Asbury College Inc.

Poblacion Anda Pangasinan

S. Y. 2020-2021

Name: Cattleya Loraine D. Esberto

Instructor: Mrs. Mary Jane Verzosa
Subject: Art Appreciation
Course: BSED Major in English

Development of Sculpture

Sculpture is an art of making statues by carving or chiselling (as in wood or stone), by

modelling (as in clay), or by casting (as in melted metal).

Carving is a reductive or subtractive technique in which the artist removes portions of the
chosen material, through cutting or abrading, to create a piece.

The main materials used in carved sculpture are stones such as marble, bone or wood.

CARVING
 Wood carving
-is very pliable and is therefore easy to carve, though subject to humidity and
extreme temperatures, and must be dried and cured prior to carving to prevent
splitting or warping.
 Marble carving
-very hard and difficult to carve.
 Alabaster carving
-has a similar aesthetic property to marble, is soft and easy to carve.

Modeling in sculpture, working of plastic materials by hand to build up form. Clay and wax
are the most common modeling materials, and the artist's hands are the main tools, though
metal and wood implements are often employed in shaping.

Casting involves making a mould and then pouring a liquid material, such as molten metal,
plastic, rubber or fiberglass into the mould.

Financial success money is a motivating factor behind becoming an artist; primarily because
for the vast majority of artists, it isn’t a lucrative career.

 Wealth and broader success often go hand in hand, however, and since wealth is an
indicator of success, to be successful is often to be wealthy. The social interactions for
artists successful or not, one of the perks is socializing with peers, as well as attending
swanky post-exhibition dinners and after parties. Aside from the hustling and
networking required to build a legitimate career, it was essential to have a close-knit
social group to lean on when times get tough, which they inevitably will. The
compulsion to create most artists are driven by an innate, compulsive desire to create.
They get a huge amount of satisfaction from making things. The freedom of the artist
lifestyle despite the financial insecurity, uncertainty, and nomadic lifestyle, being an
artist is the antithesis of the typical nine to five job. Artists have a great deal of
personal freedom to experience the world in which few of us can—allowing artists to
channel those experiences into great artworks.
INTRODUCTION / DISCUSSION

Sculpture by definition is any kind of three-dimensional art; a practice in which artists

embrace the physicality of raw materials to create free-standing or leaning works through
additive or subtractive processes.

Sculpture begins in the Stone Age.

The earliest known examples are the two primitive stone effigies known as:
 The Venus of Berekhat Ram
 The Venus of Tan-Tan

THE VENUS OF BEREKHAT RAM

The Venus of Berekhat Ram (dating from c.230, 000 BCE or earlier) is a basaltic figurine
made during the Acheulian Period, which was discovered on the Golan Heights.

THE VENUS OF TAN-TAN

The Venus of Tan-Tan (c.200, 000 BCE or earlier) is a quartzite figurine from the same
period.

PRE-HISTORIC SCULPTURE
If these objects are pre-sculptural forms, the earliest prehistoric sculpture proper emerged
around 35,000 BCE in the form of carvings of animals, birds, and therianthropic figures, made
during the Lower Perigordian/Aurignacian Period.

Lion Man of Hohlenstein Stadel (38,000 BCE)

One of the treasures of Prehistoric art from the period of Aurignacian art, the Lion
Man of Hohlenstein Stadel is an ivory carving of a lion-headed figure, and is recognized as the
oldest known anthropomorphic animal carving in the world. It was discovered in a cave in
Hohlenstein Mountain, located in the Swabian Jura of southwest Germany.

EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE
The art of Egypt is the story of the elite, the ruling class. Throughout most of Egypt's
historical periods those of more modest means could not afford the luxury of artworks to tell
their story and it is largely through Egyptian art that the history of the civilization has come to
be known.
The tombs, tomb paintings, inscriptions, temples, even most of the literature, is
concerned with the lives of the upper class and only by way of telling these stories are those
of the lower classes revealed.

EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE

1. First Dynasty Period

Art begins in the Predynastic Period in Egypt (c. 6000 - c. 3150 BCE) through rock
drawings and ceramics but is fully realized by the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150 - c. 2613 BCE)
in the famous Narmer Palette.

The Narmer Palette (c. 3150 BCE)

is a two-sided ceremonial plate of siltstone intricately carved with scenes of the
unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by King Narmer.

2. Old Kingdom of Egypt

During the Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2613-2181 BCE) art became standardized by the
elite and figures were produced uniformly to reflect the tastes of the capital at Memphis.
The greatest artworks of the Old Kingdom are the Pyramids and Great Sphinx of Giza
which still stand today but more modest monuments were created with the same precision
and beauty.
PYRAMID
The pyramids of Giza were royal tombs built for three different pharaohs. The
northernmost and oldest pyramid of the group was built for Khufu (Greek: Cheops), the
second king of the 4th dynasty. ... The middle pyramid was built for Khafre (Greek:
Chephren), the fourth of the eight kings of the 4th dynasty.
In ancient Egypt, the sphinx was a spiritual guardian and most often depicted as a
male with a pharaoh headdress—as is the Great Sphinx—and figures of the creatures were
often included in tomb and temple complexes.

3. Middle Kingdom of Egypt

Art would flourish during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE) which is
generally considered the high point of Egyptian culture. Colossal statuary began during this
period as well as the great temple of Karnak at Thebes.