5.

Three-dimensionnal blade analysis

Deflection
• Why are turbine blades twisted? angle
• Radial equilibrium
• Free vortex design
1. constant axial velocity
2. fixed blade angle
3. fixed degree of reaction
4. constant mass flux (out of
scope)

1
Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
 5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Why are turbine blades twisted?

1. centrifugal force CF = mω2r

blade 2. tangential velocity u = ωr
radius 3. specific work Wu = u(c1u-c2u)
effect 4. enthalpy change h10-h20
5. degree of reaction

Design recommendations:
- Low degree of reaction at blade hub
- High degree of reaction at blade tip
blade twist angle
• steam turbines: Lblade /Drotor > 1/8
• gas turbines & compressors: Lblade /Drotor < 1/8
cu cu cu

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Radial equilibrium

Momentum equation

centrifugal
force
𝑐2
𝑢
𝑑𝑚 ∙ = 𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝 ∙ 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 − 𝑝𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧
𝑟
𝒄𝒖
∴ 𝑑𝑚 = 𝑟 ∙ 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑟 ∙ 𝜌

𝑐𝑢2
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛: 𝑟 ∙ 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑟 ∙ 𝜌 ∙ = 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑝
𝑟

𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑝 Pressure change across blade

𝑐𝑢2 =
𝑟 𝜌

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Radial equilibrium.

Pressure change across blade (example)

P (kPa) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑝
𝑐𝑢2 =
𝑟 𝜌
𝑟 2
𝑝 = 𝜌𝜔2
2
pm = 1.17 bar

 = 9600 rpm

 = 1.89 kg/m3

r (m)
radius of turbomachine
shaft = 25 cm
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Radial equilibrium.

Assuming constant enthalpy across blade length

expanding absolute velocity

𝑑ℎ0 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑐𝑢 𝑑𝑐𝑎

= + 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐𝑎
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑝
assuming constant enthropy and replacing in: 𝑐𝑢2 =
𝑟 𝜌
𝑐𝑢2 𝑑𝑐𝑢 𝑑𝑐𝑎 Radial equilibrium momentum equation
+ 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐𝑎 =0 (wu constant across blade length)
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

5
Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Radial equilibrium.

h10 - h20 = Wu = u(c1u-c2u)

U = ωr Δcu = Wu / (ωr)
U(m/s)
Δcu

r (m) r (m)

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Free vortex design.

1. Constant axial velocity

𝑑𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑢2 𝑑𝑐𝑢

Assuming: =0  + 𝑐𝑢 =0  𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑢 + 𝑙𝑛𝑟 = 𝑘
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
ℎ10 − ℎ20 = 𝑊𝑢 = 𝑢 ∙ ∆𝑐𝑢 = 𝑟 ∙ ∆𝑐𝑢 = 𝑘 ´´
𝑘′
therefore: 𝑐𝑢 = additionally: 𝑢
𝑟 𝜔 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑟
𝑐𝑎 = 𝑐𝑎,𝑚 𝑐𝑎
tan 𝛽 =
𝑐𝑢 − 𝑢 u
𝑐𝑢 ∙ 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑢,𝑚 ∙ 𝑟𝑚 c
Design conditions:
𝑐𝑎
𝑢 𝑢𝑚 tan 𝛼 =
= 𝑐𝑢
𝑟 𝑟𝑚
ca
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Free vortex design.

𝑐𝑢,𝑚 ∙ 𝑟𝑚
𝑐𝑢 =
𝑟

r(m)
ω = 2000 rpm cum = 100 m/s
cu cu cu
c

u
c

u
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Free vortex design.

2. Fixed blade angle (constant nozzle angle) c

𝑐𝑢2 𝑑𝑐𝑢 𝑑𝑐𝑎

+ 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐𝑎 =0
constant 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

Design conditions
constant
𝑢 𝑢𝑚
=
𝑟 𝑟𝑚
𝑟𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
𝑐𝑎 = 𝑐𝑎𝑚
𝑟
𝑟𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
𝑢
𝑐𝑢 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚 𝜔 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑟 𝑟
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Free vortex design.

Fixed blade angle (example)

𝑟𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑟𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
Ca (m/s) 𝑐𝑎 = 𝑐𝑎𝑚 Cu (m/s)
𝑐𝑢 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚
𝑟 𝑟

α=20o Cam = 50 m/s

ω = 2000 rpm Cum = 150 m/s

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Free vortex design.

3. Fixed degree of reaction

ca = const

Design conditions
Wu = const
𝑤22 = 𝑤2𝑢
2
+ 𝑐𝑎2
𝑊𝑢 𝑤22 − 𝑤12 = 𝑤2𝑢
2 2
− 𝑤1𝑢
𝑐1𝑢 =𝑢 1−𝑅 +
2𝑢 𝑤12 = 𝑤1𝑢
2
+ 𝑐𝑎2

𝑊𝑢 𝑤22 𝑤12
𝑐1𝑢 = 𝜔𝑟 1 − 𝑅 + ℎ1 − ℎ2 − 2 2
𝑤2𝑢 − 𝑤1𝑢2
2𝜔𝑟 2
𝑅= = =
𝑊𝑢 𝑢 ∙ ∆𝑐𝑢 2𝑢 𝑐1𝑢 − 𝑐2𝑢
𝐵
𝑐1𝑢 =𝐴∙𝑟+
𝑟 2𝑢 − 𝑐1𝑢 + 𝑐2𝑢
𝑅= → 2𝑢 1 − 𝑅 = 𝑐1𝑢 + 𝑐2𝑢
2𝑢
𝐵
𝑐2𝑢 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑟 −
𝑟 𝑊𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑐1𝑢 − 𝑐2𝑢

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
 5. Three-dimensionnal blade analysis. Free vortex design.

Fixed degree of reaction (example) C1u (m/s)

𝑊𝑢
𝑐1𝑢 = 𝜔𝑟 1 − 𝑅 +
2𝜔𝑟

ω = 2000 rpm

Wu = 10 kJ/kg

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery