Group Eighteen

a) Engineering profession in Uganda is controlled by two bodies that work hand in

hand for a common cause. Briefly describe the process of becoming a fully
recognized “Professional Engineer” in Uganda.
b) Describe the categories of membership in UIPE.
c) Discuss the composition and functions of the Engineers Registration Board.

Answer:

(a) Uganda Institution of Professional Engineers (UIPE) and the Engineers

Registration Board are the two bodies that control the Engineering profession in
Uganda.

How to become a professional Engineer:

o Attain an OD, HD, or Bachelors’ degree in an engineering course.

o At least 2 years under training/supervision of registered Engineer.
o Working experience of 2 years under a registered Engineer.
o 25 years of age and above.
o Submission of application showing career and technical reports
to UIPE and registration with ERB.
o Issuance of registration number from ERB.

(b) The categories of membership are elaborated below:

 Honorary Fellow: A person because of his eminence and contribution to

engineering and who has been elected by Council. He does not have to be an
engineer.

 Fellow: a Corporate Member with at least 15 years post Graduate professional

experience who holds a position of eminence in society and who has contributed
significantly to the profession by exceptional academic, or leadership qualities.

 Member Is a Corporate Member of at least 4 years postgraduate professional

experience. Technologist Member- a member who holds a higher diploma in
engineering with at least 3 years’ experience.

 Technician Member a member who holds an ordinary diploma in engineering

with at least 2 years’ experience.

 Graduate Member. A Person who has graduated with an engineering degree

recognized by Council.
  Student Member. A person who is pursuing an engineering degree, higher
diploma, ordinary diploma.

 Graduate Technologist. A person who has completed a higher diploma.

 Graduate Technician. A person who has completed an ordinary diploma in

engineering.

(c) Composition:

The Board consists of :

(i) Chairman
(ii) Three Registered Engineers from Government Service
(iii) Three Registered Engineers not in service of Government.

The Registrar of the Board is the one who keeps the Register of Engineers. A
Registered Engineer is a person who has had at least 4 years of postgraduate
engineering experience and is a Corporate Member of the Institution. A
Registered Member is required to comply to a Code of Ethics.

Functions:

The functions of the Board shall be to regulate and control engineers and their
activities within Uganda, and to advise the Government in relation thereto.
(i) Regulate and administer the practice of engineers.

(ii) Keep a register of engineers entitled to practice the engineering profession

in Uganda.

(iii) Design suitable training programmes for students in engineering and set
examinations for qualifying standards.

(iv) Set ethical standards of practice and disciplinary procedures so as to

keep required standards of engineering
Group Nineteen
a) What is meant by Appropriate Technology as applied to Engineering?
b) In water treatment there are many appropriate technologies involved, that is Natural
plants, solar water disinfection, slow sand filtration, using wetlands, using
duckweed, using lagoons, and evapotranspiration beds. Pick two of these methods;
explain how each works, giving advantages and disadvantages

Answer:

(a) Appropriate technology is defined as any object, process, ideas, or practice that
enhances human fulfillment through satisfaction of human needs. A technology is
deemed to be appropriate when it is compatible with local, cultural, and economic
conditions (i.e., the human, material and cultural resources of the economy), and
utilizes locally available materials and energy resources, with tools and
processes maintained and operationally controlled by the local population.
Technology is considered thus “appropriate” to the extent that it is consistent with
the cultural, social, economic, and political institutions of the society in which it is
used.

(b)

Solar water disinfection:

Solar water disinfection system consists of three basic steps:

(i) Remove solids from highly turbid by settling or filtration, if needed.

(ii) Pouring water with low turbidity in clear plastic bottles of 1-2 liter
volume (usually discarded beverage bottles, which is preferably
painted black on one side).

(iii) Aeration (oxygenated) water bottle with vigorous shaking, and

finally put in contact with air bottles filled with aerated and exposed
to full sunlight for about 5 hours (or semi-sunny days).

Water exposed to sunlight, UV radiation, becomes heated and the temperature

generated destroys microbes transmitted by water. The system is ideal for treating low
volumes of water (less than 10 Liters) and more especially if the water also contains low
turbidity. Clear plastic bottles are preferred by most users on glass bottles. These
bottles are less likely to break due to being lighter and less expensive. Bottles made of
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles made of poly vinyl chloride (PVC), other
plastics and most types of glass are preferable, because in this bottle of water is less
likely to give hazardous materials. They also are lightweight, do not break, the
chemically stable and have the chance to taste and odor to water. PET bottles should
be replaced periodically, and if they are scratched at temperatures above 650° C, they
lose their form. Using an internal temperature sensor to help determine the minimum
temperature to achieve the goal, ie, preferably 500 and 550Cor more is recommended.

Advantages:

-Microbial inactivation by pasteurization (550 ° C or higher is recommended for long

hours)

- Easy to use and low cost of small vessels (PET plastic for solar disinfection (SODIS)
and black or opaque bottles for solar reflector or solar cooking system); the bottle or
other container, probably.

-No change in Water quality.

-SODIS system (UV + heat) and for low turbidity water is effective.

-Intensification of heat and UV in the SODIS system.

-Opaque or black bottle system, a temperature sufficient to inactivate viruses and less
affected by turbidity or UV absorbent is placed.

-Improved bacterial inactivation in aerobic water by SODIS system.

Disadvantages:

-Often many hours are required for effective disinfection. During cloudy weather,
disinfection might even last for 2 days in which case pathogens are inactivated slowly
and viruses such as hepatitis A and bacteria spores are not disabled at all.

-A limited volume of water per bottle can be treated. This means that the method is not
effective in cases where large volumes of water are required.

-No chemical disinfectant residuals in the treated water. Therefore, water should be
consumed within a day or something, otherwise microbial regrowth may occur.

-High turbidity can interfere with microbial inactivation. Need to reduce turbidity by
settling, filtration or other methods.

-The need for low turbidity water; require at least several clear plastic bottle and an
opaque or black surface on one side of each bottle, which is exposed to sunlight.

Slow sand filtration:

A slow sand filter comprises approximately 1.2 m depth of fine sand supported on two
or three gravel layers. It is a very simple and effective technique for purifying surface
water. It will remove practically all of the turbidity from the water as well as most of the
pathogens without the addition of chemicals. Slow sand filters can frequently be
constructed largely from locally-available materials. The effective size of the sand used
in slow sand filters is about 0.2 mm, but may range between 0.15 mm and 0.35 mm,
and with a coefficient of uniformity of between 1.5 and 3.0. In contrast, the range of
effective size for the rapid sand filters described in the preceding section is 0.35 mm to
1.0 mm, with a coefficient of uniformity of 1.2 to 1.7.

The walls of the filter can be constructed of concrete or stone. Sloping walls dug into the
earth, supported or protected by chicken wire reinforcement, and lined with sand or a
sand-bitumen mixture could be a cost-effective alternative to concrete. Inlets and outlets
should be provided with controllers to keep the raw water level and the filtration rate
constant. Bottom drains consist of a system of manifolds and lateral pipes. The filtration
rate usually employed in developing countries is between 2.5 and 6.0 m 3/m2/day. Higher
rates may be used, but should be tested to ensure that the higher rates yield a good
quality product water. The system should be designed for flexibility. Highly turbid water
may need some form of pre-treatment such as settling or rough filtration.

Home filters using the principles of slow sand filtration can be constructed using a 200
litres drum. Such systems are a common way of treating water for household drinking.
The drum has a layer of 3 mm sized gravel on the bottom surrounding the outlet pipe,
600 mm of fine sand on top of the gravel, and a space for the inlet water. An overflow
and a lid to prevent mosquito breeding and algal growth should be provided. Often large
stones are placed on top of the sand to prevent the flow from the inlet pipe from
scouring the sand. This type of filter is often used in rainwater systems to remove
sediment before the rainwater is conveyed to a storage tank.

Advantages

-The cost of construction is low, and its simplicity of design and operation means that
slow sand filters can be built and used with limited technical supervision.

-Little special pipework, equipment, or instrumentation is needed, and the labour

required for maintenance can be unskilled as the major labour requirement is in
cleaning the beds, which can be done by hand.

-Imported materials and equipment is usually negligible and no chemicals are required.

-Likewise, power is not required if a gravity head is available, and there are no moving
parts or requirements for compressed air or high-pressure water.

-Variations in raw water quality and temperature can be accommodated, provided

turbidity does not become excessive, and overloading for short periods does no harm.

-Compared to rapid sand filtration, there is a net savings of water as large quantities of
backwash water are not required.
Disadvantages

-Slow sand filtration units require large land areas for plants treating large flows (about
five times that of rapid sand filtration plants).

-Clogging may occur if the source water is excessively turbid or if certain (filamentous)
types of algae are present in the raw water.

-Pre-treatment with roughing filters or settling tanks may be necessary if such clogging
occurs frequently.

-Also, toxic chemical contamination of the raw water may affect the biological surface
layer (this could be a good indication of water source problems!)
Group Eight
The most serious construction accidents involve construction equipment operations,
trench and embankment failure, fall from elevated positions, collapse of temporary
structures and formwork, or the failure of structures under construction. The safety
regulations are quite specific in many of these areas, and special management
attention should be devoted to the safety of these activities. Lumber, used formwork
and other material lying around a work area increase the likelihood of falls and puncture
wounds. Describe the different types of safety procedures to be directed by the safety
engineer and/or project manager to ensure everyone’s Health and Safety on site.

Answer:

Safety Regulation

1. Wear your PPE on site at all times

PPE is your last line of defence should you come into contact with a hazard on site.
Wear your hard hat, safety boots and Hi-Viz vest as a minimum, along with any
additional PPE required for the task being carried out.

2. Do not start work without an induction

Each site has its own unique hazards and work operations. Make sure you know what is
happening so that you can work safely. Your induction is important, don’t start without
one.

3. Keep a tidy site

Construction work is messy. Remember to keep your work area tidy throughout your
shift to reduce the number of slip and trip hazards. Pay particular attention to high risk
areas such as access and escape routes.

4. Do not put yourself or others at risk

You are responsible for your own behaviour. Construction sites are dangerous places to
work. Make sure you remain safety aware throughout your shift.

5. Follow safety signs and procedures

Your employer should ensure a risk assessment is carried out for activities. Make sure
you read and understand it. Follow signs and procedures – control measures are put in
place for your safety.
6. Never work in unsafe areas

Make sure your work area is safe. Don’t work at height without suitable guard rails or
other fall prevention. Don’t enter unsupported trenches. Make sure you have safe
access. Don’t work below crane loads or other dangerous operations.

7. Report defects and near misses

If you notice a problem, don’t ignore it, report it to your supervisor immediately. Action
cannot be taken quickly if management are not aware of the problem, and the sooner
problems are resolved the less chance for an accident to occur.

8. Never tamper with equipment

Never remove guard rails or scaffold ties. Do not remove guards. Do not attempt to fix
defective equipment unless you are competent to do so. Do not ever tamper with
equipment without authorisation.

9. Use 110v equipment

110v equipment only, must be suitable for use on site. 240v equipment strictly
prohibited without prior authorisation from management and will only be used if no 110v
alternative available and additional safety precautions taken.

10. If in doubt – Ask

Better safe than sorry. Mistakes on construction sites can cost lives - don’t let it be
yours. If you need help or further information speak to your supervisor.
Group Four
Explain the major developments that accrued in the construction industry from the 18 th
century to date.

Answer:
The eighteenth century saw the development of many the ideas that had been born in
the late seventeenth century. The architects and engineers became increasingly
professionalized. Experimental science and mathematical methods became increasingly
sophisticated and employed in buildings. At the same time the birth of the industrial
revolution saw an increase in the size of cities and increase in the pace and quantity of
construction.
The major breakthroughs in this period were in the use of iron (both cast and
wrought). Iron columns had been used in Wren's designs for the House of Commons
and were used in several early eighteenth-century churches in London, but these
supported only galleries. In the second half of the eighteenth century the decreasing
costs of iron production allowed the construction of major pieces of iron engineering.
The Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale (1779) is a particularly notable example. Large-
scale mill construction required fire-proof buildings and cast iron became increasingly
used for columns and beams to carry brick vaults for floors. The Louvre in Paris boasted
an early example of a wrought-iron roof. Steel was used in the manufacture of tools but
could not be made in sufficient quantities to be used for building.
Brick production increased markedly during this period. Many buildings throughout
Europe were built of brick, but they were often coated in lime render, sometimes
patterned to look like stone. Brick production itself changed little. Bricks were moulded
by hand and fired in kilns no different to those used for centuries before. Terracotta in
the form of Coade stone was used as an artificial stone in the UK.
The nineteenth century industrial revolution was manifested in new kinds of
transportation installations, such as railways, canals and macadam roads. These
required large amounts of investment. New construction devices included steam
engines, machine tools, explosives and optical surveying. The steam engine
combined with two other technologies which blossomed in the nineteenth century, the
circular saw and machine cut nails, lead to the use of balloon framing and the decline of
traditional timber framing.
As steel was mass-produced from the mid-19th century, it was used, in form of I-
beams and reinforced concrete. Glass panes also went into mass production, and
changed from luxury to every man's property.
Plumbing appeared, and gave common access to drinking water and sewage
collection.
Building codes have been applied since the 19th century, with special respect to fire
safety.
With the Second Industrial Revolution in the early 20th century, elevators and cranes
made high rise buildings and skyscrapers possible, while heavy equipment and
power tools decreased the workforce needed. Other new technologies were
prefabrication and computer-aided design.
Trade unions were formed to protect construction workers' interests and occupational
safety and health. Personal protective equipment such as hard hats and earmuffs
also came into use, and have become mandatory at most sites.
From the 20th century, governmental construction projects were used as a part of
macroeconomic stimulation policies, especially during the Great depression (see New
Deal). For economy of scale, whole suburbs, towns and cities, including
infrastructure, are often planned and constructed within the same project (called
megaproject if the cost exceeds US$1 billion), such as Brasília in Brazil, and the
Million Programme in Sweden.
In the end of the 20th century, ecology, energy conservation and sustainable
development have become more important issues of construction.

Group Two
Briefly describe the role of the engineering industry to the National Economy of any
country.

Answer:

I. Healthcare and Social

Services and products to improve the quality-of-life of individuals and groups in society.
This includes medical pharmaceutical systems, supplies and services.

II. Leisure and Entertainment

Services and products for entertainment, cultural, social and sporting pursuits.

III. Education
Services and products for school, college and university-based education together with
distance-learning, vocational and lifelong learning.

IV. Commerce, Trade and Finance

All systems and services for the local and international trade in goods and finance. This
includes the retail trade, distribution, banking, insurance service and electronic
commerce.

V. Communications and IT
The creation, processing, management and distribution, or information by physical
media or by broadcast and by communications network. Voice, video and information
transmission systems using satellite, radio and cable.

VI. Defence and Security

Systems, services and products for the provision of national defence and security on a
world-wide scale. Civil security and emergency services. Private and commercial
security services and products.

VII. Transport
The mobile, but not the built, element of transport networks together with the supporting
fixed installations. Transport includes personal, commercial and public vehicles for air,
sea and land.

VIII. Agriculture and Food

Farms, process plant and services for livestock, crops and other natural or synthetic
ingredients that are processed into food and drink.

IX. Engineered Materials

Process plant and services developing and producing materials such as plastics for
direct application or further processing into products and systems. The field includes
advanced materials for pharmaceutical, human implants, electronic/photonic, aerospace
and similar demanding applications.
X. Energy and Natural Resources
Plant, systems and services for:
a) The generation and distribution of electrical energy, oil gas and other fuels
b) Acquiring, processing and distributing water and liquid wastes
c) Acquiring, processing and distributing minerals and raw materials.

XI. Built Environment

All civil construction, planning and services including private, public and commercial
buildings, factories, road and rail networks, harbours, waterways, airports and public
spaces.

Group Eleven
a) Learning is a long life continuous Processes involving conditioning
i. Explain what is meant by Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning.
ii. During information processing and memory, with the help of a chart describe the
information processing process.
iii. Discuss the three determinants of efficient learning.

Answer:

(i) Classical Conditioning is a learning technique associated with the relation

between a stimulus and its response. In other words, it is a method that involves
stimulating a subject’s mind to get a particular response from it. It was discovered
by Pavlov who found that dogs could be trained to salivate at the sound of a bell.
The reaction could be transferred to another stimulus that would not normally
produce this reaction.

Operant Conditioning occurs when some desired or voluntary behavior is

rewarded or reinforced while undesired behavior is ignored or punished, for
example a rat could be trained to press a bar to release pellets of food.

(ii)

We receive information from our various senses; sight, hearing, smell. Stimuli
from these senses come into our sensory registers where it is retained for a few
seconds. If nothing happens, this is forgotten. Visual information is processed
very quickly, auditory lasts longer. Raw data that enters the sensory register
must be processed for meaning. There is a filtering process that can turn off
unwanted signals. Information that we do not give attention to is discarded and
 lost. The selected information enters short term memory. Everything we know
and need to think about is stored in long-term memory. Some is verbal, visual,
taste, sound and smell. The more association or indexes an item has, the easier
it will be to remember. Material in long-term memory can be forgotten because of
competing information.

(iii) Material to be learned: The more meaningful the material to be learned, the
more easily it is learned. Material that can be related to what is already known is
more likely to be remembered than meaningless facts. The novelty of the
learning process, can also affect learning process.
Psychological state of learner: Extremely high and extremely low levels of
anxiety result in poor performance. Moderate anxiety helps.
Learning Strategy: Rehearsal of material, questions, lists, organize study in
different ways.
Group Twelve
A structure is any load bearing construction made from reinforced concrete, steel or
timber; an organized assembly of connected parts designed to provide mechanical
resistance and stability. However, for reinforced concrete structures, a combination of
beams, columns, slabs and walls, are rigidly connected together to form a monolithic
frame each member being capable of resisting the forces acting on it whose
determination (forces) is an essential part of the design process. Describe a brief
introduction to Structural Engineering clearly elaborating commonly used structural
members.

Answer:
Structural Engineering is concerned with the research, planning, design,
construction, inspection, monitoring, maintenance, rehabilitation and
demolition of permanent and temporary structures, as well as structural
systems and their components. It also considers the technical, economic,
environmental, aesthetic and social aspects of structures.
Structures can include buildings, bridges, in-ground structures, footings,
frameworks and space frames, including those for motor vehicles, space
vehicles, ships, aeroplanes and cranes. They can be composed of any structural
material including composites and novel materials.
Structural engineering is a creative profession that makes a significant
contribution to infrastructure, industry, as well as residential and recreational
developments.
Structural engineers carry out strength calculations and prepare drawings of
structures to ensure they are strong enough to avoid collapse when loaded. The
most common structures dealt with are buildings and bridges, but tunnels, walls
to hold back earth embankments, large tanks and silos as well as mining
structures, also form part of a structural engineer's work. Specialist areas include
oil drilling platforms and associated infrastructure, shipbuilding and aircraft
design.
Structural engineers generally work in teams and look at the way a structure is to
be built. They ensure buildings are strong enough to withstand natural forces and
loads imposed by the nature of its use. Through research and the testing of both
form and material, new solutions are developed which promote safer, more
environmentally friendly buildings and structures.
Some structural engineers work in the design of structures (carrying out the
strength calculations and supervising drawings), others specialise in the building
of structures and some work in research. Structural engineers commonly work
with architects, builders, mechanical, electrical and chemical engineers to ensure
that all parts of the structure are safe and capable of fulfilling their intended
function. They also make sure structures use appropriate materials efficiently.
Structural members are the primary load bearing components of a building, and
each have their own structural properties which need to be considered. Such
members include:

 Beams: Horizontal members which transfer loads to supports.

 Columns: Vertical members which transfer compressive loads to the ground.
 Bracing: Members that interconnect and stiffen columns and beams.
 Roof trusses: Load-bearing frames constructed of connected triangular shapes.
 Retaining walls: Support soil where a sloping site requires excavation.
 Concrete slabs: Span horizontally between supports, used as floors and
sometimes as roof systems.
 Footings: Transfer load from the structure to the foundations.
Group Nine
An Engineer being a key party in the construction industry, has safety as a liability one
that can be shared but never completely delegated, a responsibility for the lives and
well-being of the workers themselves. Describe ways (responsibilities) in which you as
an Engineer would/ can ensure Health and Safety on site.

Answer

Responsibilities of Safety Engineer at Construction Site:

 Before commencing any work on site, Safety Officer is appointed who will ensure
the safety measures at site
 The safety measures to be adopted at the site will be the responsibilities of the
Engineer executing the work
 The safety officer will go for safety rounds all over the site every day and advise
the concerned Supervisor regarding any unsafe act or condition and the remedial
action required will be implemented.
 Safety trainings will be conducted to all workers and staff before they start their
work and as well as at regular intervals.
 Those records of trainings will be maintained by safety officer.

Follow following guidelines for effecting management of safety at construction sites:

 Good housekeeping should be maintained at all situations.

 Safety helmets, shoes, belts should be given to the workers to avoid the causes
of injuries
 Do not interfere with firefighting equipment and electrical circuits
 Proper labour shed has to be provided to the labour
 Proper ventilation, lighting facilities, drinking water and sanitary facilities should
be provided to the labour
 Ensures Implementation of law of the land with respect to safety and health.
 Create safety organization with Health and First aid facilities.
 Adequate budget.
 Standard, quality & timely supply of personnel protective equipment.
 Organization for housekeeping and deployment of qualified P& M person.
 Incident and injury free work place.
 Safety promotional activities.
 Availability of recognized health care center.
 Adequate provision of fire prevention systems.
 No child labour and sexual harassment.
 No smoking.
 Appropriate badges for identification of JMC staffs, contractors and others.
 Formation of safety committee.
 Workers will be covered under occupation accident policy.
  Monitoring of implementation

Group Thirteen

a) Clearly stating and explaining the different stages differentiate between a basic/
broad project cycle and a construction project cycle.
b) Using an elaborative example, describe Concept and Feasibility Studies,
Engineering and Design as stages of a construction project cycle.

Answer

Construction project cycle Broad project cycle

Pre-project phase  Identification
A construction project begins with an idea, a perceived need, a desire The first phase of the cycle is
to improve or add to productive capacity or the wish for more efficient concerned with identifying projects.
provision of some public service. However, prior to that, among the
first things the owner must do is to decide what sort of project
delivery system will be used. How will the various parties be related?
Will the owner engage a design professional to prepare plans and
specifications and then contract separately with a construction
contractor? Or, will a single entity be responsible for the entire
project? Other possible options include several separate specialty
contractors, each related by contract with the owner, the use of a
construction manager as an advisor to the owner, the use of the
owner’s own construction forces and the phasing of the project such
that individual portions of the field work are commenced prior to the
completion of all design work. The other primary decision required by
the owner early in the project relates to the type of contract to be used
with the contractor. Will the contractor be paid a specified fixed price,
regardless of the actual quantities used in the project and regardless of
the contractor’s actual costs? Will the quantities of materials be
measured and the contractor paid on the basis of those quantities and
pre-agreed-upon unit prices for each material? Or, will the contractor
be reimbursed for its actual costs, plus a fee, perhaps with an agreed-
upon upper limit? The owner will also need to decide the basis upon
which the design professional will be paid.
Planning and design phase  Preparation
The project is fully defined and made ready for contractor selection A "project brief” is prepared for each
and deployment during the planning and design phase. It is convenient project, describing its objectives,
to divide this phase into three stages. The goal of the first stage is to identifying principal issues, and
define the project’s objectives, consider alternative ways to attain establishing the timetable for its
those objectives and ascertain whether the project is financially further processing. It is difficult to
feasible. In this process of planning and feasibility study, a project generalize about the preparation
brief will be developed, more details will be set forth in a programme phase because of the variables that
statement, various sites may be investigated, public input may be abound: the nature of the project, the
sought, a preliminary cost estimate will be prepared, funding sources experience and capability of the
will be identified and a final decision on whether to proceed with the borrower, the knowledge currently
project will be rendered. available (Is it the first loan to the
sector I borrower or a "repeater"?),
the sources and availability of
financing for preparation,
Operations phase  Appraisal
In presenting the contractor’s activities on the construction site, we As the project takes shape and studies
will suggest, perhaps too simply, that the responsibilities involve three near completion, the project is
basic areas: monitoring and control, resource management and scheduled for appraisal. Appraisal,
documentation and communication. Five aspects of monitoring and perhaps the best known phase of
controlling the work are important. Actual schedule progress must be project work (in part, because it is the
compared against the project programme to determine whether the culmination of preparatory work),
project is on schedule; if it is not, actions must be undertaken to try to provides a comprehensive review of
bring the programme back into conformance. Likewise, the cost status all aspects of the project and lays the
must be checked to establish how actual performance compares with foundation for implementing the
the budget. An equally important part of monitoring and control is project and evaluating it when
quality management, to assure that the work complies with the completed.
technical requirements set forth in the contract documents. In addition,
the contractor has an important role to play in managing the work
safely and in a way that minimises adverse environmental impacts.
Project closeout and termination phase  Negotiation with
Finally, as the project nears completion, a number of special activities employer/financier
must take place before thecontractor’s responsibilities can be Negotiation is the stage at which
considered complete. There are the various testing and startup tasks, the employer and the contractor
the final cleanup, various inspections and remedial work that may endeavor to agree on the measures
result from them and the process of closing the construction office and necessary to assure the success of
terminating the staff’s employment. In addition, a myriad of special the project. These agreements are
paperwork is required, including approvals and certifications that then converted into legal obligations,
allow the contractor to receive final payment, a set of as-built set out in the loan documents.
drawings that include all changes made to the original design,
operating manuals, warranties and a final report. The contractor will
also be responsible for transferring and archiving project records and
will conduct some sort of project critique and evaluation; operator
training may also be part of the contractor’s contractual
responsibilities.

Implementation
The next stage in the life of a project
is its actual implementation over the
period of construction and subsequent
operation. Implementation, of course,
is the responsibility of the borrower,
with whatever assistance has been
agreed upon with the Bank in such
forms as organizational studies,
training of staff, expatriate managers,
or consultants to help supervise
construction. The Bank's role is to
supervise the project as it is
implemented.
Evaluation
While supervision is, in part, a
process of learning through
experience, it is primarily concerned
with that period in the project's life
when physical components are being
constructed, equipment purchased
and installed, and new institutions,
programs, and policies put in place.
Once these stages are complete, and
Bank funds fully disbursed, the level
of supervision declines sharply.
During the period of active
supervision, attention tends to be
focused on the problems of the
moment. While projects may be
subject to ongoing monitoring and
evaluation, the need for a more
comprehensive approach to
evaluating project results has become
apparent.
(b) Road Project
1. Concept:

There is need to upgrade a road link so as to promote economic development in

the region. This will be achieved through:
i. The integration of international trade through improved cross country
transit
ii. The improvement of access to markets and producer services for the
development of rural households
iii. The reduction of poverty through economic growth based on broad-
based agricultural development and the spatial distribution of that growth
iv. The promotion of exports
v. The provision of access to social services

2. Feasibility study:

The analysis will include data collection with respect to the proposed road link as
follows.

Traffic Survey – the number and types vehicles along the proposed route will be
physically counted by a team. This can be a day and night count for a period of one
week or more, depending on the circumstances. A moving observation count can be
used to determine traffic volumes at different locations along the route. This data will be
used to predict the lifetime axle loading on the planned road, based on an equivalency
factors for different types of vehicles. The design horizon may be 10 or 15 years. Non-
Motorised Transport (NMT) like bicycles will also be included in the traffic count.

Materials Survey – this will seek to sample and test in-situ materials on the existing or
proposed alignment and potential sources of construction materials in the vicinity,
including rock, gravels, sand and water. The tests that will be carried out include the
Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index Sieve Analysis, Compaction and California
Bearing Ratio including wetted and dry samples

Topographic Survey – this will seek to identify the existing and proposed routes that will
be used in the pavement and drainage design. A more detailed survey will be done on
cross sections of the proposed route.

Hydrological Survey – this survey will obtain records of the climate which include;
rainfall, river flows and temperatures. This information is required for the design of
drainage structures such side drains, culverts and bridges.
This data will be analysed and an Economic Assessment will be made based on the
traffic forecasts which will include an estimation of the savings in vehicle operating costs
and the quantification of benefits in terms of economic indicators like the Cost Benefit
Ratio, the Net Present Value or the Internal Rate of Return in line Highway Design and
Management (HDM) 4 Software over a 10 or 20 year period.

An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment will be also carried out and a
Preliminary Resettlement Action Plan. At the end of this a Feasibility Study Report is
produced.

3. Synthesis and Evaluation :

This will include the Preliminary Design which can include the:

i) Pavement Design,

ii) Design of Hydraulic Structures and

iii) Cost Estimates

The Pavement Design will follow the Ugandan Road Design Manual or other design
standards, which may be the Kenyan Design Manual, the UK Transport Research
Laboratory (TRRL) standards or the American standards depending on the either the
capital costs or the life cycle costs. In some cases this will include strengthening of a
subgrade, making an adequate sub-base, road-base and including a wearing course. In
the Design of Hydraulic Structures, the design flood flows for the drainage structures will
first be estimated using either the rational formulae or TRRL formulae and the hydraulic
design will be done using the Manning equation. Cost estimates of different alignment
options and different pavement options will be carried out.

The Preliminary Design includes the design report, the book of drawings, the bills of
quantities, the cost estimate and specifications After the Preliminary Design is
completed, it is submitted to the Client who evaluates it and provides comments. Once
these comments are incorporated it becomes the Final Design

The Final Design which are the tender documents consist of i) the book of drawings, ii)
the bills of quantities, iii) the specifications both general and special and iv) the forms of
security, which include the bid security, the performance security and the advance
payment guarantee. The Final Design is now ready for execution.
Group Twenty Two:

Explain how you would use any four of Leonardo da Vinci principles in executing any
one of the following projects. What is its importance in society?
i) An improved road between Moroto and Nakapiripit
ii) A water and sanitation scheme for Puranga Rural Growth Centre.
iii) A mini hydro power scheme on river Okucelere.
iv) A hospital in Galiraya.

Answer

An improved road between Moroto and Nakapiripit

Dimostrazione
Dimostrazione is a commitment to test knowledge through experience, persistence, and
willingness to learn from mistakes. Leonardo emphasised the importance of learning for
oneself, through practical experience.
In the practice of dimostrazione, it is important to start with the eye-opening work of
questioning our own opinions, assumptions and beliefs about the wide variety of topics:
human nature, ethics, politics, ethnic groups, scientific truth, sexuality, religion,
medicine, the meaning of art, marriage, parenting, history, other cultures, etc. and to
have trust in one’s abilities (confidence) that works started will be accomplished. These
can be checked with our own experiences and from information from other sources and
its authenticity. The engineer primarily uses proven scientific principles to make use of
the forces of nature to meet man’s needs. A practical experience of these principles,
laws and methods would, however, better enhance independent thinking and
individualism in engineering decision-making.
Connessione
This is a recognition of and appreciation for the interconnectedness of all things and
phenomena. It may also be referred to as “systems thinking.” This principle will help one
appreciate patterns, relationships, connections, and systems. Connessione ties
everything together.
The ability to see relationships and patterns, and make unfamiliar combinations and
connections, is the core of creativity.
Make all your goals SMART; Specific, Measurable, Accountability, Realistic and
Relevant (“we ought not to desire the impossible,” said Da Vinci), and Time line (be
specific on the period of time).

Sensazione
Sensazione is the continual refinement of the senses, especially sight, as the means to
enliven experience. This principle focuses on sharpening the senses, consciously, since
refining sensory awareness is the key to enriching experience .
Sfumato
Sfumato is a willingness to embrace ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty. While
sharpening the senses, probing the depths of experience and awakening childlike
powers of questioning, one will encounter increasing uncertainty and ambiguity. Highly
creative people have a trait of enduring confusion. The word Sfumato translates as
“turned to mist” or “going up in smoke” or simply “smoked.” Intuition which is the art of
listening, with an inner ear, to the rhythms and melodies of your own body and perhaps
the things around us, is a useful tool in making sound decisions which could determine
the failure or success of a project.
Group Twenty One:
Why is Chiek Anta Diop’s work important to African Scholars? What were the main
contributions of blacks to Science and Technology?

Answer

African scholars can pick lessons from the numerous work researched and published by
Chiek Anta Diop especially in regard to his Afrocentric theories in which he advocates
for African identity and culture and also his contribution to the advancement of science
as well as historical studies.
In the article entitled “The Origins of the World Race and Language”, Diop proposed
that indigenous languages be used in primary, secondary and tertiary education. It was
from this beginning that Diop continued his research and writing focusing upon Pan
African Studies as well as comparative studies of African political studies and European
studies, with the intention of dispelling of the notion that African political structures were
not as advanced as those in Europe.
Other works of Diop’s study include African Cultural Unity, Anthropology, Philosophy,
History, Egyptology, Hieroglyphics and Nuclear Physics.
Chiek Anta Diop brought to the fore the advancements made by the civilizations of
Ancient Egypt which had been hitherto overlooked as a pale imitation to those of Greek
and Roman Antiquity, and in other instances been regarded as having closer affinity to
the Arab world and the other great civilizations of the near/middle East.
However, Diop was not merely concerned with looking backwards at Africa’s past
achievements but also called for a clear technical and industrial development
programme as he saw it as essential for the continent’s overall development.
Diop’s scholastic achievements in the area of cultural identity meant that the European
hegemony on African Studies was finally broken. However, Diop also furthered the Pan
African agenda and ideology regarding an African cultural renaissance.

Contribution of Blacks to science and technology:-

Name Contribution
Elijah McCoy Invented automatic lubrication for steam engines.
Jan Matzeliger First machine for mass-producing shoes.
Granville Woods 35 patents for electro-mechanical devices, bringing about
improvements in telegraphy, telephones, automatic cut-offs for
electrical circuits and electric motor regulators.
Lewis Latimer Inexpensive cotton-thread filament which made electric light practical
for homes.
Garret Morgan First automatic stop-light and a smoke inhalator mask.
Norbert Rillieux Vacuum evaporator for turning cane juice into white sugar crystals.
Lewis Temple Movable harpoon head which revolutionized the whaling industry
 Hayden also introduces 20th century inventors.
Frederick McKinley Movable refrigeration unit that transformed the food transport industry
Jones
Otis Boykin The control unit in artificial heart stimulators and electrical device used
in all guided missiles and IBM computers.
Meredith Gourdine A pioneer in energy conversion, inventor of many products and
processes based on the use of electro gas-dynamics technology.
Major Frederick D. Is the first black astronaut pilot in the history of space flight. He has
Gregory flown 40 different aircrafts and has been involved with aircraft
evaluation and testing for the Air force and NASA. Among the designs
of Gregory is a “single-hand “ controller that combines both throttle
power control as well as control over roll and pitch.
Isaac Gillam IV An operations officer at NASA
Robert E. Shurney An aeronautical engineer who specializes in designing utility devices
for space laboratories.
Patricia Cowings Specializes in space medicine research e.g. the physiological
problems that astronauts have when flying in space.
Christine Darden An aerospace engineer in the High-speed Aerodynamics Division at
NASA.
Group Fourteen
a) In this world everyone has worked for success, but in academic success strategies
there are five main approaches. Discuss these approaches.
b) In the personal growth and development, a number of useful frameworks have been
used including, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Use Maslow’s hierarchy to discuss
these needs.

Answer:

(a)
Approaches to success Discussion
Structure your Life Once you have set your goals, there is need to structure your life
Situation situation to maximize your time and minimize distractions and
interferences in your academic study. The demands of your time
from work, commuting, family friends and other social
responsibilities should be regulated. One such approach assumes
that a student can work a minimum of 60 hours a week. With
respect to lectures it means he would require at least two hours of
study for every lecture. If you have 20 hours of lectures, it would
mean you need to study a minimum of 40 hours. Your family and
friends need to know that your studies are priority number one. You
may find you have less time for friends who have taken other
courses or who did not join this campus, partly because your
interests may not be so similar any more. You should take
advantage and develop new friends who can support you
tremendously during your career.
Use Study Groups The lone approach to study may apply to secondary school
although it is not very effective anymore. Even in schools students
are encouraged to study in groups. The challenge with engineering
studies is that the concepts are more complex and the volume of
work greater and the pace much faster. Study groups have shown
to enhance the performance of students considerably, lead to more
commitment by students towards their study, create more caring
and supportive relationships that often continue even after
university. By being able to communicate your ideas in a study
group, you will enhance your communication skills, confidence self-
esteem and enjoy the learning experience. Several students have
attributed their outstanding performance to their study groups.
Furthermore, they simulate actual work experience in the
engineering world, because, practicing engineers work in groups
and consult each other. The collaborative spirit that is a result of
working in groups is a winning approach in many kinds of industry.
Use Academic Staff University academic staff are very knowledgeable in their respective
fields and support your learning through lecturing, assessments,
setting exams, obtaining places for industrial training and are
mentors and can give you a reference for a job or even recommend
 you for a scholarship. You need to create an impression on your
lecturers about your seriousness of purpose by avoiding bad habits
such as coming late to class, sleeping or conversing in class,
leaving class early, failing to complete the homework in time. You
need to be courteous to them by addressing politely and
respectfully. You can regularly consult them in class or their offices,
where you find difficulty in your learning.
Study Skills One of the single most important rules is “Do not go for the next
session in a course without mastering the material presented
in the previous class session”. This is a key to academic
success. Some students study from test to test and not from lesson
to lesson. The concepts in sciences, mathematics and engineering
are demanding and require a little intake at a time so as to facilitate
proper absorption and internalization of the knowledge. You need to
avoid procrastination, otherwise you create a backlog of information
to be learned and in the end it cannot be done properly. Some
lectures are very clear and some students feel they do not need to
go over the material again, forgetting that the lecturer is the one
who understands it well. It is then up to the student to master it very
well till he too can give a lecture. One of the strategies is to prepare
for a lecture. By doing so you have already gained interest In the
topic and since learning is about reinforcing knowledge your
learning will be enhanced by the lecture. You should concentrate
during lectures and get back on track after being side tracked. You
need to make a conscious effort to do this, which can be enhanced
by note taking asking questions. Most engineering subjects are
learnt best by solving problems than by just studying and reading
and since your objective is to master the topic, do not just do the
assignment given to you. Try to answer other problems as well.
Time Management A key to success in your studies is how you regulate your time
between competing priorities. One approach is to schedule your
time with a weekly plan or even on a daily basis. Like a to- do list.
This is very important because it helps you keep track of your
activities. You then have to make a serious commitment towards
your schedule. Include time for extracurricular and social activities.
You always need to avoid rescheduling your study time because of
other social activities. This would lead to the excuses syndrome
whereby someone specializes in giving excuses for not meeting
their targets.
(b) Understanding one-self is a lifelong process and a key tool that can assist in
behavior change. There are number of useful frameworks.
One is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which can give you an idea of what
needs should be satisfied if you are to succeed in your studies. The other is the
Hermann brain dominance Instrument.
According to Maslow’s theory, and as illustrated in figure below, needs must be
satisfied from the bottom up. If a lower level need exists, you will be highly
motivated to satisfy that need. When the lower level needs are satisfied, higher
level needs become important and you become motivated to meet those needs.
At the lowest level of the pyramid are physiological needs for food water air and
shelter. If these are met, you can focus on your academic work. The second level
is the safety needs, which include freedom from fear of physical and
psychological threats. A hostile classmate or even lecturer can lead to reduced
concentration on studies.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Source: Maslow,1954)

The third level is the social need, which includes the need to belong, to be accepted and
to receive support and affection from others. These needs are usually met by family and
friends. From secondary school to university, it is a new environment and some
students have to make new friends in order to adjust.
The fourth level is the need for esteem, recognition and appreciation by others in order
to able to feel good about yourself. Recognition by peers and superiors is central for
self-respect.
Self-actualization is the fifth level and here an individual becomes what he is meant to
be.
Group Sixteen
a) Distinguish between Professionalism and Ethics
b) Write short notes on the subject professional ethics clearly stating who Professional
and Chartered Engineers, what you understand by Code of Ethics (also list the
Code of Ethics for Engineers), Fundamental Principles and Fundamental Canons of
Engineers.
c) In the Development of a Professional Engineer in Uganda, there are different levels
of achievements. Discuss these achievements.
d) Outline the Benefits of Continuous Professional Developments to individuals.

Answer:
(a) For the Engineering Professional, professionalism implies that maximum use will be
made of skills and knowledge, and that each person will use his or her competence to
the fullest.
With complete honesty and integrity
With his or her best effort in spite of the fact that frequently neither client nor employer is
able to evaluate the effort.
With avoidance of all possible conflicts of interests.
With the consciousness that the profession is often judged by the performance of the
individual.

Professionalism also means:

Striving to improve all work until it becomes a model for those in the field. As a minimum,
using the most up-to-date techniques and procedures.
Proper credit for work and ideas developed by subordinates
Loyalty to one's employer and client, always with concern to the public safety in construction,
product design, plant operation and all other phases of engineering
Leadership of less experienced colleagues and subordinates toward personal development
and an enthusiasm for the profession.
Activity in professional and technical societies, thereby demonstrating an interest in the
profession.
Registration with the Engineers Registration Board demonstrates to the co-workers and the
public that this is an important hall-mark of the profession, a willingness to go beyond the
minimum to improve standards and protect public health safety and interests.

Ethics are guidelines for individuals, which clearly state the dos and don’ts. Ethics
exists in many contexts. Engineering ethics represents the attempts of professional
engineers to define proper courses of action in their dealings with each other, with their
clients and employees, and with the general public.
The work ethic imposed on the engineers becomes the guide towards ethically correct
actions that should define them all. These actions could be described as confidentiality,
respect, honesty, transparency, courteous, ethical behaviour, setting good examples
and competency.
(b) Professional ethics refers to ethics of human character for any scientific venture are
expressed as moral principles of conduct. Ethics are the elements which belong to
a branch of philosophy dealing with the moral nature of human conduct, or it may
be defined as, the principles and standards guiding moral conduct in everyday life
or in a special field or profession. The word ethics suggests norms, moral
responsibilities, personal values etc. When we talk about engineering profession,
we talk about engineer’s moral responsibilities and personal. For example, an
engineer, who is trained for technical skills, is required to observe certain code of
conduct or norms for his acts or behaviour. This code of conduct or behaviour
pattern is governed by ethical considerations, popularly known as professional
ethics. The professional ethics signifies the code of conduct to be adopted in
practice by the individuals who are in respective profession.

Role commitment is, in general, engineer’s moral responsibility. The ethical conduct
of engineers makes them accountable for their actions towards the society and the
community which entrusts its young ones to their duties and work, towards the
pupils, towards the authorities who supervise their actions and most importantly
towards their own self. “The role of engineers is vital for progress and development
of the country. All the professionally registered engineers and technicians have
committed to working in an ethical and socially responsible manner according to
their professional engineering institution’s code of conduct, issued in line with
guidance from the Engineering UIPE or ERB.

(c) In light of the cardinal training objectives set out by UIPE which are;
 Personal – effective communication and interpersonal skills, leadership and professional
commitment;
 Engineering – identification and solution of engineering problems and the safe and
economic implementation of solutions;
 Management and commercial - efficient procurement and management of resources
within economic and regulatory constraints to achieve the engineering objectives; the
different levels of achievement are;

i. Appreciation A: There must be an understanding of the objectives as well as an

appreciation of the reasons for its inclusion.
ii. Knowledge K: You must know how the objective should be achieved in addition to
general understanding and appreciation.
iii. Experience E: The objective should be achieved independently or under
supervision. Experience of the relevant techniques and functions is in addition to
showing appreciation and knowledge.
iv. Ability B: In addition to display of appreciation, knowledge and experience,
ability to carry out the objective without supervision and have competence to
supervise others in the relevant techniques and functions.
v. Range: R: This sets out the breadth of activity expected to be experienced in
achieving the objective.
(d) Benefits to individuals and organizations
Planning, doing and recording your CPD allows you to take stock of your situation and
will allow you to:
o Provide documented evidence of your commitment to your chosen
profession and of your continued competence;
o Have an excellent reference document for use both in the updating of
your CV and in recalling details of topics you have studied as well as for
appraisals and interviews;
o Have a useful aid for your career development providing a means by
which you can plan, record and review your relevant activities;
o Have an awareness of your shortcomings and a strategy to overcome
them;
o Exploit change and not be driven by it;
o Identify your skills which may be of assistance to others.

Organisations benefit from providing and promoting CPD by having:

o Efficient and skillful people;
o Staff motivated to learn and develop performance which contributes to
business objectives and increases client/customer satisfaction;
o An image as a progressive firm committed to developing its human
resources;
o Staff more able to adapt to the changing demands of the business.

Clients and society in general will benefit from:

o An assurance that civil engineers’ skills are being maintained and
developed following professional qualification;
o A quality benchmark of the competence of Members.
Group Seventeen
a) Different terms have been used in this course units that is Science, Engineering, Technology
and Innovation. Discuss in the Engineering perspective what these terms mean.
b) In the Universe of Engineering, there are many disciplines in Engineering, list the disciplines
and clearly explaining what they do.
c) The Engineering Process is about responding to a requirement and involves: Analysis,
Synthesis, Evaluation, Execution etc. Draw the Engineering process model.