Semester: - 4

Name of faculty: - Ms Chaya Zende.

Topic: - Collect photographs of different types of bridges
and tunnels from actual site and compare their relevance
at that particular site.
Course: - SYCE.
Course code: - 22403.
Name: -
2701- Kalpak Jotania,
2702- Smit Tandel,
2703- Gauri Thorat,
2704- Mirza Zeyad Baig.
CONTENTS:-
 Introduction.
 What is a bridge?
 Types of a bridge.
 Images of bridge.
 What is a tunnel?
 Classification of tunnels.
 According to the purpose for which they are
constructed.
 According to the type of materials (Type of soil
through which they are driven).
 According to position of alignment.
INTRODUCTION:-
A bridge is a structure that permits us to cross over an
obstacle. Suppose we lay a plank across a brook. If we
have a bridge. If the plank is thin in relation to its length,
it will sag. In fact, if it is too long, it will collapse. This
shows that we must consider the weight of a bridge itself
the “dead load”. If we stand at the middle of the plank, it
sags even more. So, we must provide for the weight of
whatever our bridge is designed to carry the “live load”.
Also, when you walk across the plank, it bounces under
you, illustrating the effect of a “moving live load”. Finally,
there is a “wind load”. A strong wind pushes against the
sides, lifts the deck, shakes the whole structure. Certainly
the force of the wind is something to keep in mind.
Bridges help us to connect to each other and the world.
There are four main types of physical bridges. They are
arch, beam, suspension and cable-stayed. A bridge is a
structure which is built over some physical obstacle such
as a body of water, valley, or road, and its purpose is to
provide crossing over that obstacle. It is built to be strong
enough to safely support its own weight as well as the
weight of anything that should pass over it. A bridge is a
structure which maintains the communication over a
physical obstacle.
What is a bridge?
A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle,
such as a body of water, valley, or road, without closing
the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of
providing passage over the obstacle, usually something
that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. Most
likely, the earliest bridges were fallen trees and stepping
stones, while Neolithic people built boardwalk bridges
across marshland. The Arkadiko Bridge dating from the
13th century BC, in the Peloponnese, in southern Greece
is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use.
Types of bridges: -
1. Beam bridge:- Beam bridge are horizontal beams
supported at each end by substructure units and
can be either simply supported when the beams
only connect across a single span,
or continuous when the beams are connected
across two or more spans. When there are multiple
spans, the intermediate supports are known
as piers. The earliest beam bridges were simple logs
that sat across streams and similar simple
structures. In modern times, beam bridges can
range from small, wooden beams to large, steel
boxes. The vertical force on the bridge becomes
a shear and flexural load on the beam which is
transferred down its length to the substructures on
either side[21] They are typically made of steel,
concrete or wood. Girder bridges and plate girder
bridges, usually made from steel, are types of beam
bridges. Box girder bridges, made from steel,
concrete, or both, are also beam bridges. Beam
bridge spans rarely exceed 250 feet (76 m) long, as
the flexural stresses increase proportionally to the
square of the length (and deflection increases
proportionally to the 4th power of the length).
[22]
 However, the main span of the Rio–Niteroi
Bridge, a box girder bridge, is 300 metres (980 ft).
[citation needed]
Advantages:- Beam bridges are helpful for short spans.
Long distances are normally covered by placing the
beams on piers.

Disadvantages:- Beam bridges may be costly even for

rather short spans, since expensive steel is required as a
construction material. Concrete is also used as beam
material, and is cheaper. However, concrete is
comparatively not that strong to withstand the high
tensile forces acting on the beams. Therefore, the
concrete beams are normally reinforced by using steel
mesh.
2. Truss bridge:- A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-
bearing superstructure is composed of a truss. This
truss is a structure of connected elements forming
triangular units. The connected elements (typically
straight) may be stressed from tension,
compression, or sometimes both in response to
dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one of the oldest
types of modern bridges. The basic types of truss
bridges shown in this article have simple designs
which could be easily analyzed by nineteenth and
early twentieth-century engineers. A truss bridge is
economical to construct owing to its efficient use of
materials.

Advantages:- The structure of interconnecting

triangles means that the load-bearing capacity of
truss bridges is huge. The structure effectively
manages both compression and tension, by
spreading out the load from the roadway
throughout its intricate structure. This means that
no one part of the structure is carrying a
disproportionate amount of weight. Sort of a ‘chain
is only as strong as its weakest link’ type of
situation.

Disadvantages:- The structure of a truss bridge is,

by design, large. The interconnecting triangular
components need to be large in order to bear and
distribute heavy loads. This means that in certain
restricted spaces, the truss bridge may not be the
best option.
 3. Cantilever bridge:- Cantilever bridge are built
using cantilevers—horizontal beams supported on
only one end. Most cantilever bridges use a pair
of continuous spans that extend from opposite sides
of the supporting piers to meet at the center of the
obstacle the bridge crosses. Cantilever bridges are
constructed using much the same materials and
techniques as beam bridges. The difference comes
in the action of the forces through the bridge.
Some cantilever bridges also have a smaller beam
connecting the two cantilevers, for extra strength.
The largest cantilever bridge is the 549-metre
(1,801 ft) Quebec Bridge in Quebec, Canada.

Advantages:- Cantilever beam is simple in

constructions. It does not require a support on the
opposite side. Cantilevered structure generates a
negative bending moment which counteracts positive
bending moment of back-spans. Cantilevered trusses
use less material. It provides greater clear height in the
centre than can be obtained with any other types of
trusses.

1. Disadvantages:- It is claimed that the cantilever is

not an economical type of truss. Cantilevered
structures deflect largely. Generally, cantilever
structure results in larger moments. Cantilevered
structure needs a fixed support, or a back-span and
check for uplift of the far support. Cantilever beams
keep their shape by the opposition of large tensile
and compression forces, as well as shear, and are
therefore relatively massive.