Genius Series (Maths 11) 98 Unit-2 SOLVED EXAMPLES

Unit-2 Solved Examples M 22 

1 3
 9  21  12.
Example 1. If 7 9

3 2  2 5 1  2 5 
  
A   4  1 and B   1 4  , then show Example 3. Let A  3 0  1 .
 6 1  0 3  5 2 0 
that  A  B   At  Bt . Find the cofactor A13 and A21 .
t

Solution: Since Solution. We have

3 2   2 5 3 0
A13  (1)1 3 M 13  (1) 4  1 (3  2  0  5)  6
A  B   4  1   1 4  5 2
2 5
6 1 0 3  A21  (1) 2 1 M 21  (1)3
2 0
3  2 2  5 5 7 

  4  1  1  4   3 3  ,  1 (2  0  5  2)  10.
6  0 1  3  6 4  3  1 2 
5 3 6  Example 4: If A  3 1 0  , find |A|
So (A+B)t =   ⟶ (1)
7 3 4  1 0  1

3 4 6  t  2  1 0 3 1 2
Now At    , B  5
2  1 1   4 3  Solution. | A |  3 1 0
3 4 6  2  1 0 1 0 1
 At  B t   
2  1 1  5 4 3  We expand the determinant by using the
3  2 4  1 6  0 elements of the first row, we have
At  B t   | A | a11 A11  a12 A12  a13 A13 ⟶ (1)
2  5  1  4 1  3 
But
5 3 6 
A  B 
t t
 ⟶ (2) 1 0
7 3 4  A11  (1)11 M 11  M 11 
0 1
From (1) and (2), we have (A+B)t = At + Bt.
3 0
1 2 3  A12  (1)1 2 M 12   M 12  
1 1
 
Example 2. Let A   6 5 4  . 3 1
 7 8 9  A13  (1)1 3 M 13  M 13 
1 0
Find the minors M11 , M 12 , M 13 and M 22 of Putting these values in (1), we obtain
the matrix A. 1 0 3 0 3 1
Solution. We have | A | (3)  (1)  (2)
0 1 1 1 1 0
5 4
M 11   45  32  13,  (3)[(1 1  0  0)]  (1)[(3  1  0  1)]
8 9
 (2)[(3  0  1 1)]
6 4
M 12   54  28  26,  3  3  2  8
7 9
6 5
M 13   48  35  13,
7 8
Genius Series (Maths 11) 99 Unit-2 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 5. 4 2 3  4 2 3
adj A  1.  2 2    2 2  .
1
1  2 1  A  1
1 1
Let A   0 1  2  . Find A1 .
| A|
1 0 1  1 0 1 
 1 2 0 
1 1 2
Solution. Since A1  adj A, A  0.
| A| Example 6: Let A   3 5  . perform
We need to find adj A and | A |. First we  1  4 
find co-factor of every element of A by
the following elementary row and column
Aij   1
i j
using the formula: M ij
operations on A.
1 2 (i ) R3  R1 (ii ) C1  C2 (iii ) R2  2 R1
A11  (1)11  1.(0  4)  4,
2 0 (iv) C2  C1 (v) R1  4 R3 .
0 2 1 2
A12  (1)1 2  1.(0  2)  2
1 0 Solution. A   3 5 
0 1  1  4 
A13  (1)1 3  1.(0  1)  1,
1 2
 1  4 
A21  (1)2 1
2 1
 1.(0  2)  2 (i ) R3  R1 :  3 5
2 0  1 2 
1 1
A22  (1) 2  2  1.(0  1)  1,  2 1
1 0 (ii ) C1  C2 :  5 3 
1 2  4  1
A23  (1)2  3  1.(2  2)  0
1 2  1 2  1 2
A31  (1)31
2 1
 1.(4  1)  3, (iii ) R2  2 R1 :  3  2(1)  
5  2(2)   5 9 
1 2  1 4   1  4 

A32  (1)3 2
1 1
 1.(2  0)  2 1 2  (1)   1 1
0 2 
(iv) C2  C1 :  3  
5  ( 3)    3 2 
1 2  1  4  ((1))   1  3 
A33  (1)3 3  1. (1  0)  1
0 1 1  (4(1)) 2  (4(4)) 
4 2 3
(v) R1  4 R3 :  3 5 

So adj A   2 1 2  . Transpose of cofactor matrix 
1 0 1 
 1 4 

Next we find |A|.  5 18 

Since   3 5 
| A |  a11 A11  a12 A12  a13A13  1  4 
 1.(4)  2(2)  1(1)
 4  4  1  1  0.
Thus
Genius Series (Maths 11) 100 Unit-2 SOLVED EXAMPLES
2 3  4 The matrices in (1) and (2) are in echelon
Example 7: Reduce A = 3  1  1  to form and reduced echelon form of the given
1  2  5  matrix A respectively.
Example 8. Find the inverse of the matrix
echelon form and then to reduced echelon
form. 2 3 1 
3  4 A = 5 4 2 
2
 1 2  2 
Solution. 3 1  1 
1  2  5  Solution. Since
2 3 1
1  2  5 4 2 5 2
 2 =2 –3
 1  by R 1
5 4
R 3
~
1  R3 2 2 1 2
1 2  2
 2 3  4 
5 4
1  2 5  +1 (expanding by first row)
1
R 0 7 14  by R 2 –3R 1
2
~ = 2(–8 –4) –3 (–10 + 2) + (10 + 4)
 2 3  4 
= –24 + 24 +14 = 14  0.
1  2 5  1
0 So A is non-singular and A exists.
R  7 14  by R 3 –2R 1
~ 2 3 1 1 0 0 
0 6   2 0 1 0 
7
Now 5 4
1  2  5  1 2  2 0 0 1 
1
R 0 1 2  by R2
~ 7  1 2 2 0 0 1
 0 6   0 1 0  by R 1
7
R 5
~
4 2  𝑅3
1  2 5   2 3 1 1 0 0 
R 0 1 2  by R 3 –7R 2 ⟶ (1)
~ 1  2 2 0 0  1
 0  8
R 5 4 0  by–1 R 1
0
2 0 1
~
1  2  5  2 3 1 1 0 0 
1
R 0 1 2  by – R 3
~ 8 1 2 2 0 0  1
 0 1 
R  0 14  8 0 1 5  RR32 25 RR11
0
~
1 0  1   0 7 3 1 0 2 
R 0 1 2  by R 1 + 2R 2
~ 1  2 2 0 0 1
 0 1  5 
0
4 1 1
R 0 1 0 By R2
1 0 0 ~  7 14 14  14
0 2  by 0 7  3 1 0 2 
R 
1
R1 + R 3 
~ 0 0 1 

1 0 0
 0  by R 2 –2 R 3 ⟶ (2)
~R 0 1
 0 0 1 
Genius Series (Maths 11) 101 Unit-2 SOLVED EXAMPLES
 6 1 2 The last matrix is the echelon form of A
1 0 0   having 2 non-zero rows. Hence the rank of
7 7 7
  A is 2.
0 1 
4
0
1 5   R1  2 R2 
R  7 14 14   R3  7 R2 
Example 10: Show that the following
~  
0 1 1 system has a trivial solution.
0 1 1   
 2 2  2x + y – z = 0 (i)
x+ y–z =0 (ii)
x + 2y + 2z = 0 (iii)
 6 4 1
1 0 0  Solution. Since
7 7 7
   6  2 1 1 1 0 0
 R1  R3  ,
0 1 0
4

3 1  7 
R  7 14 14   4 
|A| = 1 1  1 = 1 1  1 By R1  R2
~    R2  R3 
 3 
0 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
0 1 1   
 2 2  1 1
=1 = 2+2 = 4  0,
2 2
 6 4 1
 7 7 7
The system has a trivial solution.
  Subtracting equation (ii) from (i), we get x =
Thus A
1
=  4

3 1
7 0. Subtracting equation (iii) from (ii), we
14 14 
  have y = 3z. Putting x = 0 and y = 3z in
1  1 1
  equation (i) we obtain z = 0, and therefore
 2 2 
from y = 3z, we get y = 0. Thus x = 0, y = 0,
 4 5 6 z = 0 and the system has only trivial
Example9. Find the rank of A= 1 2 3  solution.
 7 8 9  Example 11: Show that the system ha non-
trivial solution
 4 5 6
x + y + 2z = 0 (i)
Solution. A= 1 2 3  −2x + y – z = 0 (ii)
 7 8 9  –x + 5y + 4z = 0 (iii)
1 2 3  Solution: Since
R 4 5 6  by R 1  R2 1 1 2 1 0 0
~ |A| = 2 1  1 = 2 3 3 CC32  C2C1 1
7 8 9
1 5 4 1 6 6
1 2 3
R 0 3  6  R 2 –4 R 1 and R 3 –7R 1
=1
3 3
= 18 – 18 = 0
~
 0 6  12  6 6
Thus the given system has a non-trivial
1 2 3
 1  solution. Adding 2 times equation (i) to (ii)
R 0 1 2    R2 
~  3  we have y = –z. Subtracting equation (ii)
 0 6  12 
from (i), we get x = –z putting x = –z = y in
1 2 3  equation (iii) we have
R 0 1 2  by R 3 + 6R 2 –(–z) + 5 (–z) + 4z = 0 which is true for any
~ value t of z. We get that x = –t, y = –t and
 0 0 0 
Genius Series (Maths 11) 102 Unit-2 SOLVED EXAMPLES
z = t satisfy equations (i), (ii) and (iii) for 1 2 1 1 1 0
any real value of t. Thus the given system | A | 2 2  1   2 2  1 R1  R3
has infinitely many solutions. 1 1 0 1 2 1
Example 12: For what value of  the
1 0 0
system has a non-trivial solution. Solve the
  2 0  1 C2  C1
system for the value of  .
1 3 1
x  y  2z  0
2x  y   z  0 0 1 1
 1.  3  0, So, A exists
3x  y  2 z  0 3 1
Solution. First we find the value of  . We  A11 A21 A31 
1 1 1  
1  1 2  A  adj A  A12 A22 A32 
| A|
have A   2 1   , So
| A|
 A13 A23 A33 
3 1 2   1 1 0
1
1 1 2 1 0 0  1  1 3 
3
A  2 1 2 3  4 C2  C1
C3  2 C1
 0  3 6
3 1 2 3 4 4 But X  A1 B, so
3  4  1 1 0   2
 1.  12  4(  4)  4  4.
X   1  1 3   4
4 4 1
3
We know that the system has non-trivial  0  3 6  0 
solution if |A| = 0,that is 4–4  = 0 or  =1.
1 2  1 4  0  0 
Substituting the value of  into the system,
  1 2  1 4  3  0 
1
we have 3
 0  2  3  4  6  0 
x  y  2z  0
2x  y  z  0  6   2
   6    2  ,
1
3x  y  2 z  0 3
 12   4 
Now solving the first two equations, we get
x = –z, y = 3. Putting these values in the  x1   2 
third equation, we obtain –3z+z+2z = 0    
that is  x2    2  . Thus
which is true for any value t of z. We see  x3   4 
that x = –t, y = t and z = t satisfy all the three
equations of the system for any real value of x1  2, x2  2 and x3   4 .
t. Thus the given system has infinitely many Which is the solution of the given system.
solutions for  =1 Example 14: Solve the following system
Example 13: Solve the system of equations by the method of echelon form.
by matrix inversion method 2 x1  2 x2  x3  4 
x1  2 x2  x3  2 
x1  2 x2  x3  2 
2 x1  2 x2  x3  4 x1  x2  0 
x1  x2 0 Solution. The augmented matrix of the
Solution. Since given system is
Genius Series (Maths 11) 103 Unit-2 SOLVED EXAMPLES
2 2 1 4 1 2 1
[A B] = 1  2 1 2  Sol. We have | A | 2 2  1  3  0
1 1 0 0  1 1 0
1  2 1 2 k1 a12 a13 2 2 1
R  2 2  1 4  by R 1 R 2 Now
k2 a22 a23 4 2 1
~
1 1 0 0  x1 
k3 a32 a33

0 1 0
A 3
1  2 1 2 (Expanding by third row)
R 0 6  3 0  by R2 –2R1 2 1
~
1 1 0 0  4 1 62
 
2
1  2 1 2  3 3

R 0 6  3 6  by R 3 – R 1 a11 k1 a13 1 2 1

~ a21 k2 a23 2 4 1
 0 3 1 2 
a31 k3 a33 1 0 0
x2  
1  2 1 2 A 3
R 0 6  3 0  by –2 R 3 Expanding by third row, we get
~
0  6 2 4  2 1
4 1 62
1  2 1 2    2 and
R 0 6  3 0  by R 3 + R 2
3 3
~ a11 a12 k1 1 2 2 1 3 2
0 0  1 4 
a21 a22 k2 2 2 4 2 0 4
The equivalent system of the echelon form a31 a32 k3 1 1 0 1 0 0
is x3   =
A 3 3
x1  2 x1  x3  2  nd
 Expanding by 2 Column, we get
6 x2  3 x3  0 
2 4
 x3  4 
= 3 1 0
= 4
From the third equation, we have x 3 = –4. 3

Substituting x 3 = –4 in the second equation,

we get x 2 = –2. Now putting x 2 = –2 and
x 3 = –4 in the first equation, we obtain
x 1 = 2.
Thus x1 = 2, x2 = –2, x3 = –4 is the solution
of the given system.
Example 15: Use Cramer’s rule to solve
the following system.
x1  2 x2  x3  2 

2 x1  2 x2  x3  4  .
x1  x2  0 