PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Quarter 4 - Module 6
Qualitative Research Design, Sampling Procedure in Qualitative Research

LESSON 1: Qualitative Research Design

LET US TRY
A.
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. T

B. Read the scenarios below and identify whether the researcher uses an appropriate
research design for his/her research study. Write a brief explanation on the space
provided.

1. Isabelle would like to know how students in the remote area feel about online classes so
she would be writing a case study about it.

If Isabelle wants to know how the students in the remote area feel about online
classes then, using a case study would not be appropriate. Using a phenomenological
study would fit her study because phenomenological study aims to describe the
experiences of the people.

2. Eldie finds muslim culture interesting. He would like to know the wedding rites and
traditions that Muslims follow. He thought of writing an ethnographic research of it.

Using the ethnographic approach will be appropriate for Eldie’s research since he
finds Muslim culture interesting and he wants to know their wedding rites and traditions.
It would be appropriate since ethnographic approach aims to describe a culture’s
characteristics.

3. Emil would like to know the role of social media to people in this pandemic. He would
like to write a phenomenological study about this.

If Emil would like to know the role of social media to people in this pandemic,
then a phenomenological approach would not fit his study. Instead of using
 phenomenological study, a case study would be appropriate because it aims to describe
in-depth the experience of one person, family, group, community, or institution.

4. Emily would like to study the earlier patterns of movements in the Philippines,
specifically 1939-1970 period to analyze the changes in population distribution over time.
She will be writing a historical research.

Using a historical approach would fit Emily’s study because her study aims to
analyze the changes in population distribution over time, specifically from 1939 to 1970.
Her purpose fits the purpose of historical research, which is to describe and examine
events of the past to understand the present and anticipate potential effects

5. Meg interviewed ten counselors to help determine how their professional identity is
formed. She’ll be using grounded theory for this study.

Using grounded theory for Meg’s study would be appropriate since she would like
to determine how the personal identity of the counselors is formed. The purpose of her
study is theory development, which fits grounded theory.

LET US PRACTICE

A.

1. Case Study

2. Phenomenology

3. Ethnography

4. Case Study

5. Grounded Theory

B.

1. D. Historical

2. A. Phenomenology

3. A. Phenomenology
 4. C. Case Study

5. C. Case Study

6. A. Phenomenology

7. B. Ethnographic

8. E. Grounded Theory

9. D. Historical

10. C. Case Study

LET US PRACTICE MORE

1. Case Studies

2. Phenomenology

3. Ethnography

LET US REMEMBER

The two important ideas/things I have learned from the lesson today are the
characteristics, and kinds of qualitative research design, but the most important thing I learned
today is how to differentiate the approaches techniques of qualitative research design because
knowing the characteristics and kinds of qualitative research designs won’t be enough. We need
to learn how to differentiate the different approaches in order for us to use the appropriate
approach/research design in our study.

LET US ASSESS

A. Discuss the following issues using your knowledge on the prior reading. Cite
authorities to justify or negate your answer.

1. Why do you need to select an appropriate approach in the conduct of qualitative

research?

Using an appropriate approach in the conduct of qualitative research is important

because it helps provide a basis for future decisions related to our research plan, from
 the setting and participants to the analysis and representation of the findings. Also,
according to editage, choosing the correct research methodology an determine the
success and overall quality of your report.

2. If you are commissioned to conduct a study on how good and industrious Overseas
Filipino Workers (OFW) are in other countries, that would lead to a question on the
laziness of Filipinos in the Philippines, which is one of the reasons that we are still a
developing country. What approach are you going to use? Why?

I will use grounded theory because the study that I will conduct will be used in
discovering what problems exist in a social science and how persons handle them.
Also, according to Practical Research 1: Module 6 – Lesson 1 page 6, the self-defined
purpose of grounded theory is to develop a theory about phenomena of interest . So, I
think using grounded theory will be appropriate for this study.

B. Complete the following phrases by referring to your research study.

1. The title of my research is Ramadan: A Time for Reflection

2. The research design that I will be using is ethnography

3. I chose this research design because the purpose of my research is to study and describe the
Islamic tradition called Ramadan. Ethnographic approach’s purpose is to describe a culture’s
characteristics, which fits my study.

LET US ENHANCE

Directions: Conduct an interview with some of the Senior Citizens in your place who are now
usually staying at home. Try to ask some questions about their lives yesterday, today and their
dreams for tomorrow. Write your report in a handwritten manuscript form in a separate sheet of
paper.

Interviewer: Hi ma’am and sir, good day. Is it okay to ask you some questions?

Interviewee 1: Yes, what is it?

Interviewee 2: Sure, what is it?

Interviewer: What do you feel about your life these days?

Interviewee 1: It is good. Sometimes it is tough, but I still think that life is good especially that
our grandkids are with us.

Interviewee 2: Life these days is so hard. Especially since the pandemic happened. It is hard to
be financially secured these days, but I know we can get through this. Especially that our
grandkids are so kind and they are always happy, which also makes us happy.

Interviewer: What do you think about the quality of life before?

Interviewee 1: So much has changed since we were young until this time. Before, everyone is
so strict with everything, especially my parents. During our days, we were never allowed to wear
skirts and shorts. We were also so obedient to our parents and respectful towards other people.
Maybe it was because life was so hard before. We need to help our parents with everything to
at least lessen their hardships.

Interviewee 2: Life indeed was so hard during our time. We need to make big efforts to get the
things that we want. Sometimes, our finances cannot afford even our needs, so we really had to
work hard. Simple things made us so happy back then.

Interviewer: What do you think about the future?

Interviewee 1: Seniors like us don’t have a very long life waiting ahead of us, but I think that
there will be more developments in the future. Maybe there will be flying cars in the next 20 or
30 years, who knows, right? Maybe most of the places are well developed and we can see
multiple tall buildings. I think my grandkids will be able to see those improvements soon.

Interviewee 2: Just like how things have changed since we were young until today, I also think
that there will be significant changes in the future. I think that life in the future will be easier than
today for the rich people and harder for the poor. Since rich people can afford everything they
want, they will be able to purchase robots and AIs to help them with their daily lives like cleaning
their house. For the poor, if our economy will not get better and there will be no considerations
for them, I really think that many people will live harder life in the future. However, I do think that
the future is beautiful and exciting.

Interviewee: Thank you so much for your time, ma’am and sir. I really appreciate it. Have a
good day ahead.

LET US REFLECT

Directions: Reflect on the learning that you gained in this module by completing the prompts
below.
I thought... that research only has two types – Qualitative and Quantitative Research. I thought
that that is the only way we can differentiate a research study but, I figured out that I was wrong.

I learned... that research has subtypes or approaches. In Qualitative research, we have 5 major
research designs, namely: Ethnography, Phenomenology, Grounded theory, Historical, and
Case Study. I also learned its characteristics and their differences.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 4 – Module 6
Qualitative Research Design, Sampling Procedure in Qualitative Research

LESSON 2: Sampling Procedure in Qualitative Research

LET US TRY
1. D
2. A
3. E
4. C
5. B

LET US PRACTICE
1. B 6. I
2. A 7. J
3. E 8. D
4. C 9. G
5. K 10. F

LET US PRACTICE MORE

1. P 6. NP
2. NP 7. P
3. P 8. P
4. NP 9. NP
5. P 10. NP

LET US REMEMBER

Types of Nonprobability Samples

Sample Type Description

Purposive Researcher seeks out elements that meet specific criteria.
Snowball Researcher relies on participant referrals to recruit new participants.
Quota Researcher selects cases from within several different subgroups.
Convenience Researcher gathers data from whatever cases happen to be convenient.
LET US ASSESS
1. B
2. D
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. D
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. B

LET US ENHANCE

Directions: Answer the following questions based on the discussions. Use of additional
references is encouraged.

1. Describe the population of your study and its pertinent characteristics.

Muslim people in barangay Madaum, Tagum City.

2. How big will you sample be? How did you arrive at this sample size?

My sample size would be 30 Muslim individuals. I decided to have 30 sample because

according to interq-research.com, the goal of a qualitative study should be to have a large
enough sample size to uncover a variety of opinions, but to limit the sample size at the point of
saturation. It was also recommended to have 20-30 sample size in in-depth interviews. Also, the
Muslim population in barangay Madaum is good so it is good to have 30 as a sample size.

3. What sampling method will you use? Explain why you chose this method.

I will use the non-probability sampling method, purposive sampling. I chose this method
because not all residents of barangay Madaum are Muslim. Therefore, the subjects of my
research should be chosen based on their availability and the purpose of the my study, which is
to study about Muslim’s tradition.

4. How will you draw your sample? Show steps in doing this.
 I will draw my sample by using purposive sampling method. I will make a list of Muslim
residents in barangay Madaum then, I will choose the necessary number of respondents, to the
exclusion of all other Muslims.

5. What are the qualifying criteria for the selection of your sample?

My samples should be a Muslim residing in barangay Madaum, Tagum City ages 16 and
above.

LET US REFLECT

Write down 1 or 2 “ahas” (something you learned from the lesson) and 1 or 2 “huhs” (things you
still have questions about).

Aha! I learned that there are numerous ways of getting a sample, but the commonly used
methods are probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling methods
includes simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, and
cluster sampling. Non-probability sampling on the other hand includes convenience sampling,
purposive sampling, quota sampling, volunteer sampling, and snowball sampling.

Huh? I am not sure how to properly obtain a quality sample since there is still a pandemic and I
can’t try to personally obtain a quality sample.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 4 – Module 7
Data Collection, Data Gathering Instrument and Analysis Procedures

LET US TRY
A. Using the previous knowledge on qualitative research, share your thoughts on the
following words inside the ‘Thought Cloud’.

1. Document analysis – It 2. Interviews – Interviews

is a type of qualitative is a method where the
research in which researcher is personally
documents are reviewed by asking people questions in
the researchers/analyst to one-on-one conversations.
assess an appraisal theme.

3. Observations – It is 4. Audio Recordings – It

recording what you have is a qualitative data in
seen, heard, or which participants are
encountered in detailed being audio recorded.
field notes.

B. Using your knowledge in the previous discussions, answer the following questions:

1. In research, how do we obtain information from individuals regarding their views on particular
topics or issues?

We can obtain information from individuals regarding their views on particular topics or
issues by doing an interview, experiment, surveys, observation, and giving questionnaires.

2. What is an effective and efficient way of eliciting those views and opinions?

An effective and efficient way of eliciting those views and opinions is by giving them an
open-ended questions/questionnaires.
LET US PRACTICE

1. Interview
2. Questionnaire
3. Observation
4. Survey
5. Experiment

LET US PRACTICE MORE

A. Read the texts below. Then tell which of the type of data analysis was used in the research
and explain why you said so.

TEXT A.

These results show that the reference books used by the 19 teachers had issues on
contextualization under appropriateness. The IMs are moderately appropriate to the
developmental stage of the learners, their interests and level and skills.

In support of this, the participants during the FGD emphasized that the contents of these
reference books are found to be difficult on the part of the students. The participants said “not
all students are engaged in the tasks. There are even some who misbehaved.” “Students do
not display much interest because contents of these materials are only applicable to higher
level students” another respondent added. Although the IMs have moderate extent of
contextualization, teachers should strive for IMs with even higher extent of contextualization. In
fact, the Division Supervisor emphasized that “teacher should not rely only on the activities
found in the book. Rather, they need to use materials that would speak about the culture,
practices, and events in a particular locality, because when they are used in teaching, learning
becomes more meaningful.” In this case, the IMs become even more appropriate.

My Premise: Content Analysis

My Explanation: I believe that this research used content analysis because it uses verbal and
behavioral data to classify, summarize and tabulate the data. The part “The participants said
“not all students are engaged in the tasks. There are even some who misbehaved.” “Students
do not display much interest because contents of these materials are only applicable to higher
level students” another respondent added” made me realize that it is a content analysis
method.
 TEXT B.

Strauss and Corbin (1998) describe data analysis as a process of breaking down, organizing,
and reassembling data to develop a different understanding of phenomena. In accord with
procedures outlined by Strauss and Corbin regarding data analysis for grounded theory
research, the following coding procedures were implemented in the current project: open
coding, axial coding, and selective coding. This section describes how data were
deconstructed, and subsequently reorganized to provide an understanding of how school
psychologists respond in multicultural settings.

Several individuals, in addition to the researcher, engaged in coding and interpreting the data
for the current project. Two peer debriefers and one peer auditor participated in the analysis
process. Characteristics of both debriefers include European American background and
experience working in school settings. One of the debriefers is a practicing school psychologist
while the other has had a career as a special educator and is currently in a graduate school
psychology program. The peer debriefers assisted in the coding of data and provided feedback
on coding categories and data interpretations. The auditor for this project is a female, Latina,
Doctoral-level, school psychologist. The auditor monitored the coding and interpretation
process and provided feedback. Further information about the roles of these individuals is
provided later in this chapter.

Examples of coding interview data are included in this chapter to illustrate the process.
Although explained as though the data analysis procedures represent distinct phases, often
this was not the case; different coding tasks began concurrently. Table 2 lists two passages
from the interviews. These passages are referred to throughout this section to

demonstrate the open, axial, and selective coding phases.

My premise: Grounded Theory

My Explanation: I believe that this uses grounded theory because it started in analysis of a
single case (first paragraph) to formulate a theory. Then, it was followed by additional cases to
examine if they contribute to the theory.

LET US ASSESS
TOPIC: Bullying
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: Observation
ANALYSIS: Content analysis
LET US ENHANCE

Title of the Research: A qualitative study of the perceptions of first year college students
regarding technology and college readiness

Research Instruments Used: Structured interview

Data analysis Method Used: Framework analysis

LET US REFLECT

Directions: Complete the statement below with your learning from this lesson.

I think I need help in coding and categorizing because I am still confused about some parts of
this topic.

I want to learn more about designing the best data collection, data gathering instrument and
analysis procedure.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 4 – Module 8
Collecting Data through Observation and Interviews
Inferring and Explaining Patterns and Themes from Data
Relating the Research Finding with Pertinent Literature

LESSON 1: Collecting Data Through Observations and Interviews

LET US TRY
1. D 6. B
2. A 7. A
3. B 8. B
4. C 9. A
5. A 10. C

LESSON 3: Relating the Research finding with Pertinent Literature

LET US PRACTICE
Instructions: For each of the given study, you have to:
A. Identify the participant/s;
B. Provide the form of interview to be used;
C. Craft at least two questions;
D. Write your answers on the blank space provided; and
E. You will be rated based on the given rubrics.

A study on lived experiences of broken-hearted teenagers

Participant/s Teenagers who are broken-hearted
Form of Interview Semi-structured Interview
Questions What changed in your daily routine after being broken-hearted?
Can you please differentiate your feelings before and after being
broken-hearted?

A study on how paramedics work when called to assist in a vehicular accident

Participant/s Paramedics
Form of Interview Structured Interview
Questions What procedures do you perform before going to the accident
site?
How do you decide on who to help/assist/save first if there are
more than one victim?
LET US PRACTICE MORE
Instructions: In the given research title, you have to:
A. Make a research topic;
B. Identify at least 5 steps on how to interview group of people emphasizing the
focus group discussion;
C. Craft at least two questions to be asked to the participants;
D. Write your answers on the blank space provided; and
E. You will be rated based on the given rubrics.

A PWD’s Battle: A Qualitative Study on the Reactions and Experiences of Persons with
disabilities
Research topic: Persons with Disabilities
Steps (at least 5 only) 1. Employ purposive sampling in choosing the group
participants.
2. Invite the group of participants in advance
3. Send the information sheet and consent form to the
participants.
4. Set the time and venue of the interview.
5. Provide the proper orientation about the interview to the
participants.
6. Develop and use the interview guide with open-ended
questions.
7. Explain the objective or purpose of the research study and
the interview process.
8. In focus group interviews, you may ask further questions,
clarify issues, or unclear responses.
Questions 1. What did you feel after knowing that you are now a person
with disability?
2. Have you ever been discriminated? How did you deal with
it?

LET US ASSESS
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. A
10. C

LET US ENHANCE
Instruction: In qualitative research, what is the importance of collecting data through observation
and interviews, inferring and explaining patterns and themes from data and relating the findings
with pertinent literature?

In qualitative research, collecting data through observation and interviews is important

because interviews helps us to explain, better understand, and explore research subjects’
opinions, behavior, experience, phenomenon, etc. Observation is also important because it
fosters in depth and rich understanding of phenomenon , situation and/or setting and the
behavior of the participants in that setting. While inferring and explaining patterns and themes
from data is also important because these patterns and themes will help us find answers to the
research questions posed at the start of the research project. Moreover, relating the findings
with pertinent literature is also important because we can have the opportunity to discuss the
contribution of the findings of our study to the body of the existing literature and knowledge. We
can explain how our research findings extend further with current happenings to the research
area.

LET US REFLECT

From this module, I have learned that:

A. In collecting data through observation and interviews, I will have to use my senses to observe
and study people in their natural setting. I will also have to explore the opinions, beliefs,
viewpoints, thoughts, experience and judgements about something when I am collecting data
through interviews.

B. In inferring and explaining patterns and themes from data, I will have to identify, examine and
interpret the patterns and themes in the new data gathered to help me find answers to the
research questions passed at the start of the research project.

C. In relating the findings with pertinent literature, I will have to relate my findings to the findings
of those previous studies and indicate where my findings aligned and where they did not align.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 4 – Module 9
Drawing Conclusions from Patterns and Themes
Formulating Recommendation Based on Conclusions
Listing References

LESSON 1: Drawing Conclusions from Patterns and Themes

LET US TRY
1. B
2. A
3. E
4. C
5. D

LESSON 3: Listing References

LET US PRACTICE

1. How do frontline workers in all public hospitals in Davao del Norte manage to
cope with stress?

Instructions:
A. Your task is to craft an “acceptable conclusion” based on the specific problem statement
above.
B. Write your answer in the box.
C. You will be rated based on the given rubrics.

Conclusion:

Spiritual-religious coping as well as their passion to serve the humanity and

country strengthened the spirit and emotion of the frontline workers in all public
hospitals in Davao del Norte allowing them to gain the power to overcome emotional
LET US PRACTICE MORE

A. Analyze the conclusion on a study about Teenage Pregnancy in the Philippines.

The over-all proposition of the study evolves with the essence of ‘health
education’. This serves as an ‘eye opener’ to individuals to get involve in the
public awareness, planning, implementation, and evaluation of the programs
that would build sustainable development. Active involvement is a pre-
requisite to success. As early as possible, sex education should be
incorporated in the curriculum of the intermediate and secondary school to
properly educate them on the effects and disadvantages of early pregnancy.

B. You have to craft at least two recommendations based on the above conclusion.

C. Write your answer in each box.

D. You will be rated based on the given rubrics.

Recommendation No. 1:

Considering the conclusion, it is recommended that health education should be

strengthened, which will serve as an ‘eye opener’ to individuals to get involve in the
public awareness, planning, implementation, and evaluation of the programs that would

Recommendation No. 2:

It is recommended that sex education should be incorporated in the curriculum

of the intermediate and secondary school to properly educate them on the effects and
disadvantages of early pregnancy. This can help in minimizing the number of people
who experienced early pregnancy, especially here in the Philippines.

Instructions:
A. Arrange the list of reference
B. Write your answers on the blank

1. Widdowson, H. G.(1983). Learning purpose and language use. Oxford University Press.

2. COBUILD English language dictionary. (1991). HarperCollins.

3. Cooper, R. L. (1970). What do we learn when we learn a language? TESOL Quarterly, 4, p.

303-314.
4. Mackey, W. F. (1965). Language teaching analysis. Longman.

5. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press.

6. Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, concordance and collocation. Oxford University Press.

7. Gillett, A. (2005,May 6th) .Using English for academic purposes. Retrieved on November 07,
2006 from http://www.uefap.com/

LET US REMEMBER
1. Summarizing
2. Looking
3. Give
4. Broad
5. Concise
6. Demonstrate
7. Punctuation
8. Sources

LET US ASSESS
1. B
2. A
3. E
4. C
5. D

LET US ENHANCE

1. How important is qualitative research in your daily life and in your future plans. Support
your answer with cited related literature. Your answer should have a minimum of 100
words.

Living in a world filled with various race makes us more unique as an individual.
Sometimes, we think and ask what are those traits that makes us unique, its similarities and
differences. In a manner of speaking, qualitative research plays a vital role in answering our
doubts and queries in that specific matter. Qualitative research according to Coghan 2014,
there is a personal involvement in every stage of your research. One example of that is when
we are watching a documentary, we tend to admire the hard work and determination of the
people in the documentary while passing a river or an island just to go to school. We became
affected by their expressions of what they think and feel about a topic while listening or
observing a particular object/subject in a natural setting. Since qualitative research provides an
in-depth understanding, we can come to understand the ways people, act and manage our day
to day situations in particular settings. In the same way, qualitative research also help us to
explore social interactions, systems and process, which can help us a lot in discovering and
developing new theories and ideas of how social science works. These ideas hßelped us a lot
today, and especially in the future since there will be more new discoveries.

LET US REFLECT

From this module, I learned that:

A. In drawing conclusions based on patterns and themes, I will have to leave a lasting
impression which usually includes a comprehensive summary of the findings.
B. In formulating recommendation based on conclusions, I will have to present and discuss
how my recommendation supports my findings and conclusions. I will also have to make
a well-thought-out set of recommendation which will likely encourage the people
addressed to take them seriously.
C. In listing references, I will have to acknowledge the sources from whom or where
information data came from.