CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter features the summation of the related literature and studies

found by the researchers which pertains to, or loosely related to, causes and

effects of unsanitary canals that affect Grade 10 students of NDGM Sy 2019-

2020. The related literature and studies presented in this chapter came from a

mix of foreign and local sources. This chapter aims to add external information

pertaining to the researchers’ chosen topic, while also accounting for similar

studies done in the past. All information provided in this chapter have been

deemed important by the researchers to their study.

RELATED LITERATURE/STUDY

REACTION TO SMELL

Olfaction, also known as sense of smell, is the most primal and mysterious

of our six senses. Throughout human evolution, our sense of smell has been a key

to our survival. Humans are capable of distinguishing thousands of unique odors.

Smell is often the first warning of safety or danger, friend or foe. Smells have the

power to drive your behavior on an instinctive and subconscious level. Luckily,

you can also harness the power of smell and consciously use it to your advantage.

It’s ironic that most people undervalue the power of scent. Fragrances have the

ability to evoke both positive and negative psychological states of mind and

reactions in milliseconds. From an evolutionary standpoint, a negative smell,

such as a dead animal, can trigger an instantaneous reflex to take flight. A

positive smell, such as burning wood or baking cookies, can trigger a sense of

security and the urge to tend-and-befriend while you rest-and-digest.

(Bergland, 2015)

Our noses or our sense of smell helps us in our daily lives. Sometimes

humans don’t notice how small things have helped them or the small help that

they received from anything or anyone. Nose is an asset to all of us, regarding

to looks and functionality as well. It helps us know something is burning

without even seeing that something is burning. Some say that the first to taste is

not the mouth or tongue but the eyes, secondly the nose, and then finally the

mouth or tongue. This is because once we see food we are attracted to how it

looks, then we smell the pleasant odor it emits that urges you to eat it, then

finally once you surrender to it, you will eat it, savoring the taste. Reaction to

smell.

RELATED LITERATURE/STUDY

EFFECT OF ODOR TO PAIN PERCEPTION

Emotions have been shown to alter pain perception, but the underlying

mechanism is unclear since emotions also affect attention, which itself changes

nociceptive transmission. We manipulated independently direction of attention

and emotional state, using tasks involving heat pain and pleasant and unpleasant

odors. Shifts in attention between the thermal and olfactory modalities did not

alter mood or anxiety. Yet, when subjects focused attention on the pain, they

perceived it as clearly more intense and somewhat more unpleasant than when
they attended to the odor. In contrast, odor valence altered mood, anxiety level,

and pain unpleasantness, but did not change the perception of pain intensity.

Pain unpleasantness ratings correlated with mood, but not with odor valence,

suggesting that emotional changes underlie the selective modulation of pain

affect. These results show that emotion and attention differentially alter pain

perception and thus invoke at least partially separable neural modulatory

circuits.

I have learn that pain perception is greater when you focused your

attention to the pain you are feeling. Also I have learn that odor, whether

pleasant or unpleasant can alter the pain unpleasantness, but it cannot alter the

perception of pain intensity. This taught me that not everything can be affected

or altered by what you smell, whether it is pleasant or unpleasant.

RELATED LITERATURE/STUDY