Reading and Writing: fourth Quarter

Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking
- The analysis and evaluation of an issue to form a judgment
- When applied in reading, it is “Judging an idea taken from a text whether it is
valid or invalid
Types of Critical Reading
Stated
- Ideas are already present in the text
- No need for critical reading; proceed to critical thinking
Implied
- Ideas are hidden in the text
- Critical reading and critical thinking are needed

Critical Reading Strategies

 Complex Engagement with the text
 Reading between the lines
 Getting what the text really means
 MAKING INFERENCES

Making Inferences
- Manifestations
- What you know + What the text says
- Background Knowledge + Context Clues

Context Clues
- Words, phrases, and punctuations to identify difficult words
Types of Context Clues
Restatement
- Meaning is given after the word
Synonym
- Similar word is used
Antonym
- An opposite word is given
Example
- Word is further illustrated or explained
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FIGURES OF SPEECH

Definition:
-a writer’s tool in creatively expressing an idea;
-words or phrases that transcend their literal meanings;
-expressions that appear to say one thing but mean another thing
SIMILE
Definition: Showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of
the words “like” or “as.”
Example: The beggar on the road looked as blind as a bat.
METAPHOR
Definition: Makes an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated, but which share some
common characteristics
Example: Words are daggers when spoken in anger.
PERSONIFICATION
Definition: A thing – an idea or an animal – is given human attributes
Example: The shadow of the moon danced on the lake.
HYPERBOLE
Definition: Involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis
Example: His classmates laughed at him, saying he had a pea-sized brain.
ONOMATOPOEIA
Definition: Imitates the natural sounds of a thing
Example: “I’m getting married in the morning! Ding dong! the bells are gonna chime.”
ALLITERATION
Definition: Refers to the constant repetition of consonant sounds in every beginning and middle syllable of each word
Example: “Said I’m so sick of love songs, so sad and slow”
SYNECDOCHE
Definition: A part of something represents the whole, or it may use a whole to represent a part
Example: Can I borrow your wheels?
METONYMY
Definition: Word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing but is not a part of it
Example: The suits entered the conference room.
OXYMORON
Definition: Two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. The common oxymoron phrase is a combination of an adjective
followed by a noun with contrasting meanings
Examples: Original copies; Open secret
PARADOX
Definition: Contrary to expectations, existing belief, or perceived opinion
Examples:
“I know one thing, that I know nothing.”; This is the beginning of the end.
IRONY
Definition: Intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words
Example: On the way to school, the school bus gets a flat tire and the bus driver says, “Excellent! This day couldn’t start off any
better!”
EUPHEMISM
Definition: Polite, indirect expressions that replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite, or which suggest
something unpleasant
Examples: Urban outdoorsman instead of homeless; Moon landing instead of bald

A concept paper is a type of text the discusses or clarifies the “whatness” of idea/term.
A concept paper starts with a definition, either formal or informal, of the term or the concept and proceeds with an expanded definition and
analytic description of the aspects of the concept.
Concept Paper in the Workplace: Project Proposal
In the workplace, a concept paper is asked before a full proposal. It contains a proposed idea that may not be detailed yet, but somehow
provides the reader a framework or an overview of how it can be carried out or implemented. When presented, the concept paper should give
a clear picture of what the research, project, or feasibility study is all about. It clarifies from the very beginning what the purpose is and what
process is necessary to carry out that purpose.
Concept Paper in the Academe: Research Proposal
In the academic setting, a concept paper may come in a form of a research proposal. It is something that is done before a full blown research
paper is carried out, implemented, or approved for funding.
Purposes of Writing a Concept Paper:
It includes stipulating the meaning of a term by limiting, extending, or redirecting the reference or sense in which the term is commonly
understood. It involves defining some terms based on the context of your research, but it entails responsibility.
Explaining a Concept:
Definition is a mode of paragraph development that answers the questions: What is it? What does it mean? What are its special features?
Definition is important because it clarifies the meaning of a word or a concept and it also limits the scope of that particular word or concept.
Techniques in Defining:
1. Formal Definition – the term is first assigned to a class or group to which it belongs and then distinguished from other terms in the class.
Elements of a Formal Definition
Term Class Distinguishing Detail
(A) ___________ is (a) ____________ Wh-word ____________
Ex. Solar cell is a device that/which converts the energy of sunlight
into electric energy.
2. Extended Definition – used to define abstract concepts. It allows the writer to broaden the definition by using analogy, descriptions,
examples, characteristics, components, historical account, or something else.
A. Components
A microscope is an optical instrument with which the apparent size of an object can be enhanced. A simple microscope consists of a double
convex lens and a magnifying glass. A compound microscope, on the other hand, will contain more than one of each of these lenses, which
are situated at the ends of the cylinder.
B. Examples
Pollution is a form of environmental contamination resulting from human activity. Some common forms of pollution are wastes from the
burning fossil fuels and sewage running into rivers. Even litter and excessive noise or light can be considered forms of pollution because of
the impact they can have on the environment.
C. Characteristics
An acrylic plastic is a polymer which can take a high polish, is clear and transparent, and can be shaped while hot. Because of these and
other characteristics, acrylic plastic is used in situations where glass is not suitable or desirable, for instance, in certain types
D. History
Perspective is a technique in art that is used to represent three dimensional objects and depth relationships on a flat surface. Modern linear
perspective (which involves making objects seem smaller the more distant they are from the observer) was probably first used in the 1400s
by the artist Masaccio and the architects Filippo Brunelleschi and Leon Battista Alberti in Florence, Italy. Before this time, artists paid little
attention to realistic perspective. In recent decades, many modern artists have returned to the practices of early artists and have abandoned
realistic perspective.

03-23-2019
Reading and Writing Skills

Graphic Organizers
- systematic illustration of ideas taken from a text you've read
- may be used to summarize information from an academic paper

* Venn Diagram
- illustrates similarities and differences between concepts

* T-Chart
-illustrates the differences between concepts or contrasting ideas

*Data Retrieval Chart

- modified T-Chart

*Data Storage Chart

- contains missing elements

Flowcharts
- Shows sequence of events, steps in a process or cause and effect
(Insert information:Flowchart Symbols)

*Ishikawa Diagram
-fishbone chart
-Kaoru Ishikawa
Shows Causes and efects

*Sungram
-shows minor topics arising from major subjects

*pyramid
-shows hierarchy of concepts

*Timeline
-shows sequencing of events

*Fire Triangle
-shows the relationship between three elements that are dependent of one another

Note: Graphic Organizers are best accompanied by its description