BIO 60

Wed 1/19/11

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

 form cell membrane

 protect the cell
 similar to fats except each glycerol molecule is attached to two fatty acid chains
 third bond in any phospholipid group is a bond to a PHOSPHATE function group
o phospholipid = “phosphate” “lipid”

phospholipid

fatty chains

cells are surrounded by bilayer membranes

PHOSPHATE is the functional part of the membrane

STEROIDS

 based on cholesterol

CHOLESTEROL

 insoluble in water
 carried thru body by proteins

are steroids dissolvable in blood? NO

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS LDLs (bad)

 high in cholesterol
 low in proteins

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS HDL (good)

 low in cholesterol
 high in proteins
 a low LDL : HDL ratio is good (less cholesterol is carried in the blood)

NUCLEIC ACIDS

THERE ARE THREE NUCLEIC ACIDS:

1. DNA
2. RNA
3. ATP

DEOXYNUCLEIC ACID DNA

 carries genetic info

 makes up chromosomes
 double helix made of two strands, held together by a hydrogen bond
 each strand is made of nucleotides
NUCLEOTIDE

 phosphate group
 4 nitrogenous bases

adenine thymine A+T

cytosine guanine C+G

RIBONUCLEIC ACID RNA

 also a nucleic acid

 single stranded
 has sugar instead of a phosphate group

adenine uracil A+U

cytosine guanine C+G

RNA is the messenger for DNA

RNA is the messenger in a cell

MACRONUTRIENTS
vitamins

minerals

antioxidants

VITAMINS

 function as coenzymes to speed up chemical reactions

 vitamin deficiencies affect EVERY cell in body

vitamin D = only vitamin body can make

 synthesized by body in presence of sunlight

vitamin K = necessary for blood clotting

 produced by bacteria in our intestines

all other vitamins we must get from our diet

* look at vitamin table in text

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

 A D E K
 dangerous if we take in too much

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

 ex. vitamin C
 excreted by body

MINERALS
  inorganic (no carbon molecule)
 necessary for
o fluid balance
o muscle + nerve function
o healthy bones + teeth
 ex) calcium, chloride, etc.
 supplied by diet

* check out table 2.7 minerals

ANTIOXIDANTS

 come from diet

 bind free radicals so they are not floating around – prevents damage to tissues

* check out table 2.8 antioxidants

CELL STRUCTURE + METABOLISM

FOOD + ENERGY

 food is broken down by our bodies

 used for:
o growth
o maintenance + repair
o energy source
 energy stored in chemical bonds of foods

EXCESS ENERGY:

 in animals, stored as GLYCOGEN

 in plants, stored as STARCH

FAT
  associated with muscle
 stored beneath skin
 stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE
 men stored in abdomen
 women stored in belly, thighs, hips, breasts

FUNCTIONS OF FAT:

 protect organs
 insulate body from cold
 reserve energy in case of famine

we are born with a certain number of fat cells – when we get fat, we do not get more fat cells – the fat
cells we have just grow bigger

we must maintain constant amount of body fat

energy intake = energy expenditure

energy stored in foods is converted to high energy substance that can power CELLULAR ACTIVITY

this is ATP

ATP adenosinetrisphosphate

 powers cellular activities

 it is a nucleotide
 made from adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphates (i.e. triphosphate)
 constantly at work so our cells can constantly be at work

ATP is transferred into energy

CELLS most basic fundamental unit of life

 all living things composed of cells

 o ex) virus is not living – not composed of cells

CELL STRUCTURE

ORGANELLES subcellular structures

  each has specific function
 work together for homeostasis

CYTOSKELETON

 composed of two types of proteins

o filaments
o tubules

NUCLEUS powerhouse of body

 houses DNA, the cell’s control center

 surrounded by “nuclear envelope”
o studded with nuclear pores that regulate traffic in and out of nucleus

DNA always stays in nucleus

RNA is DNA’s messenger – RNA goes in + out of cell thru the pores

INSIDE NUCLEUS
CHROMATIN DNA + proteins

NUCLEOLUS center of nucleus

 where ribosomes are formed

NUCLEOPLASM liquid portion of nucleus

INSIDE CELL
CYTOPLASM the cytosol and the organelles

CYTOSOL fluid in cytoplasm

ORGANELLES little “organs” in cell

ORGANELLES:

1. mitochondria the cell’s “power plants”

a. produce all cellular energy
2. lysosomes membrane-enclosed sacs of enzymes
a. breakdown compounds in body
b. engulf nutrients, dead + dying organelles
3. ribosomes where amino acids are joined/formed
4. endoplasmic reticulum
a. ROUGH ribosomes are attached
b. SMOOTH no ribosomes are attached

5. Golgi apparatus “packaging + shipping” center of cell

a. vesicles pinch off from ER and fuse with GA
b. protein contents empty into GA
c. modified proteins are shipped to appropriate places