Short Circuit Test on Power Transformer

For carrying Short Circuit Test on Power Transformer Do the following:

1] Isolate the Power Transformer from service.

2] Remove HV/LV Jumps and Disconnect Neutral from Earth/Ground.
3] Short LV Phases by Cu/Al plate which could withstand short circuit current and
connect these short circuited terminals to Neutral
4] Energise HV side by LV supply (440 3ph Supply) with OLTC tap position on
Normal.
5] Measure Current in Neutral, LV line voltages, HV Volatage and HV Line
Currents on various OLTC Tap position.
Analysis:
If Neutral current is near to zero transformer windings are OK
If Neutral current is higher or equal to Line current between LV Phase one of the
winding is Open.
Short Circuit Test on Power Transformer
The purpose of Short circuit test is to determine the series branch parameters of
the equivalent circuit. As the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage,
the current and power input are measured keeping the secondary terminals short
circuited. Let these values be Vsc, Isc and Wsc respectively. The supply voltage
required to circulate rated current through the transformer is usually very small
and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation current
which is only 1 percent or less even at rated voltage becomes negligibly small
during this test and hence is neglected. The shunt branch is thus assumed to be
absent. Wsc is the sum of the copper losses in primary and secondary put together.
The reactive power consumed is that absorbed by the leakage reactance of the two
windings.
Procedure
For carrying Short Circuit Test on Power Transformer Do the following:
Isolate the Power Transformer from service.
Remove HV/LV Jumps and Disconnect Neutral from Earth/Ground.
Short LV Phases and connect these short circuited terminals to Neutral
Energise HV side by LV supply.
Measure Current in Neutral, LV line voltages, HV Voltage and HV Line Currents.
See also "Open circuit test".
Analysis
If Neutral current is near to zero transformer windings are OK
If Neutral current is higher or equal to Line current between LV Phase one of the
winding is Open.
 Open circuit test
The secondary windings of the transformer are left open-circuited while a full-
rated voltage is applied to the primary winding. Since the impedance of the series
winding of the transformer is very small compared to that of the excitation branch,
all of the input voltage is dropped across the excitation branch.
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the
admittance and power factor angle.
Another method of determining the series impedance of a real transformer is the
"short circuit test".
Why open circuit test in transformer is conducted in LV side and short
circuit test in HV side?
Because of test facility.HV side voltage is high & noload current is smaller.
Short circuit test conducted in HV side because the rated current is less than LV
which is eassy to feed & less cap. requaired for compensating.

PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

In percentage differential relays, the current from each

current transformer flows through a restraint coil. The
purpose of the restraint coil is to prevent undesired relay
operation due to current transformer errors. The operating
coil current | i1 - i2 | required for tripping is a
percentage of the average current through the restraint
coils.

i1-i2 >=k(i1+i2)/2= k*iavg

where k is the proportion of the operating coil current to

the restraint coil current. For example if k = 0.1, the
operating coil current must be more than 10% of the average
restraint coil current in order for the relay to operate.
 Generator Protective Device Function Numbers
Device Number Function
15 Synchronizer
21 Distance protection; backup for system generator zone phase
faults
24 Volts/Hertz protection for the generator
25 Sync-check protection
27 Under voltage
32 Reverse power protection; anti-motoring protection for generator
(and
associated prime mover)
40 Loss-of-field protection
46 Stator unbalanced current protection
49 Stator thermal protection
50B Instantaneous over current protection used as current detector in
a breaker failure scheme
51GN Time over current protection; backup for generator ground faults
51TN Time over current protection; backup for ground faults
51V Voltage-controlled or voltage-restrained time over current
protection;
backup for system and generator zone phase faults
59 Over voltage protection
59BG Zero-sequence voltage protection; ground fault protection for an
ungrounded bus
59GN Voltage protection; primary ground fault protection for a
generator
60 Voltage balance protection; detection of blown potential
transformer
fuses or otherwise open circuits
61 Time overcurrent protection; detection of turn-to-turn faults in
generator windings
62B Breaker failure protection
64F Voltage protection; primary protection for rotor ground faults
78 Loss-of-synchronism protection; not commonly used as part of
the
generator protection package
81 Over- and underfrequency protection
86 Hand-reset lockout auxiliary relay
87B Differential protection. Primary phase-fault protection for the
generator
87GN Sensitive ground fault protection for the generator
87T Differential protection for the transformer; may include the
generator
 in some protective schemes
87U Differential protection for overall unit protection of generator and
transformers
94 Self-reset auxiliary tripping relay