By :-

Ishank Ranjan
Akash Gupta
Audio & Audio File Formats
 Audio is an electrical or other
representation of sound.
 An audio file format is a file
format for storing digital audio
data on a computer system.
 It can be a raw bitstream, but it is
usually a container format or an
audio data format with defined
storage layer.
Audio
Format/Codec
 It is important to distinguish between a file format and
an audio codec.
 A codec performs the encoding and decoding of the
raw audio data while the data itself is stored in a file
with a specific audio file format.
 In other words, Codec contains both an ADC and DAC
running off the same clock.

Audio Audio Audio Audio Audio

Source Acquiring Processing Encoding Output
3 Categories of Audio Files
There are 3 categories in which certain Audio files
belong to:-
 Uncompressed: Audio files that are not
compressed and are capable of having a large file
size. Ex) .Wav
 Lossless: Audio files that are compressed but
doesn’t lose any quality to the file. Ex) .WMA
 Lossy: Audio files that lose some quality when
being compressed. Ex) .Mp3
Uncompressed Audio Formats
 There is one major uncompressed audio format, PCM,
which is usually stored in a .wav file on Windows or in
a .aiff file on Mac OS.
 Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to
digitally represent sampled analog signals.
 BWF (Broadcast Wave Format) is a standard audio
format created by the E.B.U.as a successor to WAV.
 BWF allows metadata to be stored in the file
Features of
Uncompressed file Formats
 WAV and AIFF are flexible file formats designed to
store more or less any combination of sampling rates
or bitrates.
 This makes them suitable file formats for storing and
archiving an original recording.
 Examples….
 WAV(.wav)
 AIFF(.aiff, .aif, .aifc)
 AU(.au,.snd)
 raw header-less PCM
Lossless Audio Formats
 A lossless compressed format stores data in less space
by eliminating unnecessary data.
 Uncompressed audio formats encode both sound and
silence with the same number of bits per unit of time.
 In a lossless compressed format, the music would
occupy a smaller portion of the file and the silence
would take up almost no space at all.
Features Of
Lossless Compressed Audio Format
 Lossless compression formats enable the original
uncompressed data to be recreated exactly.
 They provide a compression ratio of about 2:1.
 Examples…
 FLAC(.flac)
 WavPack(.wv)
 Monkey's Audio(.ape)
 ALAC (Apple Lossless)(.m4a)
Lossy Audio Formats
 Lossy compression enables even greater reductions in
file size by removing some of the data.
 Lossy compression typically achieves far greater
compression but somewhat reduced quality than
lossless compression by simplifying the complexities
of the data.
 A variety of techniques are used, mainly by exploiting
psychoacoustics, to remove data with minimal
reduction in the quality of reproduction
Features of
Lossy Compressed Audio Formats
 Most formats offer a range of degrees of compression,
generally measured in bit rate.
 The lower the rate, the smaller the file and the more
significant the quality loss.
 Examples…
 MP3,
 Vorbis (.ogg ,.oga)
 Musepack (.mpc, .mp+, .mpp)
 AAC(.m4a, .m4b, .m4p, .m4v, .m4r, .3gp, .mp4, .aac)
 ATRAC (.aa3,.oma,.at3)
 Windows Media Audio Lossy (WMA lossy)(.wma)
Most common audio files
 The most common types of
audio files that are still
being used today are .Wav
files and .Mp3 files. Mp3
files are the most popular
because it’s used for
downloading and storing
music into your computer,
CD player, or mp3 player.
Wave files are used for
storing CD-quality sound
files, which can be large in
size.
WAVE
 WAVE means storing a pattern of music
signals in digital wave form on computer.
 This means that any sound can be stored.
 However, these sound files are huge and
process over 160KB per second.
 These files can be seen with a suffix of .wav
(e.g. Fred.wav)
 MP3
 MP3, or MPEG level 3 indicates a type of sound file
found on computers.
 MP3 is designed to store music at CD quality but using
approximately 1/12th of the space.
 This compression method is PERCEPTIVE
ENCODING. This means that approximately 90% of
the music which the human ear does not respond to
(I.e. duplicate notes, quieter sounds etc.) is removed.
MIDI
 MIDI stands for Musical Instrument
Digital Interface and is used with
computers.
 Where a CD stores sound music, MIDI is
the manuscript version. It also involves
hardware within the computer (including
cables, keyboard, computer sequencers,
synthesisers, instruments etc)
 It stores the pitch, volume and which
instrument is being played.(channel)
 MIDI comes from the notation side of
music and is best thought of in terms of an
orchestral score where lots of different
instruments can be put together in one
entity.
THANK YOU