Encapsulation in Java

Encapsulation is defined as the wrapping up of data under a single unit. It is the mechanism that binds
together code and the data it manipulates.Other way to think about encapsulation is, it is a protective
shield that prevents the data from being accessed by the code outside this shield.
 Technically in encapsulation, the variables or data of a class is hidden from any other class and
can be accessed only through any member function of own class in which they are declared.
 As in encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from other classes, so it is also known as  data-
hiding.
 Encapsulation can be achieved by: Declaring all the variables in the class as private and writing
public methods in the class to set and get the values of variables.

// Java program to demonstrate encapsulation

public class Encapsulate
{
    // private variables declared
    // these can only be accessed by
    // public methods of class
    private String geekName;
    private int geekRoll;
    private int geekAge;
 
    // get method for age to access
    // private variable geekAge
    public int getAge()
    {
      return geekAge;
    }
  
    // get method for name to access
    // private variable geekName
    public String getName()
    {
      return geekName;
    }
     
    // get method for roll to access
    // private variable geekRoll
    public int getRoll()
    {
       return geekRoll;
    }
  
    // set method for age to access
    // private variable geekage
    public void setAge( int newAge)
    {
      geekAge = newAge;
    }
  
    // set method for name to access
    // private variable geekName
    public void setName(String newName)
    {
      geekName = newName;
    }
     
    // set method for roll to access
    // private variable geekRoll
    public void setRoll( int newRoll)
    {
      geekRoll = newRoll;
    }
}
Run on IDE
In the above program the class EncapsulateDemo is encapsulated as the variables are declared as
private. The get methods like getAge() , getName() , getRoll() are set as public, these methods are used
to access these variables. The setter methods like setName(), setAge(), setRoll() are also declared as
public and are used to set the values of the variables.
The program to access variables of the class EncapsulateDemo is shown below:
public class TestEncapsulation
{   
    public static void main (String[] args)
    {
        Encapsulate obj = new Encapsulate();
         
        // setting values of the variables
        obj.setName("Harsh");
        obj.setAge(19);
        obj.setRoll(51);
         
        // Displaying values of the variables
        System.out.println("Geek's name: " + obj.getName());
        System.out.println("Geek's age: " + obj.getAge());
        System.out.println("Geek's roll: " + obj.getRoll());
         
        // Direct access of geekRoll is not possible
        // due to encapsulation
        // System.out.println("Geek's roll: " +
obj.geekName);       
    }
}
Run on IDE
 Output:

Geek's name: Harsh

Geek's age: 19

Geek's roll: 51

Advantages of Encapsulation:
 Data Hiding: The user will have no idea about the inner implementation of the class. It will not
be visible to the user that how the class is storing values in the variables. He only knows that we
are passing the values to a setter method and variables are getting initialized with that value.
 Increased Flexibility: We can make the variables of the class as read-only or write-only
depending on our requirement. If we wish to make the variables as read-only then we have to omit
the setter methods like setName(), setAge() etc. from the above program or if we wish to make the
variables as write-only then we have to omit the get methods like getName(), getAge() etc. from the
above program
 Reusability: Encapsulation also improves the re-usability and easy to change with new
requirements.
 Testing code is easy: Encapsulated code is easy to test for unit testing.
This article is contributed by Harsh Agarwal. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute,
you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.orgor mail your article to
contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help
other Geeks.
Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the
topic discussed above.

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Encapsulation in Java
Encapsulation in Java is a process of wrapping code and data together into a single unit,
for example, a capsule which is mixed of several medicines.

Advantage of Encapsulation in Java

Simple Example of Encapsulation in Java
Let's see the simple example of encapsulation that has only one field with its setter and
getter methods.

File: Student.java

1. //A Java class which is a fully encapsulated class.  
2. //It has a private data member and getter and setter methods.  
3. public class Student{  
4. //private data member  
5. private String name;  
6. //getter method for name  
7. public String getName(){  
8. return name;  
9. }  
10. //setter method for name  
11. public void setName(String name){  
12. this.name=name  
13. }  
14. }  

File: Test.java

1. //A Java class to test the encapsulated class.  
2. class Test{  
3. public static void main(String[] args){  
4. //creating instance of the encapsulated class  
5. Student s=new Student();  
6. //setting value in the name member  
7. s.setName("vijay");  
8. //getting value of the name member  
9. System.out.println(s.getName());  
10. }  
11. }  

Output:

vijay

Another Example of Encapsulation in Java

Let's see another example of encapsulation that has only four fields with its setter and
getter methods.

File: Account.java

1. //A Account class which is a fully encapsulated class.  
2. //It has a private data member and getter and setter methods.  
3. class Account {  
4. //private data members  
5. private long acc_no;  
6. private String name, email;  
7. private float amount;  
8. //public getter and setter methods  
9. public long getAcc_no() {  
10.     return acc_no;  
11. }  
12. public void setAcc_no(long acc_no) {  
13.     this.acc_no = acc_no;  
14. }  
15. public String getName() {  
16.     return name;  
17. }  
18. public void setName(String name) {  
19.     this.name = name;  
20. }  
21. public String getEmail() {  
22.     return email;  
23. }  
24. public void setEmail(String email) {  
25.     this. Email = email;  
26. }  
27. public float getAmount() {  
28.     return amount;  
29. }  
30. public void setAmount(float amount) {  
31.     this.amount = amount;  
32. }  
33.   
34. }  

File: TestAccount.java

1. //A Java class to test the encapsulated class Account.  
2. public class TestEncapsulation {  
3. public static void main(String[] args) {  
4.     //creating instance of Account class  
5.     Account acc=new Account();  
6.     //setting values through setter methods  
7.     acc.setAcc_no(7560504000L);  
8.     acc.setName("Sonoo Jaiswal");  
9.     acc.setEmail("sonoojaiswal@SSCT.com");  
10.     acc.setAmount(500000f);  
11.     //getting values through getter methods  
12.     System.out.println(acc.getAcc_no()+" "+acc.getName()+" "+acc.getEmail()+" 
"+acc.getAmount());  
13. }  
14. }  
Test it Now

Output:

7560504000 Sonoo Jaiswal sonoojaiswal@javatpoint.com 500000.0

this keyword in java

There can be a lot of usage of java this keyword. In java, this is a reference
variable that refers to the current object.

Usage of java this keyword

Here is given the 6 usage of java this keyword.

1. this can be used to refer current class instance variable.

2. this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
3. this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.

1) this: to refer current class instance variable

The this keyword can be used to refer current class instance variable. If there is ambiguity
between the instance variables and parameters, this keyword resolves the problem of
ambiguity.

Understanding the problem without this keyword

Let's understand the problem if we don't use this keyword by the example given below:

1. class Student{  
2. int rollno;  
3. String name;  
4. float fee;  
5. Student(int rollno,String name,float fee){  
6. rollno=rollno;  
7. name=name;  
8. fee=fee;  
9. }  
10. void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}  
11. }  
12. class TestThis1{  
13. public static void main(String args[]){  
14. Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);  
15. Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit",6000f);  
16. s1.display();  
17. s2.display();  
18. }}  
Test it Now

Output:

0 null 0.0
0 null 0.0

In the above example, parameters (formal arguments) and instance variables are same. So,
we are using this keyword to distinguish local variable and instance variable.

Solution of the above problem by this keyword

1. class Student{  
2. int rollno;  
3. String name;  
4. float fee;  
5. Student(int rollno,String name,float fee){  
6. this.rollno=rollno;  
7. this.name=name;  
8. this.fee=fee;  
9. }  
10. void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}  
11. }  
12.   
13. class TestThis2{  
14. public static void main(String args[]){  
15. Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);  
16. Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit",6000f);  
17. s1.display();  
18. s2.display();  
19. }}  
Test it Now

Output:

111 ankit 5000

112 sumit 6000

If local variables(formal arguments) and instance variables are different, there is no need to
use this keyword like in the following program:

Program where this keyword is not required

1. class Student{  
2. int rollno;  
3. String name;  
4. float fee;  
5. Student(int r,String n,float f){  
6. rollno=r;  
7. name=n;  
8. fee=f;  
9. }  
10. void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}  
11. }  
12.   
13. class TestThis3{  
14. public static void main(String args[]){  
15. Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);  
16. Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit",6000f);  
17. s1.display();  
18. s2.display();  
19. }}  
Test it Now

Output:

111 ankit 5000

112 sumit 6000
 It is better approach to use meaningful names for variables. So we use same name for
instance variables and parameters in real time, and always use this keyword.

2) this: to invoke current class method

You may invoke the method of the current class by using the this keyword. If you don't use
the this keyword, compiler automatically adds this keyword while invoking the method. Let's
see the example

1. class A{  
2. void m(){System.out.println("hello m");}  
3. void n(){  
4. System.out.println("hello n");  
5. //m();//same as this.m()  
6. this.m();  
7. }  
8. }  
9. class TestThis4{  
10. public static void main(String args[]){  
11. A a=new A();  
12. a.n();  
13. }}  
Test it Now

Output:

hello n
hello m

3) this() : to invoke current class constructor

The this() constructor call can be used to invoke the current class constructor. It is used to
reuse the constructor. In other words, it is used for constructor chaining.

Calling default constructor from parameterized constructor:

1. class A{  
2. A(){System.out.println("hello a");}  
3. A(int x){  
4. this();  
5. System.out.println(x);  
6. }  
7. }  
8. class TestThis5{  
9. public static void main(String args[]){  
10. A a=new A(10);  
11. }}  
Test it Now

Output:

hello a
10

Calling parameterized constructor from default constructor:

1. class A{  
2. A(){  
3. this(5);  
4. System.out.println("hello a");  
5. }  
6. A(int x){  
7. System.out.println(x);  
8. }  
9. }  
10. class TestThis6{  
11. public static void main(String args[]){  
12. A a=new A();  
13. }}  
Test it Now

Output:

5
hello a

Real usage of this() constructor call

The this() constructor call should be used to reuse the constructor from the constructor. It
maintains the chain between the constructors i.e. it is used for constructor chaining. Let's
see the example given below that displays the actual use of this keyword.

1. class Student{  
2. int rollno;  
3. String name,course;  
4. float fee;  
5. Student(int rollno,String name,String course){  
6. this.rollno=rollno;  
7. this.name=name;  
8. this.course=course;  
9. }  
10. Student(int rollno,String name,String course,float fee){  
11. this(rollno,name,course);//reusing constructor  
12. this.fee=fee;  
13. }  
14. void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+course+" "+fee);}  
15. }  
16. class TestThis7{  
17. public static void main(String args[]){  
18. Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit","java");  
19. Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit","java",6000f);  
20. s1.display();  
21. s2.display();  
22. }}  
Test it Now

Output:

111 ankit java null

112 sumit java 6000

Rule: Call to this() must be the first statement in constructor.

1. class Student{  
2. int rollno;  
3. String name,course;  
4. float fee;  
5. Student(int rollno,String name,String course){  
6. this.rollno=rollno;  
7. this.name=name;  
8. this.course=course;  
9. }  
10. Student(int rollno,String name,String course,float fee){  
11. this.fee=fee;  
12. this(rollno,name,course);//C.T.Error  
13. }  
14. void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+course+" "+fee);}  
15. }  
16. class TestThis8{  
17. public static void main(String args[]){  
18. Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit","java");  
19. Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit","java",6000f);  
20. s1.display();  
21. s2.display();  
22. }}  
Test it Now
Compile Time Error: Call to this must be first statement in constructor