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MOTION IN A PLANE
Ln One dimens ional motion onlg two directions Ge

Possible So bhe directional aspect of veckoz uantities

But
Can be taken Care o by_US1ag+Ond=SignS
C a s e o f Ewo aad Hhree dioensional motion
numbex o direcEions laorder
ObjecE Cao nave l a r ge
ko deal wto Veckos intwo aod hree dimeosional
moEioo a oe algebira s developed called Vector alge-
bra
Represeotation ofaVeckor
A vectox auastity sxepreseoted b y aD OTou
headed L i n e T h e Aeogth o f Hhe Aioe a v e s e he aga-
oag-

iEude of h e vectox and aroo beadd qwes Hhe dire-

ction
e 5N foxce due east
F=5N

OA =E =5N due east

O s Called 1oita point o t Vector O ta.
A i's_Calle Eerminalpoiot or heoad
Simplex notation_vectar \S repmesenEed by
a SiOgle letkex wits ao aroul over it

Equal Veckors
Two Nectors are SaidEo be eq.ual iP Eney have
Same magnitude_ond drectiopn

Negative of a Vectoy
o tanoLher
A vecEox is Said o be Hoe negatiwe
Same magoitude buE havog
an
Veckox i t has
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Oppasite direction
A
B-A
Modulus ot oa Veckor
Modulus of avectox is he nag aitude of he vecto
E is a Scalas auaotit
Modiulus of Veckax A =A
Uni Veckor (A)
Jnit eckox is a vector o vnit magoiEude
dran in Hhe direckiooof given Vector IE s
obtained by dwudling given Vectox by Es magnikude
A A
A) A P

jheoanu veckoy Cao be expressed as

A=1
Zero Vector 0r Nul Veckox
A veckox Hna has 2ero maqniEude _and an
arbitory direckioa is_Called 2ero vectox IE1s

ea Positioo Vectox ofa parti le ynq a t he or1gin

Acceleratiooveckox of an obecE MoVAng wih
Constant velociky
ostioo Veckoy.(T))
Aveckox uhich qwes PosiEioo of ao object caitta
espectto the_oiginoa Co-oolinate System is
Called PosiEioo Vector.
Suppose ao_obrect iS at_P at ony instant E, Hae
Position VecEox syepreseatec by-
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OP

Displacemeat Vectox (AY)

DisplacemeaE Vector kells houw much ancd
in
hch drecEon aO obtect bas chauoged its pxositioo.
O a qiwen ime ioterval
y A A

Consicderan Obect moves o a n Xy plane Let be

position a t Eime t a n d b e
Veckox he
Ehe
PosEion Vecho o t Eme E
hea displace meat Vectoy
AE=AY= -

Multip]ication_ of a Vec kor bya Aeal numbex.-

whena yectox A:.is n0ultiplhed by a Tealnumbey n'
we get anothey veckor n A
h e magoitudeo n is_n times Magnitude ot A
's a po sit.ive Yeal oumberHhen Hhe diireckion
is s a m e a s h a t of A.
of oA
P nis a negative Teal nvmbex, then Hae dixection
A
of na Is apposite Lo Hoat o
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eq whesa veckox A Is multipliied b 2we get.

Onathex Vectox
=2A in Hhe Same direcEion
B 2A
wheo Nectoz A s multiplied by-2 e e t anoHhex
Necko B=-2A Magn1tude 's 2Abut oe
dstectoD 1s opposite
A B --2

ADDITON OF NECToRS
he follouasnqlaws of Veckox additon Can be used
ko add Euso or more VectoxS
Trioangle laus of veckor additioo
2 PamallelogramJau of Veckoyadddition
3 Polagon laa of Vectox addition

mtaogle Lau of Nectox ddition

I Ewo Veckors Can he: yepreseoted both io
magoiEude aad dixectioo by uwa Sides _of a tmangle
tokeo n Hae Sa0e ordex Hoeo Hhe
hird Side of
Yeverse o r d e r Yepeseat
Hae briangle taken in Hhe
Veckox resulEant (sum).

B
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ParallelogramLau of Veckor Add1tion

tudo Vectoxs Caobe xepresenked both in magnitude
Cund dreckion by Euuo adjacenE Sides of a
Pamlelogam_drauto soo Hae Corocmoo point, Hoea Bae
esultaat is Completelu epzesented, boo io
mag.oitude aod direckioo by Hhe dtagonal of Hae
Poallelogzam P
B

A A
Polgoo Lauw ot Vecbox Addition
f ouober_of vectoxs are epesented boto in.
nagniEude Gnd drecEion by Hhe Sides ot an open
Dolyaon takeo o Hhe Same Order Baen Hneix
esultant s repneseated_botb io magoatude and
diecto0 by Hae closing sude of he polygon taken
Iohe Yevexse order

SK
8

A O

Resultant R ABTD
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Propeztteso VectoAddition
l Veckors o Same nature ooly Cao be added
22 Vecto additiom 1` Coomutatie

VecEor additiwo is associatise.

AB =(R+B)+7
Vectoz addittoo ` distibutiye
m A+ ) =oAtMB
(m0)A mA +AA
ProMe Hhoat Veckox add1tioo S Coomutatire
Using riangle law o AOPSS A

=A
OsngEriangle
Os = o+QsS
R=B'+ A A P
som aad2 A+0= BtA
Prove mat Vectox additioo ia assoctative
Usng Eriangle Raw
lo A OPq OGEOP+Pa
OO = _A+B R/
1a A OQs Os 0@+QS
R =(A +B)+C -0
l APQs Ps= Pa +QS P
Ps B +C
In A OPs OS = op +Ps
R+BtZ)-O
som and 2
A+(B ) =(A+D r2
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ANAL ICAL TREATMENT OF VECTOR ADDTION

LetEdo Vectoxs A and
B inclined Eo each othe
at aoaagle 0 e Presented by adiacenE Sides
OP Gnd Oq oHae paollelogram neo he.
dgonalOS represent h e yesultant Vecko R
S

ET
A
N

Dra SN Pexpendicular to OP Pro.ducecd LsPN=0

Magoitude ofresultant R
O P = Qs= A
Oa= PS = B
O OS= R
tom A PNS
Sn 0 = S SN=PS Sio0
PS
SN= B Sin0
Cos 0 = PN.
PS
PN=Ps Cos 0
-
PN =B Cos
Fon ONS USoaPuthagoras Eneoxem
2
OS=ON NS
Os=(op+ps )+ Ns
Substitute O O 0 aod
R2=(A+ Bcosa)+(Bsina 2
AZ42AB Cos0e2cos 0 + 0'siro
= A24 2 AB Coso tB(Cos0 4Si0
R - A24 B+ 2AB Cos
R= A2+2+ 248 Cos 0
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Drection ot resul tant ( )

rom AON S
Eaa X =SN SN
ON OP+ PN

A+B Cos
ka sng
A+BCos o

Special Case
ecEoxs A and B are along the Same direction
= 0 CosoO=L
R=A+82+2A.8 Cos0 B
R=A2+B2+2AG R A+B
R=(A+8)2
R =A+BDireckion oF Rwll be in he direckion opoH
A and B
2 V ectors A Osnd BGre aati parallel,-
=180 Cos 80 = L A
R=A2822A3Cos 180 B

4e2-2AB R--B
J(A-B)2
R= -B. A> B3
R=B-A 1P BA
D e c t o n ok resultanb l l be o Hae direcEio0 ok
braaer Vector
3 h e a Ewo VectozS Ore actiog a t a h t angle to each
othex R-A+
Cos 9o O B
R=JA2+
DixecEioo
-1BSngo
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tao Suo 90=

Cos 9o =0
Resolutlon_o Vectox
he pXocessoE SpltEing of_a_Vector io to
dittereoE dcec Eionsio Such a aiay Haat Hhe
Cocm bined efec ts same as thak of Hoe gwes
Vectox
The VecEors io ko which he giveo Vector splitked aze
Called Companeat Veckoxs.
Suppose a veckoy R 1S to be splLEed ió the
airectioo oftwo ectos and B
7

mB

O A

Dsing Eriangle mebaod

R=AA+ mB(where a marenumbers)
AA=A Coaponet Nectox io Hae diection oAL
m B =A Component Veckox _oBhe diYection of B

OrHhogonal Uot NectorsoT base_VeckorS

Uait_Veckoxs uaich represent direckions of
X _ a s Y a x i s Z axis a r e Called orhoganal
Uat vectorss
Shows X drection
shows y drection
k showsz direckion-
Alsa =|1l-JR=
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Kectangular Componeat of a vectoy

When a Veckox is Yesolved aloog two mutually
Pexpendicular directions he CoropooenEs _obbained
Gre Called ectangular Components
Y
Cooponent vectoy alog X ais. NA
OM=A =A Ay
ComponenEVecto olongY
0
Oxrs
ON= Ay=Ay I A M

VsingVecto addiEoo
OP = oM +ON?
An A
A =A Aj
h s equat o0 ives a Eo dinoensiooal VecEor 0
Eerms of itsTeckaogulaComponents.
Lek be Hhe asagle made by veckoi wibh Xaais
hen
Ac=A Cos0
A Sin
USngP: G.T magoEude of A
sng
A-JA A
=JAcosa)+{ASina )2
Acoa+Sa)-
=JA A
C=Fao(*1
Alsotan a = A Ao
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Represeotatio of c three dicnensiona Vectox

A= Aal+A A

Scalar ProducE (Dot Product

Scala paoducE 0r dot product a t two vMectors_A
aod B is defined as he product _ok mag.nitudees
and and B ood Cosine of angle between Hhem

A B AB Cos
he product s a Scalar quanEity-
Geometxical intexpretation
Let Aand Bbe Hae Eudo Vectors inclned ak O
angle ' a '

Bcoso
heo-
magnitude of
AX Componeat of B 1 nhe
drectíoo of A_
. A BCos@
Exaraples
lSealarpoduct o f fonce and displacemenat
v e s ScalaY Guaotitq_ l o k
W ES COsQ F
W=f . S
2, Dotprmduct o fozce Ond FCOS
Velocby vesScalar cquantiby
Powey P P
P=FVCos0
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Special Cases
Wwhea A aod B Oxe paxalle VecEezs io Same
arectioO Q=0 Cos =
AB AB CosO
A - = AB
wheo A and B ar aotiparallel-
= 120 Cos 1so =-
A B = A b Cosi
A = -AB
3 hen A Cund B are perpendiculai
-90 Cos 9o = O
,A B = AB CoS go
Dot
poduct Vanishes vectors ae pependikula
Scalas producE ofa veckoy wh itself
AA AA Coso
AZ
Dot PoducE_o Ortho900a Unit_Vectors
1 Identical
= xL Cos.0

Similamy

2, Non identical,
= L x x Cos 9 O
=o
Simlady =o
=o R.=o
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Dot Productiotems oF ectangulay ComponerOt

A=A A AK

A 1) Aq By ÇA3) AB,AR)+
ABK AB (R1)+ A B CAR)
VSng_ dot paoduct o othogona unit Vectors
A Ay A
Angle_ between_kso Vectors
A B= AB Cos0
Cos d AB
A-B
a=CosA B

CRoss PRoDUCT_VECTOR PRODUCTI

LetA Gad B be he Ewo Vectors 1ó 0 plane,jocl-
ineda k an angle a i h e o Cross product (AxE)
s adeivned as Hae pToduct o magaitudes of he
Vectors and Sine of Bne angle between Ehem
Ax AB siod_A\
Similaxd
BxA=ABsn@-

Poduct 1s a Vectox
Poduc Vectoz îs always perpen
dicular to Hheplaoe Cootaining xA
A amdB
Ax - BxA
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Specioal Cases
d=o Nectors ane io Hhe Same direction
AxB =ABSino à
A =on ull Nector
2 1 =Is0, Neckors e aatiparallei
AxB AB Sio 1o
o6 Null vector
IVechors are paralle or antlpanalle Cxoss pmduch
Maas spes.
3 1f Vectoxs aepexpeadicular
x =AB Sn g0 à
AB à maimum)
Fxagples
1yCaoss producE o Tadius COd orce gives Eonque
L e Yx F
2 Cross Pmduct of radius Veckor and monoentum
9wes Ongulaz m o m e o t u 0
T=Yx P
Directoo oproducE_Vectox
DrectioO oE poduct Veckox Can be obtained usig
4allosina Yules
l Right hand_Screu Aule,
Turo a ight hand scyeurom
A Eo B heo Hhe diyectoO af
advaacement ot Eip2uwes Hhe diecEioo
To tiod dieckon o xA Euro
a t hand Scxew som B ba A Hhea dcreckion of
advancement of Eip qives he olhecEion of BxA
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Riaht hand Hhumb rule.

Curl Hae fingers o uour nght haed trom A Eo B,
hen Hne Ehuob indicate directioo of AxB
C u Hhe
tingers of yauz ght hand foo toA
hen he humb incdicate ditection o BxA
Cross productot oatbegonal Unt Vectors.
Identtcal

Simlay

Non identica

x=
-

x=-A
To find Coss poduct of o0
dentical omtbogona) UoiE yeckors
olaog mules Can be Used
Arange Bhe uot Veckors o
Cuclie manoer as showo o Ehe hg.
2 WAte any Ewo ao he LHS as Csos s prodlsuct and
Wike Hae Ehrd O0e on RHS as AesulE
3 P LHS Is10 clock oise order,Hhea Hne hesulE
s Positive amd P_it is 1 ae anticlockoise
Ordey esult is_Oegative
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CrossProduce io eynos of Yeckanguulax ConoponenEs.

A A A+ A
- B By BR
AxE =(A,A +A AR) x (B,A+By3 tBzR)
A iî)+ ABy(1) AB (x) +
Ag B xî) +Az B Cx)A B (RxA
Crossproduct ofortoagona unit Vectors

AxB = Ao By k-AB-ABox k +AyB1+ Az Ba -

AzBy
AXB =(Ay -Az)+AzBcA Ba)I+A.By=ABr)E
e esult Cao be repmesented Usiog determinant
and expanson ofHae deteyminant gives above_
equakion

Ax
Ax AyA
B By B