: r2 + r1
V = πr22 h − πr12 h = π(r2 + r1 )(r2 − r1 )h = 2π (r2 − r1 )h
r2 + r1 2
Let r = and ∆r = r2 − r1 . Then V = 2πrh∆r. This is easy to remember because
. 2
2πr, h and ∆r are, respectively, the measures of the circumference of the circle having
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radius equal to the average of the two radii, the altitude, and the thickness of the shell.
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
Theorem 6.46 (Cylindrical Shell Method)ILIGAN Let the INSTITUTE
functions f be OF TECHNOLOGY
continuous on the
closed interval
J.V. Benitez[a, b] and assume Calculus with ≥
that f (x) 0 forGeometry
Analytic all x onI [a, b]. If S is the solid obtained
 Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells
UME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION

y
(mi , f (mi )) = (mi , yc )
y = f (x)

x
a b
xi−1 mi xi

Figure 6.24:
.

cal shell is obtained when the ith rectangle is revolved about the y-a
DMS
dius is mMATHEMATICS
i unitsofand its altitude and thickness are, respectively,
Department f (mi ) un
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
It follows that the measure of the volumeILIGANofINSTITUTE
this cylindrical shell is
OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I
Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells

The cylindrical shell method can be used even if the axis of revolution is
not part of the boundary of the region R being revolved. The following
steps may be followed when using this method.
1 Draw a sketch of the region R, the area involved, and a rectangular
strip (a representative strip or the ith rectangular element) parallel to
the axis of revolution.
2 Determine the average radius, the thickness and the altitude of the
shell generated when this rectangular strip is revolved about the axis
of revolution. Use the formula for the volume of the shell to get the
volume of the cylindrical shell obtained. The (Riemann) sum of the
volumes of n cylindrical shell can then be formed.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I
Volumes by Slicing, Disks/Washers and Cylindrical Shells

Note: If mi is the midpoint of the interval [xi−1 , xi ] (or [yi−1 , yi ]),

then the average radius r of the shell generated by revolving the ith
rectangle about the axis of revolution is the (undirected) distance
between the point (mi , 0) (or (0, mi )) and the axis of revolution.
3 Use the Riemann integral to obtain the volume V (S) (the limit of the
Riemann sum obtained in Step 2 as kDk approaches to zero) of the
resulting solid.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I