خواص مواد Dental Cements

Dental Cements
LECTURER OF DENTAL BIOMATERIALS

Ideal Requirements of Dental
Cements:
1. Biological Properties:
a) Non-toxic and non-irritant to the pulp and other oral tissues.
b) It should be obtandent, palliative and sedative to oral tissues.
c) It should be bacteriostatic.
d) It should provide thermal insulation.
e) It should provide chemical insulation.
f) It should provide electric insulation.
2. Bonding:
 The cement should perform a chemical bond with enamel

and dentine i.e: have adhesive properties.
3. Rheological Properties:
 The luting cement should have a thin film thickness (≤ 25 μm).
 The cement should have a good working time and short

setting time.
4. Solubility:
 The cement should be insoluble in oral fluids to

prevent leakage and loosening of the restorations.
5. Optical Properties:
 The cement should be translucent if used for

cementing translucent restorations.
5. Mechanical Properties:
 The cement should have good mechanical properties.

Classifications of Dental
Cements:
1. According to bonding with tooth structure:
Micromechanical interlocking
Chemical bonding
Zinc oxide and eugenol cement
Zinc phosphate cement Zinc polycarboxylate cement.
Conventional resin cement Glass ionomer cement
Calcium hydroxide liner Adhesive resin cement
2. According to setting reaction:
Acid-base reaction Polymerization reaction Acid-base and
polymerization reaction
Zinc oxide and eugenol Resin cement. Resin modified Glass
cement ionomer cement.
Zinc phosphate cement
Zinc polycarboxylate cement.
Glass ionomer cement.
3. According to Use: Liner Varnish
Uses
Temporary Periodontal
Luting Pack
Surgical Temporary
Permanent
Filling
Luting
Pack
Intermediate Base Permanent
restorative Filling Sealer
Material
4. According to chemistry of the powder (Historical Classification):
Cements based of zinc oxide powder

Zinc phosphate cement
5. According to chief chemical ingredient:
Oil-based cements Water based cements Resin-based cements

Zinc phosphate cement Resin cement.
Glass ionomer cement.
Oil Based Cements
ZINC OXIDE AND EUGENOL CEMENT
Zinc oxide and eugenol
cement
 It is one of the earliest cements used in dentistry.
 Mode of Supply:
A. Powder and liquid.
B. Ready-made single paste.
C. Two pastes.
 Composition:
A. Powder:
 Zinc oxide + 10% magnesium oxide.
B. Liquid:
 Eugenol + 15% olive oil.
 Setting reaction:
ZnO + H2O Zn(OH)2
Zn (OH)2 + eugenol Zn eugenolate +

H2O It is called chelation reaction.
 Setting reaction:
 Water is essential for the setting reaction to occurs as the
ZnO cannot react with eugenol. Only zinc hydroxide can react
with eugenol.
 Humidity and heat accelerate the reaction.
Setting reaction:
 Ready-made single paste contains no water and start to set
after contact with moisture inside patient’s mouth.
Microstructure:
 Cored structure formed of a matrix of unreacted zinc

oxide powder and eugenol held in a matrix of zinc
eugenolate.
Manipulation:
 Powder and liquid:
Mixing using stainless-steel spatula

over glass slab or oil resistant pad.
Manipulation:
 Powder and liquid:
Powder/ liquid ratio depends on

the required viscosity and use.
Powder is added incrementally

to liquid.
cement
Manipulation:
 Two Pastes:
Dispense equal
lengths and mix
until obtain
homogenous
color.
cement
cement
Properties:
 The set cement is neutral (pH=7).
 The eugenol has sedative, palliative and obtundent effect
on the pulp.
 Eugenol has a bacteriostatic action.
Properties:
2. Consistency and film thickness:
 Thick film thickness ≈ 40 microns
Properties:
3. Solubility:
 High solubility due to leaching out of unreacted eugenol
and its replacing by water. The water disintegrates the
matrix.
Properties:
4. Strength:
 Poor mechanical Properties
Compressive strength = 15
MPa. Tensile strength = 5 MPa.
Properties:
5. Bonding:
 Mechanical interlocking
Properties:
 Opaque due to presence of unreacted zinc oxide particles
in the set cement.
Modifications:
1. Polymer reinforced cement:
 Zinc oxide and eugenol cement is reinforced by addition of:
a) 20% Poly-methyl-methacrylate to the powder
b) 10% Polystyrene to the liquid.
Modifications:
2. EBA Cement:
 It is modified by addition of:
a) 30 % alumina to the powder  increase strength.
b) 6% rosin and copolymers to the powder 
increase plasticity.
c) 62.5% ethoxy benzoic acid (EBA) to liquid.
Modifications:
3. Rapid Set Zinc oxide eugenol cement:
 It is modified by addition of:
a) 30 % alumina to the powder  increase strength.
b) 6% rosin and copolymers to the powder 
increase plasticity.
c) 62.5% ethoxy benzoic acid (EBA) to liquid.
Modifications:
4. 4. Eugenol-free cement:
 This form is based on oils other than eugenol.
Limitations:
 The unmodified form has lower mechanical properties and high
solubility. Therefore, it cannot be used as a base under
amalgam restoration.
 The eugenol showed sensitivity with some patients.
Limitations:
 The eugenol inhibits the polymerization reaction. Therefore, zinc

oxide and eugenol cannot be used under resin composite
restorations, or used as temporary cement if the final
restoration will be cemented by resin cement.
Uses:
 Temporary filling.
 Temporary cement.
Uses:
 Permanent cement (the modified types).
Uses:
 Base under amalgam (the modified types).
Zinc oxide and eugenol nt
ceme
Uses:
 Surgical and periodontal pack.
cement
Uses:
 Root canal sealers.
Water Based Cements
ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT
ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE
CEMENT GLASS IONOMER
CEMENT
Zinc Phosphate
Cement
 It is one of the oldest cements that is available nowadays. This
is because its long history of clinical success and good handling
properties.
Mode of Supply:
 Powder and liquid

Composition:
1. Powder:
a) Zinc oxide (main ingredient).
b) Magnesium oxide (gives white color to the powder and control
the setting reaction).
c) Silica and alumina (improve mechanical properties).
d) Stannous fluoride (in some formulas to release fluoride).
Zinc Phosphate
Cement
Composition:
2. Liquid:
a) Aqueous solution of phosphoric acid.
The oxides in the powder forms a buffers with the liquid to control
the working time.
Setting reaction:
 It is an acid-base reaction.
 The acid dissolves the superficial layer of the particles of
the powder and forms zinc phosphate.
ZnO + 2H3PO4 Zn(H2PO4)2 + H2O
Setting reaction:
 The second phase of the reaction occurs to produce hydrated

zinc phosphate matrix.
ZnO + Zn(H2PO4)2 + 2H2O Zn3(PO4)2. 4H2O
 The reaction is rapid and exothermic.
Microstructure:
 Cored structure composed of a matrix of hydrated zinc

phosphate matrix holding unreacted particles of zinc oxide
powder
Manipulation:
 Powder/liquid depends on the using purpose (

Thin consistency (for luting) Thick consistency (for base).
Zinc Phosphate
Cement
Manipulation:
 Mixing is done using stainless steel spatula and over glass slab.
Zinc Phosphate
Cement
Manipulation:
 The loss of water results in the

cloudy appearance of the liquid
so it should be discarded.
Manipulation:
 Water evaporation form the

liquid should be avoided as loss of
water will increase the pH of the
liquid and resulting in slowing the
setting reaction.
Manipulation:
 To avoid loss of water from the liquid:

a. Keep the bottle tightly closed.
b. Dispense the cement just before use.
c. Dispense the powder followed by the liquid.
Manipulation:
 To avoid loss of water from the liquid:

a. Keep the bottle tightly closed.
b. Dispense the cement just before use.
c. Dispense the powder followed by the liquid.
Manipulation:
 The setting reaction is an exothermic reaction.

 The liberated heat accelerates the setting reaction which results
in decreasing the working time.
 Therefore, heat should be dissipated.
Zinc Phosphate
Cement
Manipulation:
 The heat should be dissipated by:
a. Mix over a wide area.
b. Mix incrementally.
c. Use thick glass slab.
d. Use cool glass slab.
Zinc Phosphate
Cement
Manipulation:
 The temperature of the cooled glass slab

should be above the dew point to prevent
water condensation from the
atmosphere.
 This excess water alters the cement properties.
Properties:
 It is highly acidic.
 The pH after mixing is 1.3 – 3.6. After 1 hour it rises to 6 then
become neutral after 24 - 48 hours.
Properties:
 If used as a base in deep cavities, it should
be preceded by a sub-base (calcium
hydroxide).
Zinc Phosphate base

Zinc Phosphate
Cement
Properties:
 If is used for cementation, the patient may complain from pain
for few minutes.
Zinc Phosphate
Cement
Properties:
 The fluoride released (from fluoride containing products)
reduced decalcification to surrounding enamel and dentine.
Properties:

 Thin film thickness = 25 microns
Properties:
3. Solubility:
 Low solubility (0.1 – 0.2% after 24 hours).
 🢙 Powder/liquid  ⭡solubility.
Properties:
 It is a brittle material (compressive strength = 90 – 140
MPa, tensile strength = 5 -7).
Properties:
 It has the highest modulus of elasticity (≈ 12 GPa) which is
similar to dentine, so it is the most suitable cement to be used as
a base under amalgam.
Properties:
5. Bonding:
 Micromechanical Interlocking.
Properties:
6. Optical properties:
 Opaque due to presence of unreacted zinc oxide particles
Properties:
7. Thermal and electrical conductivity:

 Good thermal and electrical insulator but not effective as dentine
Uses:
1. Permanent cement for metallic and metal-ceramic restorations.

2. Base under amalgam.
3. Temporary filling material.
Water Based Cements
CEMENT
Zinc polycarboxylate
cement
 It is the first cement that produce chemical bond with
tooth structure.
 It is the first cement that produce chemical bond with
tooth structure.
Cement
Mode of Supply:
1. Powder and liquid.

2. Water settable cement.
Composition:
1. Powder:
 Like zinc phosphate cement (zinc oxide + magnesium oxide + silica
+ alumina + stannous fluoride)
Composition:
2. Liquid:
 30% - 40% aqueous solution of copolymer of polyacrylic acid
and other unsaturated carboxylic acids (itaconic and maleic
acids) to stabilize the liquid from gelation during storage.
 Sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH and viscosity.
 Tartaric acid to extend the working time.
Cement
Composition:
3.Water settable cement:

This formula was developed to:
a) Simplify achieving correct ratio between powder and liquid as
the high viscosity of the liquid complicates it.
b) Stop increasing viscosity of the liquid over time on storage.
Composition:

 The polycarboxylic acid is freeze-dried and then added to the
powder.
 The liquid of this formula is distilled water or diluted solution
of tartaric acid.
Composition:

 This formula has an extended working time compared to
traditional form as additional time is needed to dissolve the
dried acid before starting the acid-base setting reaction.
Setting Reaction:
 The ionized copolymer attacks the superficial layer of zinc
oxide powder and release zinc ions.
 Zinc ions cross-link the copolymer chains forming a matrix of
zinc polyacrylate (zinc polycarboxylate).
-
Setting Reaction: COO
-
-
- COO
COO ++ COO -
Zn COO
++
++ Zn
Zn - ++
++
++ COO Zn Zn
- Zn
-
COO COO -
++
- - ++ COO
COO COO Zn Zn
-
COO
-
-
-
- COO
COO ++ COO -
Zn COO
++
++ Zn
Zn - ++
++
++ COO Zn Zn
- Zn
-
COO COO -
++
- - ++ COO
COO COO Zn Zn
-
COO
-
-
-
- COO
COO ++ COO -
Zn COO
++ ++
++
Zn Zn - Zn
++ COO
- Zn ++
-
COO COO -
Zn ++
++ COO
- -
COO COO Zn Zn
-
COO
Cement
Setting Reaction:
 It is faster than setting reaction of zinc phosphate cement.

Microstructure:
 Cored structure composed of a matrix of zinc

polycarboxylate (polyacrylate) matrix holding unreacted
particles of zinc oxide powder.
Manipulation:
 Powder/liquid depends on the

using purpose.
 Mixing is done using plastic spatula
and over glass slab or non-absorbent
paper. Stainless steel spatula can react
chemically with the cement.
Manipulation:
 Like zinc phosphate cement, the cement should be dispensed

just before mixing.
Manipulation:
 The working time of the cement is shorter than that of

zinc phosphate cement. The working time can be
extended by:
a) Incorporate half of the powder to liquid at a time.
b) Refrigerate the powder.
c) The recent formulations have longer working time as
the manufacturers optimized the amount of tartaric
acid.
Manipulation:
 Cooling the liquid or use a cool glass slab increase its viscosity,
so it is not recommended.
Manipulation:
 Increasing shear rate decreases the viscosity of the mix as the

polyacrylic acid is a pseudoplastic liquid. Therefore, the
operator should mix the cement and seat the restorations
rapidly.
Rheological
Properties
Cement
Manipulation:
 The cement should be used while it still has its glossy surface
as the loss of its surface gloss indicates the initial setting of the
cement and absence of free carboxylic groups that are
essential for chemical bond.
Manipulation:
 The cement passes with a rubbery stage during its setting. Excess
cement should be removed just after cementation process or
after the cement becomes hard.
 Removing excess cement during the rubbery stage as it may
pull out some cement from beneath the margins leaving voids.
Manipulation:
Properties:
 Although its initial low pH, it is more biocompatible than
zinc phosphate cement due to:
a) Polyacrylic acid is weaker acid compared to phosphoric acid.
b) The rapid rise of the pH to neutrality.
Properties:
 Although its initial low pH, it is more biocompatible than
zinc phosphate cement due to:
c) The large molecular size of the polyacrylic acid prevent
its penetration into dentinal tubule.
Properties:
 The chemical bond with the tooth structure provides a
barrier against ingress of the bacteria.
 The fluoride released (from fluoride containing products)
reduced decalcification to surrounding enamel and
dentine.
Properties:

 Thin film thickness = 25 – 45 microns.
Properties:
3. Solubility:
 Low solubility 0.01% to 0.02% after 24 hours.
 Lower than zinc phosphate cement.
Properties:
 Compressive strength lower than zinc phosphate cement (55
– 95 MPa).
 Tensile strength slightly higher than zinc phosphate cement (3
- 7 MPa).
Properties:
5. Bonding:
 It bonds chemically with enamel and dentine.
 The of carboxylic group bonds with the calcium of the
tooth structure.
 The bond to enamel is higher than that to dentine due
to higher mineral content.
Properties:
5. Bonding:
 It bonds chemically with base metal alloys.
 It bonds micromechanically with gold alloy due to inert
nature of the gold
Properties:
 Opaque due to presence of unreacted zinc oxide particles.
Uses:
 Permanent cement for metallic and metal-

ceramic restorations.
 Base under amalgam.
Water Based Cements
CEMENT
Glass Ionomer
Cement
 Glass ionomer has a wide range of uses in dentistry.
 Although the term “glass-ionomer” is not strictly correct, it
is widely used within dental profession.
 According to the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), the proper name is “glass polyalkenoate
cement”.
Mode of Supply:
 Glass ionomer has a wide range of uses in dentistry.
 Although the term “glass-ionomer” is not strictly correct, it
is widely used within dental profession.
 According to the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), the proper name is “glass polyalkenoate
cement”.
Mode of Supply:
3. Pre-proportioned capsule.
4. Paste-Paste dispenser.
Mode of Supply:
Mode of Supply:
 It is loaded with the correct P/L which maximize
the properties of the material.
 Dispensing the material throw the gun allows
better adaptability to the prepared tooth.
Mode of Supply:
 Requires no mixing so the restoration has less voids.
 Save time.
 Easy to use
 The main disadvantage is the high cost.
Mode of Supply:
Mode of Supply:
Mode of Supply:
 The material is supplied in a double barrel syringe (each
barrel contains a paste) with a lever.
 By pressing the lever, the two pastes are dispensed
simultaneously with the recommended dose for hand mixing or
the two pastes are auto-mixed by a mixing tip.
Mode of Supply:
Mode of Supply:
 This form of supply offers proper proportioning and ease of
use compared to powder-liquid form.
 The main disadvantage is the high cost.
Classification:
1. According to use.
 Type I: GIC used as luting cement.
 Type II A: GIC used as esthetic restorations.
 Type II B: GIC used as reinforced restorations.
 Type III: GIC used as a liner or base.
Classification:
2. According to chemical composition.
a) Conventional glass ionomer cement.
b) Metal modified glass ionomer cement.
c) Resin modified glass ionomer cement.
d) Highly viscous glass ionomer cement (packable glass ionomer cement).
e) Zinc reinforced glass ionomer cement.
f) Nanoionomer.
g) Zirconia modified glass ionomer cement.
h) Poly-acid modified composite resin (compomer)
Composition:
1. Powder:
 Calcium-fluoro-alumino silicate glass.
 It consists of three main components; silica (SiO2), Alumina (Al2O3)
and a flux of Calcium fluoride (CaF2) and sodium fluoride (NaF).
 Barium and strontium are added to increase radio-opacity.
Composition:
2. Liquid:
 Aqueous solution of copolymer of acrylic acid, itaconic acid
and maliec acid (to decrease the viscosity of the liquid).
 It contains tartaric acid to increase the working time and
decrease the setting time.
Setting reaction:
 It involves three overlapping stages:
a) Dissolution
b) Gelation
c) Hardening
Setting reaction:
a) Dissolution:
 The acid attacks the powder particles and dissolve the outer
layer (20% to 30% of the particle is dissolved).
 Na+, Ca++, Al+++ and F- ions are released while the SiO2 remains on
the outer layer of the particles.
 Ca++ and Al+++ are responsible for cross linking the acid chains
while Na+ and F- are released from the cement as NaF.
Setting reaction:
a) Dissolution:
Setting reaction:
a) Dissolution:
Setting reaction:
a) Dissolution:
Setting reaction:
b) Gelation:
 It is the stage of initial set of the material.
 The calcium ions are rapidly migrated and cross-linked the poly-
acid chains (by bonding with carboxylic (COO-) groups of the
acid chains).
Setting reaction:
b) Gelation:
 The calcium ions are not efficient in cross-linking the acid
chains as calcium ion may bonds with two COO- groups of same
acid molecule.
 Therefore, at this stage, the cement may be affected by
outer environment and should be isolated from it.
Setting reaction:
b) Gelation:
 The calcium ions are not efficient in cross-linking the acid
chains as calcium ion may bonds with two COO- groups of same
acid molecule.
 Therefore, at this stage, the cement may be affected by
outer environment and should be isolated from it.
Setting reaction:
b) Gelation
Setting reaction:
c) Hardening:
 It is the stage of final set of the material.
 The aluminum ions are slowly released but efficiently cross-
linked the poly-acid chains.
Setting reaction:
c) Hardening:
 The water is bonded to the silica gel (SiO2) at the outer layer
of the particles.
 This reaction takes longer time (up to 24 hours). Therefore,
the cement should be protected against the outer
environment.
 The solubility of the set cement is very low.
Setting reaction:
c) Hardening:
Setting reaction:
c) Hardening:
Role of Water in setting reaction :
 Water is the reaction medium as it provides ion
transportation needed for setting reaction and fluoride
release.
 Part of water is tightly bounded in the set cement and
provides stability of the restoration.
 Water gives plasticity during manipulation steps.
 Before the final set of the material, the poly-acid chains are
not efficiently cross-linked. Therefore, the water and Al+++
may be lost form the cement.
Glass Ionomer
Cement
 If the glass ionomer cement is subjected to dryness before
final setting, the reaction will not be completed and its surface
will crack.
Glass Ionomer
Cement
 If subjected to moisture before final setting, the matrix will
be dissolved.
Glass Ionomer
Cement
 Protecting the glass ionomer restoration with a varnish or
coat during first 24 hours is as essential step to achieve the
desired properties.
Glass Ionomer
Cement
 Protecting the glass ionomer restoration with a varnish or
coat during first 24 hours is as essential step to achieve the
desired properties.
Glass Ionomer
Cement
Microstructure
 Cored structure formed of unreacted glass particles embedded
in a matrix of poly-acrylate. Each particle is surrounded by a
layer of silica gel.
Glass Ionomer
Cement
Manipulation
 P/L differs according to the purpose:
 🡑P/L for restoration
 🢙P/L for luting
Manipulation
 Mixing is done using plastic spatula and over glass slab or
non- absorbent paper.
 Stainless steel spatula can react chemically with the cement
and the glass particles may abrade the stainless steel spatula
leading to incorporation of metals into the mix with resulting of
bad esthetics.
Manipulation
 The cement should be dispended, mixed, extend working
time and used while it still has its glossy surface
(Like zinc polycarboxylate cement)
Manipulation
 Capsules are mixed into amalgamator or mixer according to
manufacturer instruction then the mixed cement is
extruded out of the capsule by applicator.
 The mixed cement is subjected to shear stresses while it is
extruded from the capsule nozzle so increasing its fluidity
due to pseudoplastic nature of the cement.
Manipulation
 The tooth surface should be conditioned by 20% polyacrylic
acid to clean it from debris.
 The restoration should be covered with a coat or varnish after
its initial setting.
Manipulation
 The tooth surface should be conditioned by
20% polyacrylic acid to clean it from debris.
 The restoration should be covered with a coat or
varnish after its initial setting.
Properties:
 It has a mild irritation to the pulp. So, calcium hydroxide base
is required in very deep cavities.
Properties:
 Fluoride releasing:
 Fluoride release makes it an anticariogenic restoration.
 The released fluoride is taken up by surrounding enamel
and dentine making them more resistance to acid attack.
Properties:
 Fluoride releasing:
 The amount of fluoride released is higher in the first
week (burst effect) then decreased to a nearly constant
rate.
 If the GIC is subjected to fluoride rich media, it uptakes
the fluoride then releases it again (fluoride recharge)
Properties:
 Thin film thickness = 24 microns
Properties:
3. Solubility:
 The GIC is very sensitive to water in the first 24 hours. So,
coating the restoration is very important.
 After 24 hours, the solubility is low.
Properties:
4. Strength:
 GIC is a brittle material (its compressive strength is higher
than tensile strength).
 The cement coating after initial setting improves its strength.
 GIC strength not allows it to restore stress bearing areas.
Properties:
5. Bonding:
 GIC bonds chemically to tooth structure due to reaction of its
carboxylic group with calcium and phosphate content of
tooth structure.
 Conditioning the tooth surface with mild acids (20% polyacrylic
acid) cleans the tooth surface from debris which leads to
increase bond strength.
Properties:
5. Bonding:
 GIC bond strength is lower than zinc polycarboxylate cement
due to moisture sensitivity of GIC.
 Hydrogen bond with collagen of the dentine may occurs.
Properties:
 It is translucent material as the unreacted core particles are
glass that can transmit light.
 Its translucency matches dentine translucency so it
provides reasonable matching with tooth structure.
Uses:
 Restoration of deciduous teeth.
 Abrasion and erosion lesions especially root lesion.
 Long-term intermediate restoration.
 Core buildup.
 Fissure sealants.
 Cavity base (under amalgam, composite or ceramics) or liner.
 Luting cement for crowns, bridges and orthodontic brackets.
Modifications:
 Modifications to glass ionomer cement were invented to

overcome its limitations such as; initial low strength, initial
water sensitivity and long setting time.
Modifiactions:
1. Metal modified glass ionomer cement.
2. Resin modified glass ionomer cement.
3. Highly viscous glass ionomer cement (packable glass ionomer cement).
4. Zinc reinforced glass ionomer cement.
5. Nanoionomer.
6. Zirconia modified glass ionomer cement.
7. Poly-acid modified composite resin (compomer)
Metal Modified Glass ionomer
Cement
 Metals are added to the conventional glass ionomer powder
in two ways:
a) Admix:
Addition of amalgam alloy powder as additional fillers.
b) Cermet:
Sintering of precious metals (most commonly silver) to the surface of
the glass ionomer powder.
 Setting reaction is an acid-base reaction.
 Advantages compared to conventional glass ionomer:
1. Higher mechanical properties.
2. Better radio-opacity.
 Disadvantages compared to conventional glass ionomer:
1. Releasing less fluoride
2. More opaque due to metal content.
 Uses:
1. Core buildup material.
2. Class I and II for deciduous molars.
2. Resin modified glass
(RMGI ionomer
C)This modification involves incorporation of resins to the liquid

of GIC.
 The added resins are either pendant methacryate groups to
the polyacrylic acid chains or hydrophilic resin HEMA or both
methods.
 The RMCIC are classified according to setting reactions to:
A. Dual cured RMGIC.
B. Triple cured RMGIC.
A. Dual cured RMGIC.
The material set by two mechanisms:
1. Acid-base reaction (between glass particles and
polyacrylic acid).
2. Light cured polymerization reaction between
resin components.
B. Triple cured RMGIC.
The material set by three mechanisms.
1. Acid-base reaction (between glass particles and
polyacrylic acid).
2. Light cured polymerization reaction of resin components.
3. Chemical cured polymerization reaction of resin components.
The chemical curing ensures effective polymerization in deep
cavities.
 Advantages of RMGIC:
1. Good working and setting time.
2. Less water sensitivity.
3. Improved strength compared with conventional GIC.
4. Chemical bond with tooth structure.
 Disadvantages of RMGIC:
1. Less fluoride release than conventional GIC.
2. Cytotoxic effect of HEMA .
3. Highly viscous glass
ionomer
 Specially designed for atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) .
3. Highly viscous glass
ionomer
 It has lower solubility, higher mechanical properties, less water
sensitivity and less fluoride release compared to conventional
GIC.
 It differs from conventional GIC in its finer powder, increased
P/L and decrease the amount of alkali metals in glass powder.
4. Nano-ionomer
 It is a resin modified glass ionomer cement with zirconia-
silica nano-clusters and nano-particles as additional fillers.
 It shows comparable properties to RMGIC.
5. Zirconia modified glass
ionomer:
 Zirconia particles are added to conventional glass
ionomer cement.
 Zirconia characterized by good mechanical properties,
toughness, biocompatibility and good aesthetics.
6. Zinc modified glass
ionomer
 Zinc is added to the conventional glass ionomer cement.
 After mixing, Zinc is released form the glass particles rapidly
then cross-linking the matrix occurs rapidly.
 It improves the mechanical properties compared with
conventional GIC but has lower mechanical properties
compared with high viscous and resin modified GIC.
 Zinc affects badly the translucency of GIC.
7. Polyacid modified resin
(Compomer
composite
) This modification is more related to composite resin rather

than GIC.
 Compomer is composed of a matrix from methacrylate
matrix modified with carboxylic groups and fillers of fluoro-
alumino- silicate glass particles.
 The setting reaction is polymerization reaction.
 It releases fluoride but less than GIC with no recharging ability.
 It has better optical properties, less water sensitivity and
superior mechanical properties compared to GIC.
8. Giomer
 It is composed of a resin matrix and fillers.
 The fillers are fluoro-alumino-silicate glass reacted with
polyacrylic acid. Then dried, milled, silanated and incorporated
into the resin matrix.
Resin Based Cements
Resin
Cement
 They are low viscosity resin composite materials with fillers
content and distribution that gives suitable film thickness,
working and setting time for luting purpose.
Resin
Cement
Mode of Supply:
 Paste system (one paste or two pastes according to mode

of curing).
 Capsules.
Classification according to composition
1. Conventional resin composite cements.
2. Adhesive resin composite cements
3. Self-adhesive resin composite cements

Resin
Cement
1. Conventional resin composite cements:
 They composed of resinous matrix, fillers and
initiator- activator system.
 They bond with micromechanical interlocking to both
restoration and tooth structure. Therefore, acid etching
and bonding agents are required for cementing the
restorations.
2. Adhesive resin composite cements:
 They are modified with adhesive monomers such as 4-
META and MDP.
 They bond to metallic surfaces with no adhesion promotors.
 They require prepared tooth structure to bond with it
(applying dentine bonding agents).
3. Self-adhesive resin composite cements:
 They are bonded to metallic surfaces and tooth structure
with no pretreatment.
Classification according to mode of curing:
1. Self-cured resin composite cement:
2. Light-cured resin composite cement:
3. Dual-cured resin composite cement:
Majority of dental resin cements are dual cured.
Classification according to mode of curing:
3. Dual-cured resin composite cement:
 Majority of dental resin cements are dual cured.
 The self-curing polymerization reaction is a slow reaction to give
extended working time until exposure to the light which starts
the light-curing polymerization.
 The self-curing polymerization ensured sufficient
polymerization in deep areas and after light stopping light
application.
Setting reaction:
 Free radical addition polymerization.
Manipulation:
 Choose the proper shade of the resin cement
 Isolate and dry the tooth well.
 Prepare surfaces of the tooth and the restoration (according
to cement type).
Manipulation:
 Mix the cement according to mode of supply (with plastic
spatula over paper pad, brush in mixing dish, auto-mixing tip or
capsule).
 Apply the cement at the internal surface of the restoration.
Resin
Cement
Manipulation:
 Mix the cement according to mode of supply (with plastic
spatula over paper pad, brush in mixing dish, auto-mixing tip or
capsule).
 Apply the cement at the internal surface of the restoration.
Resin
Cement
Manipulation:
 Apply light (for light cured and dual cured cements) for 3
seconds then remove the excess cement. Then complete the
light application.
Resin
Cement
Manipulation:
 Restorations thicker than 2.5 mm should be cemented
by chemical cured resin cements
Properties:
1. Biological properties:
 Unreacted monomers cause irritation to the pulp. Therefore,
liner should be used if remaining dentine thickness is less
than
0.5 mm.
 Dual cured cements are less irritant.
Properties:
1. Biological properties:
 Unreacted monomers cause irritation to the pulp. Therefore,
liner should be used if remaining dentine thickness is less
than
0.5 mm.
 Dual cured cements are less irritant.
Properties:
 They are varying according to the product
Properties:
3. Solubility:
 Insoluble in oral cavity.
Properties:
4. Strength:
 It depends on filler content and degree of conversion.
 Resin cements have better mechanical properties compared
to acid-base cements.
Properties:
5. Bonding:
 Differs according to cement type:
 Conventional resin cement bonds by micro-
mechanical interlocking via acid etching technique,
while
 Adhesive and self-adhesive resin cements bond via
chemical bond.
Properties:
 Translucent
 Supplied with different shades.
Cements for
pulp
protection
CAVITY VARNISH
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE CAVITY LINER
Cavity
varnish
 It is composed of a resin (natural or synthetic) dissolved in
an organic solvent (acetone, chloroform or acetone).
Cavity
varnish
 It is painted over the tooth surface using brush or cotton pledget.
 After painting, the solvent evaporates leaving not intact resin
layer. Therefore, 2-3 layers are applied to ensure formation of
a uniform layer.
Uses:
1. Seal dentinal tubules against chemical irritants as
zinc phosphate cement.
2. Seal dentinal tubules against dental amalgam
corrosion products.
3. Protect glass ionomer restoration from early
moisture sensitivity.
Uses:
1. Seal dentinal tubules against chemical irritants as
zinc phosphate cement.
2. Seal dentinal tubules against dental amalgam
corrosion products.
3. Protect glass ionomer restoration from early
moisture sensitivity.
Cements for
pulp
protection
CAVITY VARNISH
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE CAVITY LINER
Calcium hydroxide cavity
liner
Mode of supply:
1. Two pastes in two collapsible tubes (base and catalyst).
2. Light cured containing resin matrix and photo-
activation system.
Calcium hydroxide cavity
liner
Manipulation:
1. Two pastes: Equal volumes of two pastes are mixed for
30 seconds and set in about 2 minutes.
Manipulation:
2. Light activated: dispensed inside the cavity and cured for
40 seconds.
Properties:
 The freshly mixed cement is highly alkaline (pH: 11-12).
 This alkalinity results stimulation of the pulp and formation
of secondary dentine when placed in very deep cavities
(indirect pulp capping) or directly on the pulp (direct pulp
capping).
 Its high alkalinity results in a bactericidal effect.
Properties:
2. Solubility:
 It is highly soluble.
Properties:
3. Strength:
 It has very low mechanical properties.
 It should not be placed directly under dental amalgam as it will
not withstand condensation force of dental amalgam and it
will not provide thermal insulation.
Properties:
4. Bonding:
 Micro-mechanical interlocking.
Properties:
 Opaque so it cannot be used under esthetic restorations.
Thank You

خواص مواد Dental Cements

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خواص مواد Dental Cements

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Dental Cements

LECTURER OF DENTAL BIOMATERIALS

 The cement should perform a chemical bond with enamel

 The luting cement should have a thin film thickness (≤ 25 μm).

 The cement should have a good working time and short

 The cement should be insoluble in oral fluids to

 The cement should be translucent if used for

 The cement should have good mechanical properties.

Zinc oxide and eugenol cement

Zinc oxide and eugenol cement

Zn (OH)2 + eugenol Zn eugenolate +

 Cored structure formed of a matrix of unreacted zinc

 Powder and liquid:

Mixing using stainless-steel spatula

 Powder and liquid:

Powder/ liquid ratio depends on

Powder is added incrementally

 The eugenol inhibits the polymerization reaction. Therefore, zinc

 Powder and liquid

 The second phase of the reaction occurs to produce hydrated

 Cored structure composed of a matrix of hydrated zinc

 Powder/liquid depends on the using purpose (

 The loss of water results in the

 Water evaporation form the

 To avoid loss of water from the liquid:

 To avoid loss of water from the liquid:

 The setting reaction is an exothermic reaction.

 The temperature of the cooled glass slab

Zinc Phosphate base

2. Consistency and film thickness:

7. Thermal and electrical conductivity:

1. Permanent cement for metallic and metal-ceramic restorations.

1. Powder and liquid.

3.Water settable cement:

3.Water settable cement:

3.Water settable cement:

 It is faster than setting reaction of zinc phosphate cement.

 Cored structure composed of a matrix of zinc

 Powder/liquid depends on the

 Like zinc phosphate cement, the cement should be dispensed

 The working time of the cement is shorter than that of

 Increasing shear rate decreases the viscosity of the mix as the

2. Consistency and film thickness:

 Permanent cement for metallic and metal-

 Modifications to glass ionomer cement were invented to

 Paste system (one paste or two pastes according to mode

1. Conventional resin composite cements.

2. Adhesive resin composite cements

3. Self-adhesive resin composite cements

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