Ahmed Abd-Almonaem Elrufaie - 202062

Edema

60% of lean body weight is water. Edema is fluid in interstitial tissue.

Hyperemia and Congestion

Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation leading to local increase in blood
volume.
Congestion is a passive process of increase in blood volume due to impaired outflow.

Hemorrhage
Extravasation of blood because of vessel rupture. Accumulation is a hematoma.

Normal Hemostasis
1. vasoconstriction - endothelin
2. platelet adherence and activation - primary hemostatic plug
3. coagulation cascade stimulated by the release of tissue factor - leads to activation of
thrombin - secondary hemostatic plug
4. permanent plug

Thrombosis
Virchow's triad: endothelial injury, stasis, hypercoagulability
Hypercoagulable states: Factor V Leiden, Protein C/S deficiency, homocysteine,
prothrombin mutations
Hyperestrogenic states (pregnancy, OCP): increased hepatic synthesis of certain
coagulation factors and reduced synthesis of antithrombin III.
Disseminated cancers: procoagulant tumor products
Age: increasing platelet aggregation and reduced PGI2.

1
Embolism

Is a detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to
a site distant from its point of origin.

Infarction

An area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of either arterial supply or venous

drainage. 99% from thrombotic or embolic events. Remainder: local vasospasm,
extrinsic compression, hemorrhage within a plaque, torsion, traumatic rupture. Infarcts
caused by venous thrombosis are more common in organs with single venous
outflows: e.g. testis, ovary.
Red Infarct (hemorrhagic): venous occlusions, loose tissues (lung), dual circulations,
congested, when flow reestablished
White Infarcts (anemic): arterial occlusions or solid organs (heart, spleen, kidney).

Shock
Cardiogenic - myocardial pump failure
Hypovolemic - loss of blood or plasma volume
Septic - caused by gram-negative bacilli. endotoxins.

Neurogenic - spinal cord injury, anesthesia

Anaphylactic - IgE mediated