BROADCASTING

SHOTECH ENGINEERING NIGERIA LIMITED

PLOT M2, ROAD 22A, VICTORIA GARDEN CITY, ALONG LEKKI-EPE EXPRESSWAY, LAGOS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition of Radio and Television

SECTION TWO GROWTH OF BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA

2.1 Radio Broadcasting In Nigeria

2.2 Television Broadcasting In Nigeria

2.3 Ownership And Control Of Broadcasting

2.4 Deregulation Of Broadcast Media In Nigeria

SECTION THREE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BROADCASTING

3.1 Life Span

3.2 Personnel Involved

3.3 Programme Content

3.4 Programme Objective

3.5 Programme Evaluation

3.6 Production Considerations

SECTION FOUR BROADCASTING AS AN INDUSTRY

4.1 Cost Of Starting Radio And Television Station In Nigeria

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INTRODUCTION
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any
electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum
(radio waves), in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into
popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before
this, all forms of electronic communication (early radio, telephone, and telegraph) were one-to-
one, with the message intended for a single recipient. The term broadcasting evolved from its use
as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about. It was later
adopted for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials or by
telegraph. Examples applying it to "one-to-many" radio transmissions of an individual station to
multiple listeners appeared as early as 1898.

Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, though in recent years,
both radio and television transmissions have begun to be distributed by cable (cable television). The
receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset; the point is that anyone
with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment (e.g., a radio or television set) can receive
the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as public
radio, community radio and public television, and private commercial radio and commercial
television.
Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television station to home
receivers by radio waves is referred to as "over the air" (OTA) or terrestial broadcasting and in most
countries requires a broadcasting license. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like cable television
(which also retransmits OTA stations with their consent), are also considered broadcasts but do not
necessarily require a license (though in some countries, a license is required). In the 2000s,
transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly
been referred to as broadcasting as well.
Academics, however, view broadcasting as something that can be studied and observe.
According to Okoduwa (2014:9), “broadcasting is a phenomenon; it is an institution, it is a platform
and it is a marketplace to exchange ideas and information”.

The broadcast programme generally falls into three forms, namely:

1. The programmes can be entertaining
2. They can be informative
3. They can be educative

The programmes can even be a blend of all the types, such as, the variety shows which cover
various segments that deal with specific issues.

1.1 DEFINITION OF TELEVISION AND RADIO

Television is defined as an audio-visual medium. It blends pictures with sound to produce
a communication experience exhibited on the screen. It uses sound to explain the visuals
presented on the screen.

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Television uses the movement of images in a unique way or pattern to express thought and
feelings in an exciting and appealing manner. Television is defined by the BBC English Dictionary
(1992:1206) as the system of pictures and distance so that people can receive them on a
television set.

Radio can be defined as a medium used for sending and receiving messages through the air
using electronic waves. It is also about the activity of broadcasting programmes for people to
listen to the programmes being broadcast
It can also be defined as the broadcasting of programmes for the public to listen to. It is
the system of sending sound over a distance by transmitting electrical signals.

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GROWTH OF BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA

Broadcasting in Nigeria started with the “Iwe Iroyin Fun Awon Egba Ati Yoruba” in 1859. It
was the first newspaper printed in Nigeria. The name of the paper translates as “A Newspaper for the
Egba and Yoruba.” Reverend Henry Townsend, who launched this newspaper, was a Christian
missionary.

His main idea for this newspaper was to build up A literacy programme for the Yoruba and Egba.
Nigerian elites were the first people who enjoyed these publications. “Iwe Iroyin” was only
the beginning of the newspaper industry in Nigeria. It encouraged Nigerians to produce
other publications, like:

 Nigerian Tribune
 The West African Pilot
 African Messenger
 Lagos Weekly Record
 The Lagos Standard
 Lagos Time and Gold Coast Advertiser
 Anglo-African.

These newspapers started a brief history of broadcasting in Nigeria. They also sparked the
era of journalism in Nigeria. A lot of journalists began their fighting career against the colonial rule in the

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country. After the proclamation of the independence, Nigeria started a new era of journalism. Some of
the Nigerian newspapers transformed into the Nigerian TV, like WNTV, NBC, WNRC.

2.1 RADIO BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA

The Radio Broadcasting started in Nigeria in the year 1933. The very first Radio Distribution
System was installed in Lagos. It was governed by the Department of Post And Telegraphs. The primary
goal of the radio system was to serve as the BBC reception base.

It took 6 years to increase the number of receivers to approximately two thousand. The number of
receivers reached about a thousand people in 1939, however, it grew to 74 thousand by 1960.

In 1935, the system was changed to the Radio Diffusion System, which later served in the Second World
War.

A few years later, in 1939, the Ibadan Station was created. The first real establishment of the Nigerian
Broadcasting Service was launched in 1950. The NBS covered Kaduna, Lagos, Ibadan, Enugu, Kano.

Thanks to the Bill of the House of Representatives, Nigeria got its first broadcasting corporation in
1956. Then twenty-two years later, the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria was established. The first
external radio service was created in 1990. It was called the Voice of Nigeria.

RADIO SITUATION TODAY

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The important historical change, the independence of Nigeria from Britain in 1960, helped local radio
broadcasting network to develop further. The Voice of Nigeria launched in 1961 was followed by the
creation of the Federal Radio Corporation (shortly known as FRCN) in 1978.

The creation of the first ever private radio station was only in 1994. That station was called
Ray Power FM. The first international transmission (to the whole world) was possible in 1996, but the
masses could get this service beginning from 2007.

Modern Nigeria has more than 60 stations under state, federal and private ownership.

Here is the list of most popular contemporary radio stations in Nigeria which are:

 Cool FM
 Raypower FM
 Brila FM
 Beat FM
 Rhythm FM
 Wazobia FM

2.2 TELEVISION BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA

Television development in Nigeria has been motivated by two factors: politics and education. The two
are inextricably linked since education is always a vote catcher, and all governments are, to a degree,

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genuinely altruistic vis -a vis education. It follows then that it is the educational factor that the leaders
present to the people in order to secure their approval and support for the introduction or expansion of
television. That television could, once established, be used for blatant propaganda must have motivated
politicians, although the extent to which this is so can only be surmised.

The history of television broadcasting in Nigeria started in 1959. The Western Region of Nigeria was a
pioneer in television broadcasting. It managed to create the first TV signal in Nigeria. The Western
Nigerian Television aim was to create a platform for regional schools which had shortages in teacher
personnel.

The Eastern Regional Government established its TV broadcasting system in 1960. The principal goal was
to assist formal education in the region. The Northern Regional Government created its TV system only
in 1962. It was named as the Radio Television Kaduna. The reasons for its creation were the same as in
the Eastern and Western region. The Federal Government, a month later, established the Nigerian
Television Service (NTS) in Lagos. Thus, the Federal Government and the three existing regional
governments of the early 1960s all had television stations of their own.

Observers at the time believed that although these television stations were welcome and useful in many
respects, they nevertheless served partisan political purposes for their various governments.

Up until 1992, all running TV stations were under the control of the Federal Government. According to
the Decree number 38, they established the National Broadcasting Commission, which demonopolized
the role of the Federal Government over TV stations. It was the first time in the history of broadcasting
in Nigeria when TV and Media got private owners.

TELEVISION SITUATION TODAY

Nigerian Government operates about 70 federal channels. Nigeria also has more than a dozen privately
owned television channels. Nigeria have also been able to enjoy satellite subscriptions since 2007. The
biggest TV companies are:

 Nigerian Television Authority

 Channels Television
 Africa Independent Television
 Silverbird Television
 TVC

2.3 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF BROADCASTING

Before the deregulation of 1992 by the Babangida administration, the broadcast media were
solely owned and operated by federal and state governments. State governments established their
stations to educate, inform and entertain their peoples, and actually did so during the Second Republic
because they felt the National Television or the National Broadcasting Organisation existed to serve the
interests and needs of the ruling party, by then the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) at the federal level,
and in those states where the party was in control. According to Sambe (2008:109), other states

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administered by other political parties in opposition were either blacked out or given unfavorable
coverage. Those who challenged this unorthodox form of democracy were told that the system of
government that was being practised during this time meant “winner take all”. In order to ensure
absolute control of the television.Even now, the federal government dictates what should be broadcast
and what should not. The state-owned broadcast stations are even worse in this aspect. When one
tunes to any of such stations, most of news that is aired is about the governor of that state. Since the
state government hiresand fires employees, the station dare not broadcast any news that is anti-
government. News is always about what the governor and his team of political appointees wants to
hear. The Government even regulate the news contents of private broadcast stations such as the Africa
Independent Television (AIT).

2.4 DEREGULATION OF BROADCAST MEDIA IN NIGERIA

The deregulation of broadcast media in 1992 paved the way for private ownership of the
broadcast media stations in Nigeria. The first sets of radio and television stations were issued their
licences of operation soon after the decree was promulgated. There were 14 television stations and 13
private radio stations, some of which were Clapperboard TV Channel 45, Lagos; Minaj System Television;
Channel 38 Kaduna; and Africa Independent Television, Alagbado,Lagos.

Each station is in competition with the others in their struggle to attract and retain a sizeable audience
for its programmes. The competition, therefore, directs thought, as to what approach best suits a
station to adopt in a bid to accomplish its task.

The competition may come in many forms, for example, programme producers who supply
programmes to the station may find out that careful selection is made from the programmes and the
ones that best suit the stations’ needs and objectives may be selected. This means that only
programmes that satisfy the station’s audience would qualify for production by the station. If the newly
established stations tend to meet the demands of the audiences, then the already existing ones may be
threatened because the new ones may attempt to capture and retain the audience. The new stations
are likely to come up with innovations in equipment to improve programme quality and delivery, and as
such the audience may likely switch from the old to the new stations.

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PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BROADCASTING

Broadcasting recreates the activities of people and their environment through its
programmes.
News tends to relay activities and events of people. It is the recording and passing the
information which has already taken place. The information to be reported must pass through the
editor. The editor might correct grammar, take out certain things that he or she thinks are not
relevant. This can be for either the radio or television.

3.1 LIFE SPAN

What makes news is currency. If what happens now is delayed and reported a few days after it
has happened, then it becomes stale. It is no longer news.
In order to capture the attention of audience members, news is written in short sentences,
precise, to the point, with most important ones coming first in the news. As such materials to be
used in news production or any kind of production must be carefully selected, creatively ordered
and structurally organized to meet the needs of the audience members for whom the programme is
meant.

3.2 PERSONNEL INVOLVED

Radio and television broadcasting involves a number of people. These include the technical
crew, the producer, the director, the editor, the lighting crew, the actors and actresses or the
artists. All these people put together form what is called the production team. The production team
can be made up of both skilled and unskilled artisans and talents.
When the audience members view or listen to programmes, they are bound to react to such
programmes in a specific manner. The reaction may be positive or negative depending on the
contents of the programme. Certain programmes set an agenda for the public to discuss.
Agenda setting by broadcast sets the agenda which enable reactions to events and activities
from the public.

3.3 PROGRAMME CONTENT

Programmes are realized as a result of the idea that a producer might have conceived. When
certain things happen, human beings generally keep them in their minds. This can stimulate
thoughts which in turn can generate ideas. Such ideas which might be many and come in different
ways are capable of addressing issues.

I. EXPERIENCE
In the broadcast media, experience is vital in concerning ideas for programmes.

II. KNOWLEDGE
It is knowledge that makes human beings initiate programmes in a competent and proficient
manner. Knowledge makes it possible for programme producers to deal with issues, develop talents
and have the capacity to handle issues.
Even if a programme is the product of imagination, the producer should appear reliable,
believable and acceptable by the audience. It is the duty of the producer to build and sustain the
audience interest throughout the programme, whether on radio or television.

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3.4PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE

The objective of a programme has to be clearly defined, the objective must be stated in a
clear and concise manner. Such objective must be in line with the expectations of the station’s
audience.

The following elements are significant to programmes production:

1. There should be a clear and precise statement as to what the programme is all about. Its
importance to the targeted audience. Also it should indicate what the programme wants to
achieve.
2. The programme should indicate the time it is going to take to complete it, that is if it is going
to be a 30-minute programme or a one-hour programme.
3. The major objectives of the programme should vividly describe so as to aid understanding by
both actors and the stations audience.
4. There should be a plan that outlines the sequence of the activities.

3.5 PROGRAMME EVALUATION

It is naturally important to see how the objectives if implemented would succeed. That is
to evaluate workability of the programme in the following ways:

1. Does the programme go in line with the normal expectations of the audience? The
programme producer ought to have had knowledge of the audience and the type of
programme would be believable and acceptable by them
2. The audience should be able to learn something or gain something whenever they listen or
to watch the programme they should want more. A programme which is capable of holding
the attention of the audience members can be said to have achieved its objectives.
3. The programmes should be aired at such a time that is convenient for the audience.
4. The programme should stand out clear from others on the same station. It should appeal to
the audience and be appreciated by a good number of the audience members.

3.6 PRODUCTION CONSIDERATIONS

Every production in the broadcast medium is designed to satisfy three major interests,
namely that the:

1. Station’s purpose must be achieved.

2. Programme objectives must be accompanied.
3. Audience interest must be satisfied.

Producers have to follow the stations directive on programme production which would be
acceptable to the audience. Broadcast stations are praised because programmes are produced
according to the station’s prescription and suchprogrammes do meet audience aspirations.The
studio lighting should be adequate to separate objects from their shadows cast in the background.

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The space for performance should be adequate to allow performers free movement without
obstruction.

The nature of the programme should determine the location of production, whether production
should take place in the studio or outside the studio. Wherever production takes place, the
programme should be made to be believable. Things should appear as natural as possible.
Programmes produced by a station should be targeted towards an audience and must meet the
yearnings and aspirations of such audience.

In conclusion, broadcast stations do not just embark on any programme. The programme must have
a target audience which it is meant to educate, inform or entertain. Such programmes should meet
the audience demand and hold their attention

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BROADCASTING AS AN INDUSTRY
Broadcasting as an industry produces programmes as goods and services for the consumption
of the audiences which may be scattered over a given environment. These goods do not have or
possess physical measure like goods produced by the automobile industry or other manufacturing
industries. The consumers of broadcast goods can only feel the impact of such goods. The goods
may also have some effects on the audience. All the programmes produced have objectives to be
achieved among the audiences as consumers. That is why programmes are patented just like the
physical goods produced by other industries. The goods and services are recognised as intellectual
property of artistic value. They are copyrighted to ensure their protection from bootleggers and
artistic marauders. This means that permission must be sought from the original owner-station
when an already-produced programme is to be used by another broadcast station, particularly for
public consumption.

4.1 COST OF STARTING RADIO AND TELEVISION STATION IN NIGERIA

The importance of radio and TV stations cannot be underestimated. Apart from the fact that
they serves as first-hand news, they are also seen as the main stream of entertainment and
socialism. While the world has appreciated and continues to appreciate the impact of radio and
television today, there is still a need to number of radio and TV stations and channels to allow more
variety for viewers and listeners, hence, the open radio or television channel/station market
There is a huge difference between starting a radio and a television station in terms of capital.
Starting a televisions channel or a station is as expected, much more expensive than starting a radio
station. Also, it should be noted that the cost starting either a radio or television stations varies
with location

4.1.1 Process
Owning a TV or radio station does not come cheap. Although, the business is among the most
lucrative at the moment, there is so much involved in starting and implementing in your plans.
The process involved and how much you need for each of the processes.

PROCESS ONE- FEASIBILITY STUDY

Consider why you want to start a radio and TV station and the place of choice. Who will be your
target listeners? How much do you have for it?

PROCESS TWO- ACQUIRING AN OFFICE AND NAMING IT

For a standard radio and TV station, a spacious office may be needed because some licensing
bodies may need to go onsite inspection of facilities before licenses are issued, and if their expectations
are not met, the license may not be granted. Therefore, a radio and TV station should have accessible
road, neat and spacious compound, and good water supply. Every radio and TV station should have
names listeners can easily memorize.

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PROCESS THREE- ACQUIRING BROADCAST EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLING THEM

You wouldn’t want to dive into buying the equipment above without first carrying out market
survey on what it would cost to get the best quality devices; that way, you’ll not get stranded along the
line. It is advised to contact personnel who have prior experience in the broadcasting industry for the
purchase of the equipments and to have a legal advisor.

Below are some of the required equipment a well-established radio station in Nigeria should have;

Equipment for the Production Control Room

–          Standing Microphones                                    N720, 000

–          Jack Panels with Cords                                   N1, 728,000

–          Turntable arms                                                N43, 000

–          Non-linear editing systems                            N10, 800,000

–          Stereo turntable preamps                               N142, 200

–          Headphones                                                     N46, 800

–          Audio limiters                                                 N216, 000

–          Direct drive turntables                                    N540, 000

–          6 inch equipment rack                                     N540, 000

–          Stereo turntable cartridges                              N18, 000

–          CD players (broadcast quality)1                     N720,000

–          Ground strap and components                        N1, 260,000

TOTAL                      N16, 774,000

On-Air Control Room

–          Microphones with booms                              N540, 000

–          Distribution amplifiers                                  N126, 000

–          Headphones                                                    N46, 800

–          Monitor amplifier                                          N180, 000

–          Speakers                                                          N360, 000

–          Analogue or Digital audio control              N9, 360,000

–          Audio network router                                   N19, 800,000

–          Direct Drive Turntables                               N270, 000

TOTAL                      N30, 682,800

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The News Control Room

–          Audio console with monitor amplifier      N2, 880,000

–          Speakers                                                          N180, 000

–          Flash card recorder                                       N216, 000

–          Microphones                                                  N216, 000

–          Microphone Stands                                       N50, 400

–          Laptop PC with flash card reader               N540, 000

–          2 Headphones                                                 N108, 000

–          Mic for portables                                             N46, 800

TOTAL                      N4, 237,000

PROCESS FOUR- ACQUIRING BRODCASTING LICENSE

Step one

A Prospective applicant must have a limited liability company registered with the corporate
Affairs Commission. The Articles and memorandum of Association must include the Broadcasting
as one of the business to be conducted by the Business. Article 10 of Nigerian Broadcasting
commission Act prohibits the issuance of licenses to Religious and political parties.

Step two

The company will write to the commission seeking approval to purchase set of application form at
a cost of N50, 000 only. Indicating the Kind of service intended i.e. Radio, TV, MMDs and Location
of the Station.

Step Three

Upon receiving approval, the company can then purchase a set of Application. The package may
include a copy of Nigerian Broad casting code and other publication that would provide an insight
into broadcasting in Nigeria.

Step Four

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The purchased forms should be completed and returned along with the a comprehensive feasibility
of a Business plan for the proposed Radio station to the office of the Director general, National
Broadcasting commission.(NBC).

Step Five

The Application is processed by the commission, recommended to the Board of the commission, for
onward transmission, through the Ministry of information and communication to the president. In
Nigeria the constitution provision has the power to give the final approval for radio and Television
license.

Step six

On approval the successful Applicant is expected to pay the prescribed license fee and sign a
license agreement with the secretary of National broadcasting commission of Nigeria being
allocated to an appropriate frequency.

Step Seven

The issued license has a life span of 5 years and if a license is not utilized with 2 years it is
revoked.

Required Documents

To register for a Broadcasting license there are basic documents and requirement you must have.
They include the followings:

Bank Draft

 Obtain a bank draft of N50, 000 payable to Nigerian Communications Commission for the
License. (The Commissions name must be written in full on the draft)

 Fill the application form and produce two more copies.

Attach the following documents:

 Certificate of Incorporation

 Tax Clearance Certificate but if it is a new Company, a tax waiver letter should be obtained and
attached to the submission.

 Certified true copy of Articles and Memorandum of Association

 2 passport photographs of authorized representative

 Certificate of qualified technical staff. (if applicable)

 Completed application should be submitted in duplicate with all necessary documents attached
and bound

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 License fee on submission of application is N10,000

 All payments are in bank draft

The requirements for an Individual License are

Bank Draft

 Obtain a bank draft of N25, 000 payable to Nigerian Communication Commission for the form.
(The Commissions name must be written in full on the draft)

 Fill the application form and produce three copies

Attach the following documents 

 Certificate of Incorporation

 Current Tax Clearance Certificate but if it is a new company, a letter indicating tax waiver should
be obtained and attached to the submission.

 Certified true copy of Articles and Memorandum of Association.

 3 passport photographs of authorized representative.

 Feasibility report of proposed service applied for.

 Completed application should be submitted in triplicate with all necessary documents attached
and bound.

 On submission, a non-refundable administrative charge which is 5% of the relevant licence fee

would be paid.

 License offer is granted if all conditions/requirements are met. All payments are in bank draft

Office Locations & Contacts

National Broadcasting commission.

Plot 20 Ibrahim Taiwa Street.

(By Aso Villa)Asokoro Abuja

P.M.B 5747 Garki,Abuja Nigeria, Email: info@nbc.gov.ng

Nigerian Communication Commission

Head Office

Plot 423, Aguiyi Ironsi Street

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Maitama, Abuja,

Federal Capital Territory.

Tel: +234-9-4617000

Fax: +234-9-4617514

Zonal Offices

Enugu Office

No 2, Ugwuoba Street

Off Ezilo Avenue

Independence Layout

Enugu State.

Tel: +234-42-250435, 257776

Fax: +234-42-250435

Ibadan Office

No 19, Oshuntokun Avenue

Old Bodija, Ibadan,

Oyo State.

Tel: +234-2-8104303

Fax: +234-2-8103997

Kano Office

No. 1, Sokoto Road,

By Audu Bako Secretariat,

Nasarawa GRA,

P.M.B 3212,

Kano State.

Tel: +234-64-947822, 319999

Fax: +234-64-328855

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Lagos Office

9A Bankole Oki Street,

Behind Ikoyi Club,

Ikoyi, Lagos.

Tel: +234-1-72093224,

2690603, 2690712

Fax: +234-1-2690750

Port Harcourt Office

No. 23A, Igbodo Street,

Behind First Bank Aba Road,

Old GRA, Port Harcourt,

Rivers State.

Tel: +234-84-465644, 465645

Fax: +234-84-464283

Eligibility

All Nigerian Citizen with a Broadcasting license to operate a wireless telegraphy including Radio and
television.

Fees

The required fees for the Broadcasting License is indicated Below:

 The required fee for registration is N50,000

After the licence is granted, the Company would be required to pay licence fee for an initial term of five
years in the first instance, subject to renewal. The licence fee for an initial term of five years is as
follows:

1.
CATEGORY A

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 Any location in the FCT, Lagos and Port Harcourt: Radio - N20million, Open TV - N15million,
Cable - N10million.

CATEGORY B

 Any location in all other states: Radio - N15million, Open TV - N11.25million, Cable - N7.5million.

2. Public/Government Stations: N5million for 5 years or N1million per Television or Radio Channel per
annum for 5 years.

3. Renewal fee for Cable Satellite Television (MMDS):

 a) Category A: FCT, LAGOS and PORT HARCOURT = N5Million for Five years

 b) CATEGORY B: Any location in all other states: N4million for 5 years

4. Direct Broadcast Satellite: (Single Channel): New and Renewal: N10million for 5 years

5. Direct-to-Home (DTH) (Multichannel) New: N25million for 5 years Renewal: N50million for 5 years
(with effect from May 19, 2005).

6 Dealer (Wholesaler): N120, 000.00 per annum

7. Importer (Wholesaler): N120, 000.00 per annum

8. Retailer N30, 000.00 per annum

Other Charges

9. Others: % of income: 2 of income Application form: N50, 000.00 per set

Validity

The license is Valid for 5 years.

Processing Time

Processing takes 6 months.

Instructions

 No person should Open up any Broadcasting station except under in accordance with the
given license.

 The National Broadcasting Commission and National communication Commission has the
mandate to regulate and supervise the radio and television broadcasting in Nigeria.

 You should register for the License of Broadcasting in person.

Required Information

The key information required is as follows:

1. Name of Applicant (or Authorized Representative)

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2. Organization / Company.

3. Completed NCC application form.

4. Certificate of Incorporation with the National communication commission, if a company.

5. Certified true copy of memorandum & Articles of Association.

6. Tax Clearance Certificate

7. Information on Equipment standards and specifications.

8. Information on a random sample of the equipment that was done and a technical and conformity
tests that was conducted by NCC

REFERENCES
1. Introduction to Radio and Television (NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA)- Mr.
Akpede, Kaior Samuel (Course Developer/Writer) – Nasarawa State University Dr.

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Josef Bel-Molokwu (Course Editor) – Enugu State University of Technology Dr.

Oladokun Omojola (Course Reviewer) – Covenant University, Ota Christine I. Ofulue,
Ph.D (Programme Leader) - NOUN Dr. Chidinma Henrietta Onwubere (Coordinator) -
NOUN
2. Broadcasting – Wikipedia
3. The Advent and Growth of Television Broadcasting in Nigeria: Its Political and
Educational Overtones - Charles C. Umeh
4. History of Broadcasting in Nigeria- Legit.ng

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