What is IoT?

Definition:

IoT stands for Internet of Things, which means a network of physically

connected objects/things, having embedded sensors, embedded software, and
embedded technologies to exchange and connect data with other objects or things over
the network. For Example, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi connections and near-field communication
(NFC). Smart appliances, such as refrigerators and thermostats; home security
systems; computer peripherals, such as webcams and printers; and wearable
technologies are all part of the Internet of Things, smart speaker devices, such as
Amazon Echo and Google Home; Apple Watches and Fitbits; routers; and smart
speaker devices, such as Apple Watches and Fitbits.

How the Internet of Things (IoT) Works:

These devices use (IP) internet protocol to connect with each other, the same
mechanism that identifies computers on the internet and allows them to communicate.
The Internet of Things' goal is to have devices that self-report in real-time, increasing
efficiency and bringing crucial information to the surface faster than a system that relies
on human interaction.

Internet of Things (IoT) key Concepts:

 Hardware: The billions of networked "things," or devices with associated sensors

and actuators, that perceive and control the physical environment, are at the heart
of IoT. These devices require some basic processing and storage capabilities,
which are given by a microcontroller or an integrated circuit, in addition to network
access to send the data they collect.
 Programming that is Embedded: IoT devices are embedded devices that can
be prototyped with commoditized microcontroller platforms like Arduino and
further developed with custom printed circuit boards (PCBs). Prototyping with
these platforms necessitates circuit design expertise, microcontroller
 programming, and a thorough understanding of the hardware communication
protocols used to establish communication between the microcontroller and the
associated sensors and actuators, such as serial, I2C, or SPI.
 Security: One of the most important problems in IoT is security, which is strongly
tied to data ethics, privacy, and liability. It must be considered at every stage of
the system's development. The number of possible points of attack expands
constantly as millions of new devices are connected every day. With so much at
stake, security engineering capabilities such as threat assessment, ethical
hacking, data integrity encryption, network design and application security, as well
as event monitoring, activity logging, and threat intelligence, move to the forefront
of IoT development projects.
 Integration of Cloud and Networking: Because of the large number of
connected devices and the influence that network design decisions can have at
scale, network design and management is critical in the IoT. Connectivity enables
devices to communicate with one another as well as with cloud-based
applications and services. Even though cloud computing and the Internet of
Things are two completely different technologies, for the Internet of Things to
work properly, real-time data streaming and cloud integration are required.
 Data analysis and Business Intelligence: On a daily basis, the number of IoT
devices transmitting data grows, it transforms big data into huge data. Developers
will need to ingest, store, and query massive amounts of heterogeneous data
generated by these devices securely and reliably. Furthermore, because many
IoT devices generate latency or time-sensitive data, it is vital to filter or remove
unnecessary information.
Hadoop, Spark, and NoSQL databases are among the key technologies and
platforms for data analytics that IoT developers should learn.
 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Machine learning and AI skills are
the ultimate must-have ability for IoT developers to create value and make sense
of the massive volumes of data generated by IoT devices. Big data analytics must
include cognitive computing approaches drawn from data mining, modeling,
statistics, machine learning, and AI to be genuinely intelligent.
 History if IoT (Internet of Things)
The Internet of Things isn't a brand-new notion. Although history indicates
that it began some years before, the phrase "Internet of Things" was not coined until
1999. — Kevin Ashton, a co-founder of the MIT Auto-ID Center, was the one who coined
the term.

1974: TCP/IP protocol invented in 1974 on which IoT is based.

1982: The basic concept of a network of smart devices was considered as early as
1982, with the first ARPANET-connected appliance. It was a Coca-Cola machine at
Carnegie Melon University. The machine in question was a refrigerator. Yes, you are
correct! Local programmers controlled the Coca-Cola machine by linking it to the
Internet. It could report its inventory as well as if newly loaded drinks were cold or not. It
could report its inventory as well as if newly loaded drinks were cold or not.

1985: The notion of the "Internet of Things," as well as the term itself, first appeared in
a speech delivered by Peter T. Lewis in Washington, D.C. in September 1985, which
was published in September 1985.

1990: In October 1989, John Romkey designed a toaster in INTEROP conference, that
could be turned on and off through the Internet, which is regarded as the first IoT gadget.
Dan Lynch, President of Interop, assured Romkey that if he could "bring up his toaster
on the Net," the gadget would be given prominent placement in the conference's floor-
wide exhibitors. TCP/IP networking was used to link the toaster to a computer.

1991: The present vision of the IoT is based on Mark Weiser's paper on ubiquitous
computing in 1991, "The Computer of the Twenty-First Century," as well as academic
forums such as UbiComp and PerCom.

 1999: Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Center, originated the
term "Internet of Things" independently in 1999[14], though he prefers the phrase
"Internet for things”. At the time, he saw radio-frequency identification (RFID) as critical
to the Internet of Things, which would enable computers to manage all individual things.

2000: LG has announced plans for its first Internet refrigerator.

2003–2004: The phrase "Internet of Things" appears in mainstream newspapers such

as The Guardian, Scientific American, and the Boston Globe.

2005: When the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) of the United Nations
published its inaugural report, the Internet of Things reached a new level.

2006–2008: The EU recognizes IoT, and the First European IoT Conference takes
place.

2011: Development of the Nest self-learning Wi-Fi-enabled thermostat

2011–2017: Low-power chipsets with integrated Wi-Fi and 3G/4G connection are
smaller, more powerful, and less expensive to manufacture. The Internet of Things (IoT)
is growing increasingly popular among businesses and homeowners.